fbpx
Wikipedia

Walcheren Campaign

November 18, 2023

For the 1944 campaign, see Operation Infatuate.

Walcheren Campaign
Part of the War of the Fifth Coalition

Illness-stricken British troops evacuating the island of Walcheren on 30 August.
Date30 July – 23 December 1809
Location
Walcheren, Netherlands
51°31′N 3°35′E / 51.52°N 3.58°E / 51.52; 3.58
Result

Franco-Dutch victory

  • British forces withdraw
Belligerents
French Empire
Kingdom of Holland		 United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis Claude Monnet de Lorbeau
Jean-Baptiste Dumonceau		 Lord Chatham
Sir Richard Strachan
Alexander Mackenzie Fraser †
Strength
July: 20,000
August: 46,000		 39,000
616 ships
Casualties and losses
4,000 dead, wounded or captured
(including 1st battalion, Irish legion)
5,000+ sick		 4,150 dead, wounded or captured
12,000+ sick
War of the Fifth Coalition:
Walcheren Campaign
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]

The Walcheren Campaign ([ˈʋɑlxərə(n)] WAHL-khə-rən) was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809 intended to open another front in the Austrian Empire's struggle with France during the War of the Fifth Coalition. Sir John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, was the commander of the expedition, with the missions of capturing Flushing and Antwerp in the Netherlands and enabling navigation of the Scheldt River. Some 39,000 soldiers and 15,000 horses, together with field artillery and two siege trains, crossed the North Sea and landed at Walcheren on 30 July. This was the largest British expedition of that year, larger than the army serving in the Peninsular War in Portugal. Nevertheless, it failed to achieve any of its goals. The Walcheren Campaign involved little fighting, but heavy losses from the sickness popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever". Although more than 4,000 British troops died during the expedition, only 106 died in combat; the survivors withdrew on 9 December.[1]

Background edit

In July 1809, the British decided to seal the mouth of the Scheldt to prevent the port of Antwerp being used as a base against them.[2] The primary aim of the campaign was to destroy the French fleet thought to be in Flushing whilst providing a diversion for the hard-pressed Austrians. However, the Battle of Wagram had already occurred before the start of the campaign and the Austrians had effectively already lost the war.

John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham commanded the army, whilst Sir Richard Strachan commanded the navy, the full expeditionary force of 37 ships, the greatest to have ever left England, leaving The Downs on 28 July. Commanders included Hugh Downman, Edward Codrington, Amelius Beauclerk, William Charles Fahie, George Cockburn and George Dundas.[3]

 
The journey of General Cort Heijligers to recapture Bath from the British

Campaign edit

As a first move, the British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt, as well as South Beveland island, both in the present-day Netherlands. The British troops soon began to suffer from "Walcheren fever", due to the symptoms present most likely a combination of malaria, typhus, typhoid and dysentery.[4] Within a month of seizing the island, they had over 8,000 fever cases. The medical provisions for the expedition proved inadequate despite reports that an occupying French force had lost 80% of its numbers a few years earlier, also due to disease. Once it had been decided to garrison Walcheren Island in September 1809, Pitt was replaced by Lieutenant-general Eyre Coote who in October was replaced by Lieutenant-general George Don.[2]

 
The bombardment of Flushing

At the time of the initial landings, the French forces were characterized by a divided command over a motley crew of units manned by soldiers of many nationalities spanning French-occupied Europe. There were a few French units among those present considered to be of inferior quality as they were manned by the physically infirm and dregs of the training depots.[citation needed]

However, on 10 August 1809, as reinforcements began flowing into the invasion zone, Napoleon approved the appointment of Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, the Prince of Ponte Corvo, who had recently resigned his command after incurring Napoleon's displeasure at the Battle of Wagram as overall commander of the invasion zone.[5] Bernadotte had returned to Paris and was sent to defend the Netherlands by the council of ministers. His arrival gave the French a much-needed unity of command and he brought with him a genius for organization and training.[6] Bernadotte led the reinforced and reorganized French forces competently and although the British had captured Flushing on the day of his arrival to the war zone after a ferocious bombardment, and the surrounding towns on 15 August, he had already ordered the French fleet to Antwerp and heavily reinforced the city. The French numbers were such that the main objective for the British, Antwerp, was now out of reach. The expedition was called off in early September. Around 12,000 troops stayed on Walcheren, but by October only 5,500 remained fit for duty.[citation needed]

Aftermath edit

In all, the British government spent almost £8 million on the campaign. Along with the 4,000 men who had died during the campaign, almost 12,000 were still ill by February 1810 and many others remained permanently weakened. Those sent to the Peninsular War to join Wellington's army caused a permanent doubling of the sick lists there.[citation needed]

This campaign led to the plant known as Thanet cress being introduced to Britain in the sick men's bedding.[7]

The debacle was also a source of acute political embarrassment, in particular for Lord Castlereagh upon whom the former United Irishman, Peter Finnerty, who at the invitation of Sir Home Popham[8] accompanied the expedition as a special correspondent for The Morning Chronicle, heaped the blame.[9][10]

Order of battle edit

The below order of battle is for 28 July.

