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CMB cold spot

January 11, 2023

This article is about the possible supervoid in the constellation Eridanus. For the supervoid in Canes Venatici, see Giant Void.

The CMB Cold Spot or WMAP Cold Spot is a region of the sky seen in microwaves that has been found to be unusually large and cold relative to the expected properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). The "Cold Spot" is approximately 70 µK (0.00007 K) colder than the average CMB temperature (approximately 2.7 K), whereas the root mean square of typical temperature variations is only 18 µK.[1][note 1] At some points, the "cold spot" is 140 µK colder than the average CMB temperature.[2]

The circled area is the cold spot. Black lines in the Planck's CMB map indicates each constellation, cold spot is in Eridanus constellation. The blue circle is the equatorial line in the celestial sphere. Image generated with Celestia.
The circled area is the cold spot in the WMAP.

The radius of the "cold spot" subtends about 5°; it is centered at the galactic coordinate lII = 207.8°, bII = −56.3° (equatorial: α = 03h 15m 05s, δ = −19° 35′ 02″). It is, therefore, in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, in the direction of the constellation Eridanus.

Typically, the largest fluctuations of the primordial CMB temperature occur on angular scales of about 1°. Thus a cold region as large as the "cold spot" appears very unlikely, given generally accepted theoretical models. Various alternative explanations exist, including a so-called Eridanus Supervoid or Great Void that may exist between us and the primordial CMB (foreground voids can cause cold spots against the CMB background). Such a void would affect the observed CMB via the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect, and would be one of the largest structures in the observable universe. This would be an extremely large region of the universe, roughly 150 to 300 Mpc or 500 million to one billion light-years across and 6 to 10 billion light years away,[3] at redshift , containing a density of matter much smaller than the average density at that redshift.[citation needed]

Discovery and significance

 
CMB Cold Spot was also observed by the Planck satellite at similar significance. Image generated with Celestia Program.

In the first year of data recorded by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a region of sky in the constellation Eridanus was found to be cooler than the surrounding area.[4] Subsequently, using the data gathered by WMAP over 3 years, the statistical significance of such a large, cool region was estimated. The probability of finding a deviation at least as high in Gaussian simulations was found to be 1.85%.[5] Thus it appears unlikely, but not impossible, that the cold spot was generated by the standard mechanism of quantum fluctuations during cosmological inflation, which in most inflationary models gives rise to Gaussian statistics. The cold spot may also, as suggested in the references above, be a signal of non-Gaussian primordial fluctuations.

Some authors called into question the statistical significance of this cold spot.[6]

In 2013, the CMB Cold Spot was also observed by the Planck satellite[7] at similar significance, discarding the possibility of being caused by a systematic error of the WMAP satellite.

Possible causes other than primordial temperature fluctuation

The large 'cold spot' forms part of what has been called an 'axis of evil' (so-called because it was unexpected to see a structure like this).[8]

Supervoid

 
The mean ISW imprint 50 supervoids have on the Cosmic Microwave Background:[9][clarification needed] color scale from -20 to +20 µK.

One possible explanation of the cold spot is a huge void between us and the primordial CMB. A region cooler than surrounding sightlines can be observed if a large void is present, as such a void would cause an increased cancellation between the "late-time" integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect and the "ordinary" Sachs–Wolfe effect.[10] This effect would be much smaller if dark energy were not stretching the void as photons went through it.[11]

Rudnick et al.[12] found a dip in NVSS galaxy number counts in the direction of the Cold Spot, suggesting the presence of a large void. Since then, some additional works have cast doubt on the "supervoid" explanation. The correlation between the NVSS dip and the Cold Spot was found to be marginal using a more conservative statistical analysis.[13] Also, a direct survey for galaxies in several one-degree-square fields within the Cold Spot found no evidence for a supervoid.[14] However, the supervoid explanation has not been ruled out entirely; it remains intriguing, since supervoids do seem capable of affecting the CMB measurably.[9][15][16]

A 2015 study shows the presence of a supervoid that has a diameter of 1.8 billion light years and is centered at 3 billion light-years from our galaxy in the direction of the Cold Spot, likely being associated with it.[11] This would make it the largest void detected, and one of the largest structures known.[17][note 2] Later measurements of the Sachs–Wolfe effect show too its likely existence.[18]

Although large voids are known in the universe, a void would have to be exceptionally vast to explain the cold spot, perhaps 1,000 times larger in volume than expected typical voids. It would be 6 billion–10 billion light-years away and nearly one billion light-years across, and would be perhaps even more improbable to occur in the large-scale structure than the WMAP cold spot would be in the primordial CMB.

