'Yardland' redirects here. Not to be confused with yard (land). For the use of 'virgate' in reference to rod-like stems and ribs, see virgate (botany).
The virgate, yardland, or yard of land (Latin: virgāta [terrae]) was an English unit of land. Primarily a measure of tax assessment rather than area, the virgate was usually (but not always) reckoned as 1⁄4hide and notionally (but seldom exactly) equal to 30 acres. It was equivalent to two of the Danelaw's oxgangs.
Farm-derived units of measurement:
The rod is a historical unit of length equal to 5+1⁄2 yards. It may have originated from the typical length of a mediaeval ox-goad. There are 4 rods in one chain.
The furlong (meaning furrow length) was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods or 10 chains.
An acre was the amount of land tillable by one man behind one ox in one day. Traditional acres were long and narrow due to the difficulty in turning the plough and the value of river front access.
An oxgang was the amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season. This could vary from village to village, but was typically around 15 acres.
A virgate was the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season.
A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates.
Nameedit
The name derives from the Old English gyrd landes ("yard of land"),[1] from “yard's” former meaning as a measuring stick employed in reckoning acres (cf. rod). The word is etymologically unrelated to the yard of land around a dwelling.[2] "Virgate" is a much later retronym, anglicizing the yardland's latinized form virgāta after the advent of the yard rendered the original name ambiguous.[3]
Historyedit
The virgate was reckoned as the amount of land that a team of two oxen could plough in a single annual season. It was equivalent to a quarter of a hide, so was nominally thirty acres.[4] In some parts of England, it was divided into four nooks (Middle English: noke; Medieval Latin: noca).[5] Nooks were occasionally further divided into a farundel (Middle English: ferthendel; Old English: fēorþan dǣl, "fourth deal, fourth share").[6]
The Danelaw equivalent of a virgate was two oxgangs or ‘bovates’.[7] These were considered to represent the amount of land that could be worked in a single annual season by a single ox and therefore equated to half a virgate. As such, the oxgang represented a parallel division of the carucate.
Referencesedit
^Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "yardland, n.". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921.
^Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "yard, n.2". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921.
^Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "virgate, n.". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.
^D. Hey ed., Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996), 476.
^"Noca - nook (measure of land)" R. W. Latham, Revised Medieval Latin Word-list (Oxford University Press, London: for British Academy 1965), 312.
^Bosworth, Joseph; T. Northcote Toller (1882). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 281.
^Stephen Friar, Batsford Companion to Local History (Batsford, London 1991), 270.
January 10, 2024
virgate, yardland, redirects, here, confused, with, yard, land, virgate, reference, like, stems, ribs, virgate, botany, virgate, yardland, yard, land, latin, virgāta, terrae, english, unit, land, primarily, measure, assessment, rather, than, area, virgate, usu. Yardland redirects here Not to be confused with yard land For the use of virgate in reference to rod like stems and ribs see virgate botany The virgate yardland or yard of land Latin virgata terrae was an English unit of land Primarily a measure of tax assessment rather than area the virgate was usually but not always reckoned as 1 4 hide and notionally but seldom exactly equal to 30 acres It was equivalent to two of the Danelaw s oxgangs Farm derived units of measurement The rod is a historical unit of length equal to 5 1 2 yards It may have originated from the typical length of a mediaeval ox goad There are 4 rods in one chain The furlong meaning furrow length was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods or 10 chains An acre was the amount of land tillable by one man behind one ox in one day Traditional acres were long and narrow due to the difficulty in turning the plough and the value of river front access An oxgang was the amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season This could vary from village to village but was typically around 15 acres A virgate was the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season This was equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates Name editThe name derives from the Old English gyrd landes yard of land 1 from yard s former meaning as a measuring stick employed in reckoning acres cf rod The word is etymologically unrelated to the yard of land around a dwelling 2 Virgate is a much later retronym anglicizing the yardland s latinized form virgata after the advent of the yard rendered the original name ambiguous 3 History editThe virgate was reckoned as the amount of land that a team of two oxen could plough in a single annual season It was equivalent to a quarter of a hide so was nominally thirty acres 4 In some parts of England it was divided into four nooks Middle English noke Medieval Latin noca 5 Nooks were occasionally further divided into a farundel Middle English ferthendel Old English feorthan dǣl fourth deal fourth share 6 The Danelaw equivalent of a virgate was two oxgangs or bovates 7 These were considered to represent the amount of land that could be worked in a single annual season by a single ox and therefore equated to half a virgate As such the oxgang represented a parallel division of the carucate References edit Oxford English Dictionary 1st ed yardland n Oxford University Press Oxford 1921 Oxford English Dictionary 1st ed yard n 2 Oxford University Press Oxford 1921 Oxford English Dictionary 1st ed virgate n Oxford University Press Oxford 1917 D Hey ed Oxford Companion to Local and Family History Oxford University Press Oxford 1996 476 Noca nook measure of land R W Latham Revised Medieval Latin Word list Oxford University Press London for British Academy 1965 312 Bosworth Joseph T Northcote Toller 1882 An Anglo Saxon Dictionary Oxford University Press p 281 Stephen Friar Batsford Companion to Local History Batsford London 1991 270 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Virgate amp oldid 1156830378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