 
Infantry of the 50th and 91st Regiments.

British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren edit

Corps of Observation of Holland edit

Naval forces edit

A fleet of around 40 vessels, including sixteen 74 gun warships of the third rate, participated under the overall command of Strachan. A number of smaller vessels including customs-house and excise cutters were also involved, as was a packet ship. The City of London, Loyal Greenwich, and Royal Harbour River Fencibles also contributed men to the expedition.[17]

Irish legion edit

The 1st battalion of the Irish Legion (raised by the French for an invasion of Ireland that never happened) was stationed in Flushing during the assault and received its baptism of fire there. It fought a rear guard action for several days but the battalion was almost completely captured. The Legion's brass band followed by the Irish battalion led the surrendered French garrison out of the town. However, a small party of Irishmen escaped and went into hiding with the battalion's cherished imperial eagle, and after a few days they crossed the Scheldt River and escaped. Commandant Lawless was presented to Napoleon and he together with Captain O'Reilly received the Légion d'honneur in gratitude.[18]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The term 'Company' was merely an official title, in the field the term 'brigade' was used instead, though both were the same strength, led by a Captain or Major.

Citations edit

  1. ^ Brett-James 1963, pp. 811–820.
  2. ^ a b Burnham & McGuigan 2010, p. 42.
  3. ^ Harrison, Cy. "Walcheren Expedition, 28th July 1809 - December 1809". Threedecks. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  4. ^ Howard, Martin R. (18 December 1999). "Walcheren 1809: a medical catastrophe". BMJ. 319 (7225): 1642–1645. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1642. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127097. PMID 10600979.
  5. ^ Barton 1921, pp. 226–231.
  6. ^ Howard 2012, pp. 142–149.
  7. ^ Bond, W.; Davies, G.; Turner, R. (October 2007), The biology and non-chemical control of Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.) (PDF), HDRA, Ryton Organic Gardens
  8. ^ Finnerty 1811.
  9. ^ Legg 2016.
  10. ^ Durán de Porras 2014, pp. 163–184.
  11. ^ "The British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren: 1809". www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  12. ^ Nafziger, George. "British on Walcheren, 7 September 1809" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Centre. Nafziger Collections. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  13. ^ Duncan Volume I, pp. 179, 181, 219, 220–222, 224–226, 380, 408
  14. ^ Duncan Volume II, pp. 154–157, 187–188, 195, 223–224, 226, 229–237, 240, 242, 451
  15. ^ a b Brown, Steve (August 2014). "British Artillery Battalions and the Men Who Led Them 1793–1815: Royal Engineers / Royal Sappers and Miners" (PDF). Napoleon Series. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  16. ^ Nafziger, George. "French Army at Walachern, 1 August 1809" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Centre. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  17. ^ "No. 16650". The London Gazette. 26 September 1812. pp. 1971–1972.
  18. ^ Howard 2012, p. 133.

Sources edit

  • Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1921). Bernadotte and Napoleon, 1763-1810. London: John Murray.
  • Brett-James, Antony (December 1963). "The Walcheren Failure". History Today. 13 (12): 811–820.
  • Brett-James, Antony (January 1964). "The Walcheren Failure". History Today. 14 (1): 60–68.
  • Burnham, Bob; McGuigan, Ron (2010). The British Army Against Napoleon: Facts, Lists and Trivia, 1805-1815. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-562-3.
  • Duncan, Major Francis (1873). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Vol. I. London, United Kingdom.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Duncan, Captain Francis (1873). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Vol. II. London, United Kingdom.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Durán de Porras, Elías (2014). "Peter Finnerty, un antepasado de los corresponsales de guerra modernos" (PDF). Textual & Visual Media. 7. ISSN 1889-2515.
  • Feibel, Robert (1968). "What Happened At Walcheren: The Primary Medical Sources". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 42 (1): 62–79. JSTOR 44449904. PMID 4867561. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  • Finnerty, Peter (1811). Case of Peter Finnerty, Including a Full Report of All Proceedings which Took Place in the Court of King's Bench Upon the Subject ... London: J. M'Creery.
  • Howard, Martin R. (2012). Walcheren 1809: The Scandalous Destruction of a British Army. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-468-1.
  • Legg, Marie-Louise (26 May 2016). "Finnerty, Peter (1766?–1822)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9474. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Smith, Digby (2000). Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815. London, United Kingdom: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1853674136. OCLC 43787649.