A 2017 study[19] reported surveys showing no evidence that associated voids in the line of sight could have caused the CMB Cold Spot and concluded that it may instead have a primordial origin.

One important thing to confirm or rule out the late time integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect is the mass profile of galaxies in the area as ISW effect is affected by the galaxy bias which depends on the mass profiles and types of galaxies.[20][21]

In December 2021, the Dark Energy Survey (DES), analyzing their data, put forward more evidence for the correlation between the Eridanus supervoid and the CMB cold spot.[22][23]

Cosmic texture

In late 2007, (Cruz et al.)[24] argued that the Cold Spot could be due to a cosmic texture, a remnant of a phase transition in the early Universe.

Parallel universe

A controversial claim by Laura Mersini-Houghton is that it could be the imprint of another universe beyond our own, caused by quantum entanglement between universes before they were separated by cosmic inflation.[3] Laura Mersini-Houghton said, "Standard cosmology cannot explain such a giant cosmic hole" and made the hypothesis that the WMAP cold spot is "… the unmistakable imprint of another universe beyond the edge of our own." If true, this provides the first empirical evidence for a parallel universe (though theoretical models of parallel universes existed previously). It would also support string theory.[citation needed] The team claims that there are testable consequences for its theory. If the parallel-universe theory is true, there will be a similar void in the Celestial sphere's opposite hemisphere[25][26] (which New Scientist reported to be in the Southern celestial hemisphere; the results of the New Mexico array study reported it as being in the Northern[3]).

Other researchers have modeled the cold spot as potentially the result of cosmological bubble collisions, again before inflation.[27][28][19]

A sophisticated computational analysis (using Kolmogorov complexity) has derived evidence for a north and a south cold spot in the satellite data:[29] "...among the high randomness regions is the southern non-Gaussian anomaly, the Cold Spot, with a stratification expected for the voids. Existence of its counterpart, a Northern Cold Spot with almost identical randomness properties among other low-temperature regions is revealed."

These predictions and others were made prior to the measurements (see Laura Mersini).[citation needed] However, apart from the Southern Cold Spot, the varied statistical methods in general fail to confirm each other regarding a Northern Cold Spot.[30] The 'K-map' used to detect the Northern Cold Spot was noted to have twice the measure of randomness measured in the standard model. The difference is speculated to be caused by the randomness introduced by voids (unaccounted-for voids were speculated to be the reason for the increased randomness above the standard model).[31]

Sensitivity to finding method

The cold spot is mainly anomalous because it stands out compared to the relatively hot ring around it; it is not unusual if one only considers the size and coldness of the spot itself.[6] More technically, its detection and significance depends on using a compensated filter like a Mexican hat wavelet to find it.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ After the dipole anisotropy, which is due to the Doppler shift of the microwave background radiation due to our peculiar velocity relative to the comoving cosmic rest frame, has been subtracted out. This feature is consistent with the Earth moving at some 627 km/s towards the constellation Virgo.
  2. ^ A claim by Szapudi et al states that the newly found void is the "largest structure ever identified by humanity". However, another source reports that the largest structure is the supercluster corresponding to the NQ2-NQ4 GRB overdensity at 10 billion light years.

