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Wallace Smith Broecker

March 04, 2023

Wallace "Wally" Smith Broecker (November 29, 1931 – February 18, 2019) was an American geochemist. He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.[1] He developed the idea of a global "conveyor belt" linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the carbon cycle and the use of chemical tracers and isotope dating in oceanography. Broecker popularized the term "global warming". He received the Crafoord Prize and the Vetlesen Prize.

Wallace Smith Broecker
Born(1931-11-29)November 29, 1931
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedFebruary 18, 2019(2019-02-18) (aged 87)
New York City, U.S.
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materColumbia University (BA, PhD)
Known forGlobal Warming
Spouse(s)Grace Carder
Elizabeth Clark
AwardsMaurice Ewing Medal (1979)
A.G. Huntsman Medal (1985)
Vetlesen Prize (1987)
Alexander Agassiz Medal (1986)
Urey Medal (1990)
Wollaston Medal (1990)
Roger Revelle Medal (1995)
National Medal of Science (1996)
Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2002)
Crafoord Prize (2006)
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2008)
Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science (2012)
Scientific career
FieldsGeochronology, chemical oceanography, climate change
InstitutionsColumbia University, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory; Arizona State University, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability

Life

Born in Chicago in 1931,[2] he attended Wheaton College and interacted with J. Laurence Kulp, Paul Gast and Karl Turekian. At Wheaton, he met his wife Grace Carder. Broecker then transferred to Columbia University, graduating in 1953 with a B.A. and a Ph.D. in 1958.[3] At Columbia, he worked at the Lamont Geological Observatory[4] with W. Maurice Ewing[2] and Walter Bucher.[5]

In 1975, Broecker popularized the term global warming when he published a paper titled: "Climatic Change: Are we on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?";[6] the phrase had previously appeared in a 1957 newspaper report about Roger Revelle's research.[7]

Broecker co-wrote an account of climate science with the science journalist, Robert Kunzig. This included a discussion of the work of Broecker's Columbia colleague Klaus Lackner in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere—which Broecker believed must play a vital role in reducing emissions and countering global warming. Broecker was described in the New York Times as a geoengineering pioneer.[8]

Broecker had 8 children, 7 grandchildren, and 7 great-grandchildren. His wife Grace E. Broecker (née Carder) died in 2007.[9] They were together for 53 years. Broecker married Elizabeth Clark in 2009.[10] He died of congestive heart failure[11] in New York City on February 18, 2019.[12] Days before his death, he gave a livestreamed video message to his fellow scientists, where he said that humankind was not moving quickly enough to stop global warming and urged the scientific community to "seriously study more extreme solutions to the climate crisis."[11][13]

Research

 
Scholia has an author profile for Wallace Smith Broecker.

Broecker's areas of research included Pleistocene geochronology, radiocarbon dating and chemical oceanography, including oceanic mixing based on stable and radioisotope distribution. This included research on the biogeochemical cycles of the element carbon and on the record of climate change contained in polar ice and ocean sediments.[4]

Broecker authored more than 500 journal articles and 17 books.[14] He is perhaps best known for his discovery of the role played by the ocean in triggering the abrupt climate changes which punctuated glacial time, in particular the development and popularization of the idea of a global "ocean conveyor" linking the circulation of the world's oceans.[14][15] However, his contributions stretch far beyond the "conveyor"; his work is the foundation of carbon cycle science, and his applications of radiocarbon to paleoceanography are landmarks in the field. His work with chemical tracers in the ocean is integral to modern chemical oceanography; indeed, his textbook "Tracers in the Sea", authored with Tsung-Hung Peng, is still cited in the contemporary literature 25 years after its publication.[citation needed]

Broecker wrote about his research, on mode changes in the thermohaline circulation: "We have clear evidence that different parts of the earth's climate system are linked in very subtle yet dramatic ways. The climate system has jumped from one mode of operation to another in the past. We are trying to understand how the earth's climate system is engineered, so we can understand what it takes to trigger mode switches. Until we do, we cannot make good predictions about future climate change."[16]