External links edit

  • The British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren: 1809
  •   Media related to Walcheren Campaign at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by
Battle of Talavera 		Napoleonic Wars
Walcheren Campaign 		Succeeded by
Battle of Ölper (1809)

November 18, 2023
walcheren, campaign, 1944, campaign, operation, infatuate, part, fifth, coalitionillness, stricken, british, troops, evacuating, island, walcheren, august, date30, july, december, 1809locationwalcheren, netherlands51, 58resultfranco, dutch, victory, british, f. For the 1944 campaign see Operation Infatuate Walcheren CampaignPart of the War of the Fifth CoalitionIllness stricken British troops evacuating the island of Walcheren on 30 August Date30 July 23 December 1809LocationWalcheren Netherlands51 31 N 3 35 E 51 52 N 3 58 E 51 52 3 58ResultFranco Dutch victory British forces withdrawBelligerentsFrench Empire Kingdom of HollandUnited KingdomCommanders and leadersJean Baptiste Bernadotte Louis Claude Monnet de Lorbeau Jean Baptiste DumonceauLord Chatham Sir Richard Strachan Alexander Mackenzie Fraser StrengthJuly 20 000August 46 00039 000616 shipsCasualties and losses4 000 dead wounded or captured including 1st battalion Irish legion 5 000 sick4 150 dead wounded or captured12 000 sick War of the Fifth Coalition Walcheren Campaign Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles The Walcheren Campaign ˈʋɑlxere n WAHL khe ren was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809 intended to open another front in the Austrian Empire s struggle with France during the War of the Fifth Coalition Sir John Pitt 2nd Earl of Chatham was the commander of the expedition with the missions of capturing Flushing and Antwerp in the Netherlands and enabling navigation of the Scheldt River Some 39 000 soldiers and 15 000 horses together with field artillery and two siege trains crossed the North Sea and landed at Walcheren on 30 July This was the largest British expedition of that year larger than the army serving in the Peninsular War in Portugal Nevertheless it failed to achieve any of its goals The Walcheren Campaign involved little fighting but heavy losses from the sickness popularly dubbed Walcheren Fever Although more than 4 000 British troops died during the expedition only 106 died in combat the survivors withdrew on 9 December 1 Contents 1 Background 2 Campaign 3 Aftermath 4 Order of battle 4 1 British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren 4 2 Corps of Observation of Holland 5 Naval forces 6 Irish legion 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Citations 8 3 Sources 9 External linksBackground editIn July 1809 the British decided to seal the mouth of the Scheldt to prevent the port of Antwerp being used as a base against them 2 The primary aim of the campaign was to destroy the French fleet thought to be in Flushing whilst providing a diversion for the hard pressed Austrians However the Battle of Wagram had already occurred before the start of the campaign and the Austrians had effectively already lost the war John Pitt 2nd Earl of Chatham commanded the army whilst Sir Richard Strachan commanded the navy the full expeditionary force of 37 ships the greatest to have ever left England leaving The Downs on 28 July Commanders included Hugh Downman Edward Codrington Amelius Beauclerk William Charles Fahie George Cockburn and George Dundas 3 nbsp The journey of General Cort Heijligers to recapture Bath from the BritishCampaign editAs a first move the British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt as well as South Beveland island both in the present day Netherlands The British troops soon began to suffer from Walcheren fever due to the symptoms present most likely a combination of malaria typhus typhoid and dysentery 4 Within a month of seizing the island they had over 8 000 fever cases The medical provisions for the expedition proved inadequate despite reports that an occupying French force had lost 80 of its numbers a few years earlier also due to disease Once it had been decided to garrison Walcheren Island in September 1809 Pitt was replaced by Lieutenant general Eyre Coote who in October was replaced by Lieutenant general George Don 2 nbsp The bombardment of FlushingAt the time of the initial landings the French forces were characterized by a divided command over a motley crew of units manned by soldiers of many nationalities spanning French occupied Europe There were a few French units among those present considered to be of inferior quality as they were manned by the physically infirm and dregs of the training depots citation needed However on 10 August 1809 as reinforcements began flowing into the invasion zone Napoleon approved the appointment of Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte the Prince of Ponte Corvo who had recently resigned his command after incurring Napoleon s displeasure