References

  1. ^ Wright, E.L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In W. L. Freedman (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4.
  2. ^ Woo, Marcus. "The largest thing in the universe". BBC. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Chown, Marcus (2007). "The void: Imprint of another universe?". New Scientist. 196 (2631): 34–37. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62977-7.
  4. ^ Cruz, M.; Martinez-Gonzalez, E.; Vielva, P.; Cayon, L. (2005). "Detection of a non-Gaussian Spot in WMAP". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 356 (1): 29–40. arXiv:astro-ph/0405341. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.356...29C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08419.x.
  5. ^ Cruz, M.; Cayon, L.; Martinez-Gonzalez, E.; Vielva, P.; Jin, J. (2007). "The non-Gaussian Cold Spot in the 3-year WMAP data". The Astrophysical Journal. 655 (1): 11–20. arXiv:astro-ph/0603859. Bibcode:2007ApJ...655...11C. doi:10.1086/509703.
  6. ^ a b Zhang, Ray; Huterer, Dragan (2010). "Disks in the sky: A reassessment of the WMAP "cold spot"". Astroparticle Physics. 33 (2): 69. arXiv:0908.3988. Bibcode:2010APh....33...69Z. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.249.6944. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.11.005.
  7. ^ Ade, P. A. R.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (2013). "Planck 2013 results. XXIII. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 571: A23. arXiv:1303.5083. Bibcode:2014A&A...571A..23P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321534.
  8. ^ Milligan on March 22, 2006 10:31 PM. . Blog.lib.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  9. ^ a b Granett, Benjamin R.; Neyrinck, Mark C.; Szapudi, István (2008). "An Imprint of Super-Structures on the Microwave Background due to the Integrated Sachs–Wolfe Effect". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (2): L99–L102. arXiv:0805.3695. Bibcode:2008ApJ...683L..99G. doi:10.1086/591670.
  10. ^ Kaiki Taro Inoue; Silk, Joseph (2006). "Local Voids as the Origin of Large-angle Cosmic Microwave Background Anomalies I". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 23–30. arXiv:astro-ph/0602478. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648...23I. doi:10.1086/505636.
  11. ^ a b Szapudi, I.; et al. (2015). "Detection of a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 450 (1): 288–294. arXiv:1405.1566. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450..288S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv488.
    • "Cold cosmic mystery solved: Largest known structure in the universe leaves its imprint on CMB radiation". Phys.org. April 20, 2015.
  12. ^ Rudnick, Lawrence; Brown, Shea; Williams, Liliya R. (2007). "Extragalactic Radio Sources and the WMAP Cold Spot". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 40–44. arXiv:0704.0908. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671...40R. doi:10.1086/522222.
  13. ^ Smith, Kendrick M.; Huterer, Dragan (2010). "No evidence for the cold spot in the NVSS radio survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 403 (2): 2. arXiv:0805.2751. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403....2S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15732.x.
  14. ^ Granett, Benjamin R.; Szapudi, István; Neyrinck, Mark C. (2010). "Galaxy Counts on the CMB Cold Spot". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (825): 825–833. arXiv:0911.2223. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714..825G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/825.
  15. ^ Dark Energy and the Imprint of Super-Structures on the Microwave Background
  16. ^ Finelli, Fabio; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Kovacs, Andras; Paci, Francesco; Szapudi, Istvan (2014). "A Supervoid Imprinting the Cold Spot in the Cosmic Microwave Background". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 455 (2): 1246. arXiv:1405.1555. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1246F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2388.
  17. ^ "Mysterious 'Cold Spot': Fingerprint of Largest Structure in the Universe?". Discovery News. 2017-05-10.