Fellowships and awards

Broecker was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, a resident member of the American Philosophical Society,[17] and a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and European Geophysical Union. He received the A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences from the Royal Society of Canada in 1985, the Crafoord Prize in Geoscience,[18] the National Medal of Science in 1996,[19] Maurice W. Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences, the Urey Medal of the European Association of Geochemistry,[20] the V. M. Goldschmidt Award from the Geochemical Society,[21] the Vetlesen Prize from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London,[22] the Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement from the University of Southern California, the Blue Planet Prize from The Asahi Glass Foundation, the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science [23] from The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Climate Change.[24]

 
Broecker (right) with the other 2008 Balzan Prize winners and Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy

In 2008 Broecker was the recipient of the Balzan Prize for outstanding achievement in science. His citation was made by Enric Banda (Research Professor of Geophysics at the Institute of Earth Sciences in Barcelona):[25]

For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere, as well as the role of glacial changes and the records contained in ice cores and ocean sediments. His contributions have been significant in understanding both gradual and abrupt climate change.

In 2009, Broecker was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Climate Change category for his research into the world's oceans, pioneering "the development of Earth System Science as the basis for understanding global climate change, both past and present". The award certificate also highlights "his holistic approach", which has led him to identify "the mechanisms of abrupt climate change".[26]

Broecker received honorary doctorates from Cambridge University, Oxford University, Pennsylvania State University, Harvard University, and Southern Methodist University, among others. On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.[27]

Selected books

  • Broecker, Wallace S.; Oversby, Virginia M. (1971), Chemical Equilibria in the Earth (PDF), McGraw-Hill Education, p. 304, ISBN 0-07-007997-8.
  • — (1974), Chemical oceanography, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. 214, ISBN 0-15-506437-1.
  • —; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1982), Tracers in the Sea (PDF), Eldigio Press, ISBN 0-9617511-0-X.
  • — (1988), How to Build a Habitable Planet (PDF), Eldigio Press, ISBN 0-9617511-2-6.
  • —; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1993), Greenhouse puzzles, Lamont–Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University.
  • — (1995), The glacial world according to Wally (PDF), Eldigio Press.
  • — (1998), Greenhouse puzzles: Keeling's world, Martin's world, Walker's world (PDF), Eldigio Press.
  • —; Kunzig, Robert (2008), Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It, Hill and Wang, US/Profile Books, UK, ISBN 978-0-8090-4501-3.
  • — (2010), The Great Ocean Conveyor, Discovering the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-14354-5.
  • — (2016), A Geochemist in his Garden of Eden (PDF), Eldigio Press.