at the Battle of Wagram as overall commander of the invasion zone 5 Bernadotte had returned to Paris and was sent to defend the Netherlands by the council of ministers His arrival gave the French a much needed unity of command and he brought with him a genius for organization and training 6 Bernadotte led the reinforced and reorganized French forces competently and although the British had captured Flushing on the day of his arrival to the war zone after a ferocious bombardment and the surrounding towns on 15 August he had already ordered the French fleet to Antwerp and heavily reinforced the city The French numbers were such that the main objective for the British Antwerp was now out of reach The expedition was called off in early September Around 12 000 troops stayed on Walcheren but by October only 5 500 remained fit for duty citation needed Aftermath editIn all the British government spent almost 8 million on the campaign Along with the 4 000 men who had died during the campaign almost 12 000 were still ill by February 1810 and many others remained permanently weakened Those sent to the Peninsular War to join Wellington s army caused a permanent doubling of the sick lists there citation needed This campaign led to the plant known as Thanet cress being introduced to Britain in the sick men s bedding 7 The debacle was also a source of acute political embarrassment in particular for Lord Castlereagh upon whom the former United Irishman Peter Finnerty who at the invitation of Sir Home Popham 8 accompanied the expedition as a special correspondent for The Morning Chronicle heaped the blame 9 10 Order of battle editThe below order of battle is for 28 July nbsp Infantry of the 50th and 91st Regiments British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren edit British Expeditionary Force to WalcherenBritish Expeditionary Force to Walcheren 11 12 commanded by Lieutenant General Master General of the Ordnance John Pitt 2nd Earl of Chatham Second in Command Lieutenant General Sir Eyre Coote Chief of Staff Colonel Sir Robert Brownrigg Royal Waggon Train 3 x Troops Royal Artillery commanded by Brigadier General Master Gunner Sir John Macleod 13 14 total of 70 x guns and 74 x mortars a H Troop Royal Horse Artillery No 1 Company 2nd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 6 Company 2nd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 1 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 2 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 3 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 4 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 7 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 8 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 9 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 10 Company 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 5 Company 5th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 6 Company 5th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 4 Company 9th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 5 Company 9th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 7 Company 9th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 8 Company 9th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery No 10 Company 9th Battalion Royal Regiment of Artillery Chatham Company Corps of Royal Military Artificers 15 1 unknown Company Corps of Royal Military Artificers 15 Left Wing 1st Division commanded by Lieutenant General John Francis Cradock Graham s Brigade commanded by Major General Thomas Graham 3rd Battalion 1st Royal Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalion 35th Royal Sussex Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalion 81st Loyal Lincoln Volunteers Regiment of Foot Houston s Brigade commanded by Major General William Houston 2nd Battalion 14th Buckinghamshire Regiment of Foot 51st 2nd Yorkshire West Riding Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 2nd Battalion 63rd West Suffolk Regiment of Foot 4th Division commanded by Lieutenant General Alexander MacKenzie Fraser Browne s Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Gore Browne 1st Battalion 5th Northumberland Fusiliers Regiment of Foot 4 x Companies 2nd Battalion 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 26th Cameronian Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 32nd Cornwall Regiment of Foot Picton s Brigade commanded by Major General Thomas Picton 1st Battalion 36th Herefordshire Regiment of Foot 2 x Company 2nd Battalion 8th The King s Regiment of Foot 77th East Middlesex Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 82nd Prince of Wales s Volunteers Regiment of Foot Light Troops Mahon s Brigade commanded by The Honourable Brigadier General Thomas Mahon 9th Regiment of Light Dragoons Rottenburg s Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Franz Rottenburg Baron de Rottenburg 68th Durham Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 