  18. ^ Seshadri, Nadatur; Crittenden, Robert (2016). "A detection of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe imprint of cosmic superstructures using a matched-filter approach". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2016): L19. arXiv:1608.08638. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830L..19N. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/830/1/L19.
  19. ^ a b Mackenzie, Ruari; et al. (2017). "Evidence against a supervoid causing the CMB Cold Spot". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 470 (2): 2328–2338. arXiv:1704.03814. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.2328M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx931. Another explanation could be that the Cold Spot is the remnant of a collision between our Universe and another ‘bubble’ universe during an early inflationary phase (Chang et al. 2009, Larjo & Levi 2010).
  20. ^ Rahman, Syed Faisal ur (2020). "The enduring enigma of the cosmic cold spot". Physics World. 33 (2): 36. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/33/2/35.
  21. ^ Dupe, F.X. (2011). "Measuring the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect". A&A. 534: A51. arXiv:1010.2192. Bibcode:2011A&A...534A..51D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015893.
  22. ^ Kovács, A; Jeffrey, N; Gatti, M; Chang, C; Whiteway, L; Hamaus, N; Lahav, O; Pollina, G; Bacon, D; Kacprzak, T; Mawdsley, B (2021-12-17). "The DES view of the Eridanus supervoid and the CMB cold spot". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (1): 216–229. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3309. ISSN 0035-8711.
  23. ^ "Our Universe is normal! Its biggest anomaly, the CMB cold spot, is now explained". Big Think. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  24. ^ Cruz, M.; N. Turok; P. Vielva; E. Martínez-González; M. Hobson (2007). "A Cosmic Microwave Background Feature Consistent with a Cosmic Texture". Science. 318 (5856): 1612–4. arXiv:0710.5737. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1612C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.8138. doi:10.1126/science.1148694. PMID 17962521.
  25. ^ Holman, R.; Mersini-Houghton, L.; Takahashi, Tomo (2008). "Cosmological Avatars of the Landscape I: Bracketing the SUSY Breaking Scale". Physical Review D. 77 (6): 063510. arXiv:hep-th/0611223. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77f3510H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.063510.
  26. ^ Holman, R.; Mersini-Houghton, Laura; Takahashi, Tomo (2008). "Cosmological Avatars of the Landscape II: CMB and LSS Signatures". Physical Review D. 77 (6): 063511. arXiv:hep-th/0612142. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77f3511H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.063511.
  27. ^ Chang, Spencer; Kleban, Matthew; Levi, Thomas S. (2009). "Watching Worlds Collide: Effects on the CMB from Cosmological Bubble Collisions". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2009 (4): 025. arXiv:0810.5128. Bibcode:2009JCAP...04..025C. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/04/025.
  28. ^ Czech, Bartłomiej; Kleban, Matthew; Larjo, Klaus; Levi, Thomas S; Sigurdson, Kris (2010). "Polarizing bubble collisions". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2010 (12): 023. arXiv:1006.0832. Bibcode:2010JCAP...12..023C. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2010/12/023.
  29. ^ Gurzadyan, V. G.; et al. (2009). "Kolmogorov cosmic microwave background sky". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 497 (2): 343. arXiv:0811.2732. Bibcode:2009A&A...497..343G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911625.
  30. ^ Rossmanith, G.; Raeth, C.; Banday, A. J.; Morfill, G. (2009). "Non-Gaussian Signatures in the five-year WMAP data as identified with isotropic scaling indices". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (4): 1921–1933. arXiv:0905.2854. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399.1921R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15421.x.
  31. ^ Gurzadyan, V. G.; Kocharyan, A. A. (2008). "Kolmogorov stochasticity parameter measuring the randomness in Cosmic Microwave Background". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 492 (2): L33. arXiv:0810.3289. Bibcode:2008A&A...492L..33G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811188.