See also

References

  1. ^ Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability – Arizona State University
  2. ^ a b Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory – The Earth Institute – Columbia University August 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Wallace Broecker '53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast | Columbia College Today". www.college.columbia.edu. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Wallace S. Broecker - The Earth Institute - Columbia University". www.earth.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  5. ^ "Wallace Broecker '53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast | Columbia College Today". www.college.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  6. ^ Broecker, W. S. (1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" (PDF). Science. 189 (4201): 460–463. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..460B. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460. PMID 17781884. S2CID 16702835.
  7. ^ Weart, Spencer R. (February 2014). "The Discovery of Global Warming; The Public and Climate Change: Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved May 12, 2015., and footnote 27
  8. ^ Broad, William J. (June 27, 2006). "How to Cool a Planet (Maybe)". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  9. ^ "Grace E. (Carder) Broecker". The Record/Herald News. February 5, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2018 – via Legacy.com.
  10. ^ Gruen, Abby (August 8, 2010). "N.J. scientist who coined 'global warming' term tries to avoid the limelight 35 years later". NJ.com. Retrieved May 30, 2018. Most mornings, before settling down to work, Broecker takes a walk with his wife, Elizabeth Clark, a technician at Lamont whom he married last October.
  11. ^ a b "Wallace Smith Broecker, the 'grandfather' of climate science, leaves a final warning for Earth". Green Energy Times. March 4, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  12. ^ "Scientist Who Popularized Term 'Global Warming' Dies at 87". The New York Times. The Associated Press. February 18, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  13. ^ "Near death, the man who named 'global warming' urged a radical solution". NBC News. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Schwartz, John (February 19, 2019). "Wallace Broecker, 87, Dies; Sounded Early Warning on Climate Change". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  15. ^ Broecker, Wallace S. (2000). "Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age?". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (4): 1339–1342. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1339B. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1339. PMC 34299. PMID 10677462.
  16. ^ . Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  17. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  18. ^ Crafoord prize in geoscience 2006
  19. ^ National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science
  20. ^ European Association of Geochemistry (EAG)
  21. ^ "V.M. Goldschmidt Award". Geochemical Society. from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. 1987 Wallace S. Broecker
  22. ^ . Award Winners since 1831. Geological Society of London. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  23. ^ "Franklin Institute Laureate Award Page". Archived from the original on July 30, 2012.
  24. ^ "Wallace S. Broecker". Premios Fronteras (in Spanish). Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  25. ^ "Balzan Foundation announced 2008 prize winners". EurekAlert!. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  26. ^ "Wallace S. Broecker, pioneer in the study of global warming, wins the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award" (PDF). BBVA Foundation. January 13, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  27. ^ Rosenberg, John S. (May 28, 2015). "Harvard's 2015 Honorary-degree Recipients". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved March 12, 2019.

External links

  • Glaciers That Speak in Tongues and other tales of global warming, by Wallace S. Broecker
  • Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 29 December 1995, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 8 May 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II
  • Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 6 June 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session III
  • Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 14 November 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 21 December 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - II
  • Canadian Broadcast Corporation audio interview with Wallace S. Broecker 21 April, 1975, CBC Archives
  • BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards

March 04, 2023
wallace, smith, broecker, wallace, wally, smith, broecker, november, 1931, february, 2019, american, geochemist, newberry, professor, department, earth, environmental, sciences, columbia, university, scientist, columbia, lamont, doherty, earth, observatory, su. Wallace Wally Smith Broecker November 29 1931 February 18 2019 was an American geochemist He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University a scientist at Columbia s Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University 1 He developed the idea of a global conveyor belt linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the carbon cycle and the use of chemical tracers and isotope dating in oceanography Broecker popularized the term global warming He received the Crafoord Prize and the Vetlesen Prize Wallace Smith BroeckerBorn 1931 11 29 November 29 1931Chicago Illinois U S DiedFebruary 18 2019 2019 02 18 aged 87 New York City U S CitizenshipAmericanAlma materColumbia University BA PhD Known forGlobal WarmingSpouse s Grace Carder Elizabeth ClarkAwardsMaurice Ewing Medal 1979 A G Huntsman Medal 1985 Vetlesen Prize 1987 Alexander Agassiz Medal 1986 Urey Medal 1990 Wollaston Medal 1990 Roger Revelle Medal 1995 National Medal of Science 1996 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 2002 Crafoord Prize 2006 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award 2008 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science 2012 Scientific careerFieldsGeochronology chemical oceanography climate changeInstitutionsColumbia University Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Arizona State University Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Contents 1 Life 2 Research 3 Fellowships and awards 4 Selected books 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksLife EditBorn in Chicago in 1931 2 he attended Wheaton College and interacted with J Laurence Kulp Paul Gast and Karl Turekian At Wheaton he met his wife Grace Carder Broecker then transferred to Columbia University graduating in 1953 with a B A and a Ph D in 1958 3 At Columbia he worked at the Lamont Geological Observatory 4 with W Maurice Ewing 2 and Walter Bucher 5 In 1975 Broecker popularized the term global warming when he published a paper titled Climatic Change Are we on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming 6 the phrase had previously appeared in a 1957 newspaper report about Roger Revelle s research 7 Broecker co wrote an account of climate science with the science journalist Robert Kunzig This included a discussion of the work of Broecker s Columbia colleague Klaus Lackner in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere which Broecker believed must play a vital role in reducing emissions and countering global warming Broecker was described in the New York Times as a geoengineering pioneer 8 Broecker had 8 children 7 grandchildren and 7 great grandchildren His wife Grace E Broecker nee Carder died in 2007 9 They were together for 53 years Broecker married Elizabeth Clark in 2009 10 He died of congestive heart failure 11 in New York City on February 18 2019 12 Days before his death he gave a livestreamed video message to his fellow scientists where he said that humankind was not moving quickly enough to stop global warming and urged the scientific community to seriously study more extreme solutions to the climate crisis 11 13 Research Edit Scholia has an author profile for Wallace Smith Broecker Broecker s areas of research included Pleistocene geochronology radiocarbon dating and chemical oceanography including oceanic mixing based on stable and radioisotope distribution This included research on the biogeochemical cycles of the element carbon and on the record of climate change contained in polar ice and ocean sediments 4 Broecker authored more than 500 journal articles and 17 books 14 He is perhaps best known for his discovery of the role played by the ocean in triggering the abrupt climate changes which punctuated glacial time in particular the development and popularization of the idea of a global ocean conveyor linking the circulation of the world s oceans 14 15 However his contributions stretch far beyond the conveyor his work is the foundation of carbon cycle science and his applications of radiocarbon to paleoceanography are landmarks in the field His work with chemical tracers in the ocean is integral to modern chemical oceanography indeed his textbook Tracers in the Sea authored with Tsung Hung Peng is still cited in the contemporary literature 25 years after its publication citation needed Broecker wrote about his research on mode changes in the thermohaline circulation We have clear evidence that different parts of the earth s climate system are linked in very subtle yet dramatic ways The climate system has jumped from one mode of operation to another in the past We are trying to understand how the earth s climate system is engineered so we can understand what it takes to trigger mode switches Until we do we cannot make good predictions about future climate change 16 Fellowships and awards EditBroecker was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences Foreign Member of the Royal Society a resident member of the American Philosophical Society 17 and a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and European Geophysical Union He received the A G Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences from the Royal Society of Canada in 1985 the Crafoord Prize in Geoscience 18 the National Medal of Science in 1996 19 Maurice W Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences the Urey Medal of the European Association of Geochemistry 20 the V M Goldschmidt Award from the Geochemical Society 21 the Vetlesen Prize from the G Unger Vetlesen Foundation the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London 22 the Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement from the University of Southern California the Blue Planet Prize from The Asahi Glass Foundation the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science 23 from The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia Pennsylvania and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Climate Change 24 Broecker right with the other 2008 Balzan Prize winners and Giorgio Napolitano President of Italy In 2008 Broecker was the recipient of the Balzan Prize for outstanding achievement in science His citation was made by Enric Banda Research Professor of Geophysics at the Institute of Earth Sciences in Barcelona 25 For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere as well as the role of glacial changes and the records contained in ice cores and ocean sediments His contributions have been significant in understanding both gradual and abrupt climate change In 2009 Broecker was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Climate Change category for his research into the world s oceans pioneering the development of Earth System Science as the basis for understanding global climate change both past and present The award certificate also highlights his holistic approach which has led him to identify the mechanisms of abrupt climate change 26 Broecker received honorary doctorates from Cambridge University Oxford University Pennsylvania State University Harvard University and Southern Methodist University among others On May 28 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University 27 Selected books EditBroecker Wallace S Oversby Virginia M 1971 Chemical Equilibria in the Earth PDF McGraw Hill Education p 304 ISBN 0 07 007997 8 1974 Chemical oceanography Harcourt Brace Jovanovich pp 214 ISBN 0 15 506437 1 Peng Tsung Hung 1982 Tracers in the Sea PDF Eldigio Press ISBN 0 9617511 0 X 1988 How to Build a Habitable Planet PDF Eldigio Press ISBN 0 9617511 2 6 Peng Tsung Hung 1993 Greenhouse puzzles Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University 1995 The glacial world according to Wally PDF Eldigio Press 1998 Greenhouse puzzles Keeling s world Martin s world Walker s world PDF Eldigio Press Kunzig Robert 2008 Fixing Climate What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat and How to Counter It Hill and Wang US Profile Books UK ISBN 978 0 8090 4501 3 2010 The Great Ocean Conveyor Discovering the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 14354 5 2016 A Geochemist in his Garden of Eden PDF Eldigio Press See also EditCarbon dioxide removal Artificial trees List of geophysicistsReferences Edit Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University a b Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory The Earth Institute Columbia University Archived August 3 2013 at the Wayback Machine Wallace Broecker 53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast Columbia College Today www college columbia edu Retrieved June 5 2022 a b Wallace S Broecker The Earth Institute Columbia University www earth columbia edu Retrieved March 12 2019 Wallace Broecker 53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast Columbia College Today www college columbia edu Retrieved March 12 2019 Broecker W S 1975 Climatic Change Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming PDF Science 189 4201 460 463 Bibcode 1975Sci 189 460B doi 10 1126 science 189 4201 460 PMID 17781884 S2CID 16702835 Weart Spencer R February 2014 The Discovery of Global Warming The Public and Climate Change Suspicions of a Human Caused Greenhouse 1956 1969 American Institute of Physics Retrieved May 12 2015 and footnote 27 Broad William J June 27 2006 How to Cool a Planet Maybe The New York Times Retrieved May 27 2010 Grace E Carder Broecker The Record Herald News February 5 2007 Retrieved May 30 2018 via Legacy com Gruen Abby August 8 2010 N J scientist who coined global warming term tries to avoid the limelight 35 years later NJ com Retrieved May 30 2018 Most mornings before settling down to work Broecker takes a walk with his wife Elizabeth Clark a technician at Lamont whom he married last October a b Wallace Smith Broecker the grandfather of climate science leaves a final warning for Earth Green Energy Times March 4 2019 Retrieved March 12 2019 Scientist Who Popularized Term Global Warming Dies at 87 The New York Times The Associated Press February 18 2019 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 18 2019 Retrieved February 20 2019 Near death the man who named global warming urged a radical solution NBC News Retrieved March 12 2019 a b Schwartz John February 19 2019 Wallace Broecker 87 Dies Sounded Early Warning on Climate Change The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 21 2019 Broecker Wallace S 2000 Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 4 1339 1342 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 1339B doi 10 1073 pnas 97 4 1339 PMC 34299 PMID 10677462 Faculty and Instructional Staff Wallace S Broecker Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University Archived from the original on June 13 2007 Retrieved February 20 2019 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved March 1 2021 Crafoord prize in geoscience 2006 National Science Foundation The President s National Medal of Science European Association of Geochemistry EAG V M Goldschmidt Award Geochemical Society Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Retrieved August 10 2021 1987 Wallace S Broecker Wollaston Medal Award Winners since 1831 Geological Society of London Archived from the original on August 19 2010 Retrieved February 25 2009 Franklin Institute Laureate Award Page Archived from the original on July 30 2012 Wallace S Broecker Premios Fronteras in Spanish Retrieved March 13 2019 Balzan Foundation announced 2008 prize winners EurekAlert Retrieved March 13 2019 Wallace S Broecker pioneer in the study of global warming wins the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award PDF BBVA Foundation January 13 2009 Retrieved February 21 2019 Rosenberg John S May 28 2015 Harvard s 2015 Honorary degree Recipients Harvard Magazine Retrieved March 12 2019 External links EditGlaciers That Speak in Tongues and other tales of global warming by Wallace S Broecker Interview with Wally Broecker August 31 2008 Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S Broecker on 29 December 1995 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Session I Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S Broecker on 8 May 1997 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Session II Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S Broecker on 6 June 1997 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Session III Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S Broecker on 14 November 1997 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Session I Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S Broecker on 21 December 1997 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives II Canadian Broadcast Corporation audio interview with Wallace S Broecker 21 April 1975 CBC Archives BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wallace Smith Broecker amp oldid 1133036580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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