1st Battalion 71st Highland Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 85th Regiment of Foot Bucks Volunteers Light Infantry 2 x Companies 2nd Battalion 95th Regiment of Foot Rifles Right Wing 2nd Division commanded by Lieutenant General George Gordon Marquess of Huntly 1 x Company 2nd Battalion 95th Regiment of Foot Rifles Dyott s Brigade commanded by Major General William Dyott 1st Battalion 6th 1st Warwickshire Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 50th Queen s Own Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 91st Argyllshire Regiment of Foot Montresor s Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Henry Tucker Montresor 1st Battalion 9th East Norfolk Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 38th 1st Staffordshire Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 42nd Royal Highland Regiment of Foot 3rd Division commanded by Lieutenant General Thomas Grosvenor Leith s Brigade commanded by Major General James Leith 2nd Battalion 11th North Devon Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalion 59th 2nd Nottinghamshire Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 79th Cameron Highlanders Regiment of Foot Acland s Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Wroth Palmer Acland 2nd Queen s Royal Regiment of Foot 76th Hindoostan Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalion 84th York and Lancaster Regiment of Foot Light Division commanded by Lieutenant General James Saint Clair Erskin 2nd Earl of Rosslyn von Linsingen s Brigade commanded by Karl Christian von Lisingen 3rd King s Own Regiment of Dragoons 12th Prince of Wales s Regiment of Light Dragoons 2nd Hussars King s German Legion Stewart s Brigade commanded by Major General William Stewart 2nd Battalion 43rd Monmouthshire Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 2nd Battalion 52nd Oxfordshire Regiment of Foot Light Infantry 8 x Companies 2nd Battalion 95th Regiment of Foot Rifles von Alten s Brigade commanded by Victor Baron von Alten 1st Light Battalion King s German Legion 2nd Light Battalion King s German Legion Reserve Army commanded by Lieutenant General The Honourable John Hope 4th Earl of Hopetoun 1 x Company 2nd Battalion 95th Regiment of Foot Rifles Disney s Brigade commanded by Moore Disney 1st Battalion 1st Regiment of Foot Guards 3rd Battalion 1st Regiment of Foot Guards Flank Companies Grenadiers and Light Infantry 2nd Battalions of Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards and 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards Erskine s Brigade commanded by Major General Sir William Erskine 2nd Baronet 20th East Devonshire Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 92nd Gordon Highlanders Regiment of Foot Earl of Dalhousie s Brigade commanded by Major General Lord George Ramsay 9th Earl of Dalhousie 1st Battalion 4th King s Own Royal Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalion 4th King s Own Royal Regiment of Foot 1st Battalion 28th North Gloucestershire Regiment of FootCorps of Observation of Holland edit Corps of Observation of HollandThe French local forces were not organised into a separate corps of observation till the later part of the year but were organised as such by the end of the campaign and are therefore shown here Note According to Smith pp 294 301 the artillery came from the following regiments 1st 2nd 4th and 8th Foot Artillery and 4th and 5th Horse Artillery Corps of Observation of Holland 16 commanded by initially by General de Division Louis Claude Monnet de Lorbeau later Marechal d Empire Jean Baptiste Bernadotte Prince de Ponte Corvo 1st Colonial Battalion 869 1st Deserters Battalion 1 089 1st Battalion Legion Irlandaise 1st Battalion Regiment de Prusse 43 2nd Battalion Regiment de Prusse 829 3rd Battalion Regiment de Prusse 837 6th Veteran Battalion 1st and 2nd Companies 2nd Veteran Battalion 52 67 x Gunners of the Coast Guard 67 x Veteran Artillerists 4 x Gendarmes From 1 August 4th Battalion 8th Provisional Demi Brigade 608 2 x Companies 22nd Line Infantry Regiment 2 x Companies 45th Line Infantry Regiment 2 x Companies 54th Line Infantry Regiment Detachment 72nd Line Infantry Regiment Detachment 108th Line Infantry Regiment 375 20 x Artillerists 3 x Companies 4th Battalion 48th Line Infantry Regiment 320 from 4 August From 6 August 3 x Companies 4th Battalion 48th Line Infantry Regiment 42 8th Provisional Demi Brigade 55 3 x Companies 5th Battalion 13th Light Infantry Regiment 3 x Companies 5th Battalion 27th Light Infantry Regiment From 9 August 2 x Battalions 5th Dutch Line Infantry Regiment 1 000 4 000 troops of the French National Guard 1st 2nd and 3rd Battalions 48th Line Infantry Regiment 8 000 National Guardsmen from 14 August From 15 August Detachments from the 26th 66th and 82nd Line Infantry Regiments 1 500 Remainder of the 8th Provisional Demi Brigade Detachments of the