External links

  • Great Void in Eridanus, (WMAP Cold Spot)
  • , Daily Tech
  • Huge Hole Found in the Universe, Space.com, 2007-08-23
  • Gaping "Hole" in the Sky Found, Experts Say, National Geographic News
  • BBC News: Great 'cosmic nothingness' found. BBC News, 2007-08-24


January 11, 2023
cold, spot, this, article, about, possible, supervoid, constellation, eridanus, supervoid, canes, venatici, giant, void, cold, spot, wmap, cold, spot, region, seen, microwaves, that, been, found, unusually, large, cold, relative, expected, properties, cosmic, . This article is about the possible supervoid in the constellation Eridanus For the supervoid in Canes Venatici see Giant Void The CMB Cold Spot or WMAP Cold Spot is a region of the sky seen in microwaves that has been found to be unusually large and cold relative to the expected properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation CMBR The Cold Spot is approximately 70 µK 0 00007 K colder than the average CMB temperature approximately 2 7 K whereas the root mean square of typical temperature variations is only 18 µK 1 note 1 At some points the cold spot is 140 µK colder than the average CMB temperature 2 The circled area is the cold spot Black lines in the Planck s CMB map indicates each constellation cold spot is in Eridanus constellation The blue circle is the equatorial line in the celestial sphere Image generated with Celestia The circled area is the cold spot in the WMAP The radius of the cold spot subtends about 5 it is centered at the galactic coordinate lII 207 8 bII 56 3 equatorial a 03h 15m 05s d 19 35 02 It is therefore in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere in the direction of the constellation Eridanus Typically the largest fluctuations of the primordial CMB temperature occur on angular scales of about 1 Thus a cold region as large as the cold spot appears very unlikely given generally accepted theoretical models Various alternative explanations exist including a so called Eridanus Supervoid or Great Void that may exist between us and the primordial CMB foreground voids can cause cold spots against the CMB background Such a void would affect the observed CMB via the integrated Sachs Wolfe effect and would be one of the largest structures in the observable universe This would be an extremely large region of the universe roughly 150 to 300 Mpc or 500 million to one billion light years across and 6 to 10 billion light years away 3 at redshift z 1 displaystyle z simeq 1 containing a density of matter much smaller than the average density at that redshift citation needed Contents 1 Discovery and significance 2 Possible causes other than primordial temperature fluctuation 2 1 Supervoid 2 2 Cosmic texture 2 3 Parallel universe 2 4 Sensitivity to finding method 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksDiscovery and significance Edit CMB Cold Spot was also observed by the Planck satellite at similar significance Image generated with Celestia Program In the first year of data recorded by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP a region of sky in the constellation Eridanus was found to be cooler than the surrounding area 4 Subsequently using the data gathered by WMAP over 3 years the statistical significance of such a large cool region was estimated The probability of finding a deviation at least as high in Gaussian simulations was found to be 1 85 5 Thus it appears unlikely but not impossible that the cold spot was generated by the standard mechanism of quantum fluctuations during cosmological inflation which in most inflationary models gives rise to Gaussian statistics The cold spot may also as suggested in the references above be a signal of non Gaussian primordial fluctuations Some authors called into question the statistical significance of this cold spot 6 In 2013 the CMB Cold Spot was also observed by the Planck satellite 7 at similar significance discarding the possibility of being caused by a systematic error of the WMAP satellite Possible causes other than primordial temperature fluctuation EditThe large cold spot forms part of what has been called an axis of evil so called because it was unexpected to see a structure like this 8 Supervoid Edit The mean ISW imprint 50 supervoids have on the Cosmic Microwave Background 9 clarification needed color scale from 20 to 20 µK One possible explanation of the cold spot is a huge void between us and the primordial CMB A region cooler than surrounding sightlines can be observed if a large void is present as such a void would cause an increased cancellation between the late time integrated Sachs Wolfe effect and the ordinary Sachs Wolfe effect 10 This effect would be much smaller if dark energy were not stretching the void as photons went through it 11 Rudnick et al 12 found a dip in NVSS galaxy number counts in the direction of the Cold Spot suggesting the presence of a large void Since then some additional works have cast doubt on the supervoid explanation The correlation between the NVSS dip and the Cold Spot was found to be marginal using a more conservative statistical analysis 13 Also a direct survey for galaxies in several one degree square fields within the Cold Spot found no evidence for a supervoid 14 However the supervoid explanation has not been ruled out entirely it remains intriguing since supervoids do seem capable of affecting the CMB measurably 9 15 16 A 2015 study shows the presence of a supervoid that has a diameter of 1 8 billion light years and is centered at 3 billion light years from our galaxy in the direction of the Cold Spot likely being associated with it 11 This would make it the largest void detected and one of the largest structures known 17 note 2 Later measurements of the Sachs Wolfe effect show too its likely existence 18 Although large voids are known in the universe a void would have to be exceptionally vast to explain the cold spot perhaps 1 000 times larger in volume than expected typical voids It would be 6 billion 10 billion light years away and nearly one billion light years across and would be perhaps even more improbable to occur in the large scale structure than the WMAP cold spot would be in the primordial CMB A 2017 study 19 reported surveys showing no evidence that associated voids in the line of sight could have caused the CMB Cold Spot and concluded that it may instead have a primordial origin One important thing to confirm or rule out the late time integrated Sachs Wolfe effect is the mass profile of galaxies in the area as ISW effect is affected by the galaxy bias which depends on the mass profiles and types of galaxies 20 21 In December 2021 the Dark Energy Survey DES analyzing their data put forward more evidence for the correlation between the Eridanus supervoid and the CMB cold spot 22 23 Cosmic texture Edit In late 2007 Cruz et al 24 argued that the Cold Spot could be due to a cosmic texture a remnant of a phase transition in the early Universe Parallel universe Edit A controversial claim by Laura Mersini Houghton is that it could be the imprint of another universe beyond our own caused by quantum entanglement between universes before they were separated by cosmic inflation 3 Laura Mersini Houghton said Standard cosmology cannot explain such a giant cosmic hole and made the hypothesis that the WMAP cold spot is the unmistakable imprint of another universe beyond the edge of our own If true this provides the first empirical evidence for a parallel universe though theoretical models of parallel universes existed previously It would also support string theory citation needed The team claims that there are testable consequences for its theory If the parallel universe theory is true there will be a similar void in the Celestial sphere s opposite hemisphere 25 26 which New Scientist reported to be in the Southern celestial hemisphere the results of the New Mexico array study reported it as being in the Northern 3 Other researchers have modeled the cold spot as potentially the result of cosmological bubble collisions again before inflation 27 28 19 A sophisticated computational analysis using Kolmogorov complexity has derived evidence for a north and a south cold spot in the satellite data 29 among the high randomness regions is the southern non Gaussian anomaly the Cold Spot with a stratification expected for the voids Existence of its counterpart a Northern Cold Spot with almost identical randomness properties among other low temperature regions is revealed These predictions and others were made prior to the measurements see Laura Mersini citation needed However apart from the Southern Cold Spot the varied statistical methods in general fail to confirm each other regarding a Northern Cold Spot 30 The K map used to detect the Northern Cold Spot was noted to have twice the measure of randomness measured in the standard model The difference is speculated to be caused by the randomness introduced by voids unaccounted for voids were speculated to be the reason for the increased randomness above the standard model 31 Sensitivity to finding method Edit The cold spot is mainly anomalous because it stands out compared to the relatively hot ring around it it is not unusual if one only considers the size and coldness of the spot itself 6 More technically its detection and significance depends on using a compensated filter like a Mexican hat wavelet to find it citation needed See also EditCfA2 Great Wall Cosmic microwave background Dark flow Great Attractor List of largest voids Sloan Great Wall South Pole Wall Void astronomy Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeNotes Edit After the dipole anisotropy which is due to the Doppler shift of the microwave background radiation due to our peculiar velocity relative to the comoving cosmic rest frame has been subtracted