Depots of the Dragoon Regiments from the 1st Military Division 26th Chasseurs a Cheval Regiment 28th Chasseurs a Cheval Regiment 4 000 Dutch Troops from Bergen op Zoom from 16 August 1 500 French Troops from 25 AugustNaval forces editA fleet of around 40 vessels including sixteen 74 gun warships of the third rate participated under the overall command of Strachan A number of smaller vessels including customs house and excise cutters were also involved as was a packet ship The City of London Loyal Greenwich and Royal Harbour River Fencibles also contributed men to the expedition 17 Irish legion editThe 1st battalion of the Irish Legion raised by the French for an invasion of Ireland that never happened was stationed in Flushing during the assault and received its baptism of fire there It fought a rear guard action for several days but the battalion was almost completely captured The Legion s brass band followed by the Irish battalion led the surrendered French garrison out of the town However a small party of Irishmen escaped and went into hiding with the battalion s cherished imperial eagle and after a few days they crossed the Scheldt River and escaped Commandant Lawless was presented to Napoleon and he together with Captain O Reilly received the Legion d honneur in gratitude 18 See also editBattle of the Basque RoadsReferences editNotes edit The term Company was merely an official title in the field the term brigade was used instead though both were the same strength led by a Captain or Major Citations edit Brett James 1963 pp 811 820 a b Burnham amp McGuigan 2010 p 42 Harrison Cy Walcheren Expedition 28th July 1809 December 1809 Threedecks Retrieved 7 June 2018 Howard Martin R 18 December 1999 Walcheren 1809 a medical catastrophe BMJ 319 7225 1642 1645 doi 10 1136 bmj 319 7225 1642 ISSN 0959 8138 PMC 1127097 PMID 10600979 Barton 1921 pp 226 231 Howard 2012 pp 142 149 Bond W Davies G Turner R October 2007 The biology and non chemical control of Hoary Cress Cardaria draba L Desv PDF HDRA Ryton Organic Gardens Finnerty 1811 Legg 2016 Duran de Porras 2014 pp 163 184 The British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren 1809 www napoleon series org Retrieved 21 July 2021 Nafziger George British on Walcheren 7 September 1809 PDF United States Army Combined Arms Centre Nafziger Collections Retrieved 20 July 2021 Duncan Volume I pp 179 181 219 220 222 224 226 380 408 Duncan Volume II pp 154 157 187 188 195 223 224 226 229 237 240 242 451 a b Brown Steve August 2014 British Artillery Battalions and the Men Who Led Them 1793 1815 Royal Engineers Royal Sappers and Miners PDF Napoleon Series Retrieved 20 July 2021 Nafziger George French Army at Walachern 1 August 1809 PDF United States Army Combined Arms Centre Retrieved 21 July 2021 No 16650 The London Gazette 26 September 1812 pp 1971 1972 Howard 2012 p 133 Sources edit Barton Dunbar Plunket 1921 Bernadotte and Napoleon 1763 1810 London John Murray Brett James Antony December 1963 The Walcheren Failure History Today 13 12 811 820 Brett James Antony January 1964 The Walcheren Failure History Today 14 1 60 68 Burnham Bob McGuigan Ron 2010 The British Army Against Napoleon Facts Lists and Trivia 1805 1815 Frontline Books ISBN 978 1 84832 562 3 Duncan Major Francis 1873 History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery Vol I London United Kingdom a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Duncan Captain Francis 1873 History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery Vol II London United Kingdom a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Duran de Porras Elias 2014 Peter Finnerty un antepasado de los corresponsales de guerra modernos PDF Textual amp Visual Media 7 ISSN 1889 2515 Feibel Robert 1968 What Happened At Walcheren The Primary Medical Sources Bulletin of the History of Medicine 42 1 62 79 JSTOR 44449904 PMID 4867561 Retrieved 12 July 2021 Finnerty Peter 1811 Case of Peter Finnerty Including a Full Report of All Proceedings which Took Place in the Court of King s Bench Upon the Subject London J M Creery Howard Martin R 2012 Walcheren 1809 The Scandalous Destruction of a British Army Pen amp Sword ISBN 978 1 84884 468 1 Legg Marie Louise 26 May 2016 Finnerty Peter 1766 1822 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 9474 Subscription or UK public library membership required Smith Digby 2000 Napoleon s Regiments Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army 1792 1815 London United Kingdom Greenhill Books ISBN 978 1853674136 OCLC 43787649 External links editThe British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren 1809 nbsp Media related to Walcheren Campaign at Wikimedia CommonsPreceded byBattle of Talavera Napoleonic WarsWalcheren Campaign Succeeded byBattle of Olper 1809 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Walcheren Campaign amp oldid 1167928065, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.