out This feature is consistent with the Earth moving at some 627 km s towards the constellation Virgo A claim by Szapudi et al states that the newly found void is the largest structure ever identified by humanity However another source reports that the largest structure is the supercluster corresponding to the NQ2 NQ4 GRB overdensity at 10 billion light years References Edit Wright E L 2004 Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy In W L Freedman ed Measuring and Modeling the Universe Measuring and Modeling the Universe Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series Cambridge University Press p 291 arXiv astro ph 0305591 Bibcode 2004mmu symp 291W ISBN 978 0 521 75576 4 Woo Marcus The largest thing in the universe BBC Retrieved 14 August 2015 a b c Chown Marcus 2007 The void Imprint of another universe New Scientist 196 2631 34 37 doi 10 1016 s0262 4079 07 62977 7 Cruz M Martinez Gonzalez E Vielva P Cayon L 2005 Detection of a non Gaussian Spot in WMAP Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 356 1 29 40 arXiv astro ph 0405341 Bibcode 2005MNRAS 356 29C doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2004 08419 x Cruz M Cayon L Martinez Gonzalez E Vielva P Jin J 2007 The non Gaussian Cold Spot in the 3 year WMAP data The Astrophysical Journal 655 1 11 20 arXiv astro ph 0603859 Bibcode 2007ApJ 655 11C doi 10 1086 509703 a b Zhang Ray Huterer Dragan 2010 Disks in the sky A reassessment of the WMAP cold spot Astroparticle Physics 33 2 69 arXiv 0908 3988 Bibcode 2010APh 33 69Z CiteSeerX 10 1 1 249 6944 doi 10 1016 j astropartphys 2009 11 005 Ade P A R et al Planck Collaboration 2013 Planck 2013 results XXIII Isotropy and statistics of the CMB Astronomy amp Astrophysics 571 A23 arXiv 1303 5083 Bibcode 2014A 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2016MNRAS 455 1246F doi 10 1093 mnras stv2388 Mysterious Cold Spot Fingerprint of Largest Structure in the Universe Discovery News 2017 05 10 Seshadri Nadatur Crittenden Robert 2016 A detection of the integrated Sachs Wolfe imprint of cosmic superstructures using a matched filter approach The Astrophysical Journal 830 2016 L19 arXiv 1608 08638 Bibcode 2016ApJ 830L 19N doi 10 3847 2041 8205 830 1 L19 a b Mackenzie Ruari et al 2017 Evidence against a supervoid causing the CMB Cold Spot Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 470 2 2328 2338 arXiv 1704 03814 Bibcode 2017MNRAS 470 2328M doi 10 1093 mnras stx931 Another explanation could be that the Cold Spot is the remnant of a collision between our Universe and another bubble universe during an early inflationary phase Chang et al 2009 Larjo amp Levi 2010 Rahman Syed Faisal ur 2020 The enduring enigma of the cosmic cold spot Physics World 33 2 36 doi 10 1088 2058 7058 33 2 35 Dupe F X 2011 Measuring the integrated Sachs Wolfe 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Mersini Houghton Laura Takahashi Tomo 2008 Cosmological Avatars of the Landscape II CMB and LSS Signatures Physical Review D 77 6 063511 arXiv hep th 0612142 Bibcode 2008PhRvD 77f3511H doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 77 063511 Chang Spencer Kleban Matthew Levi Thomas S 2009 Watching Worlds Collide Effects on the CMB from Cosmological Bubble Collisions Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2009 4 025 arXiv 0810 5128 Bibcode 2009JCAP 04 025C doi 10 1088 1475 7516 2009 04 025 Czech Bartlomiej Kleban Matthew Larjo Klaus Levi Thomas S Sigurdson Kris 2010 Polarizing bubble collisions Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2010 12 023 arXiv 1006 0832 Bibcode 2010JCAP 12 023C doi 10 1088 1475 7516 2010 12 023 Gurzadyan V G et al 2009 Kolmogorov cosmic microwave background sky Astronomy and Astrophysics 497 2 343 arXiv 0811 2732 Bibcode 2009A amp A 497 343G doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200911625 Rossmanith G Raeth C Banday A J Morfill G 2009 Non Gaussian Signatures in the five year WMAP data as identified with isotropic scaling indices Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 399 4 1921 1933 arXiv 0905 2854 Bibcode 2009MNRAS 399 1921R doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2009 15421 x Gurzadyan V G Kocharyan A A 2008 Kolmogorov stochasticity parameter measuring the randomness in Cosmic Microwave Background Astronomy and Astrophysics 492 2 L33 arXiv 0810 3289 Bibcode 2008A amp A 492L 33G doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200811188 External links EditGreat Void in Eridanus WMAP Cold Spot Gaping Hole Found in Universe Daily Tech Huge Hole Found in the Universe Space com 2007 08 23 Gaping Hole in the Sky Found Experts Say National Geographic News BBC News Great cosmic nothingness found BBC News 2007 08 24 Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CMB cold spot amp oldid 1128751859, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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