List of heads of state of Sudan
This article lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.
| Presidency of the Republic of the Sudan | |
|---|---|
| رئاسة الجمهورية السودان (Arabic) | |
| Executive branch of the Sudanese Government Head of state of the Republic of the Sudan | |
| Residence | Republican Palace, Khartoum (Chairman) |
| Formation | 17 November 1958 |
| First holder | Five-member Sovereignty Council (collective presidency) |
| Salary | 29,320 USD annually[1] |
| Website | www |
History of the office edit
Since independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-member sovereignty councils) have served as head of state of Sudan, currently under the title President of the Republic of the Sudan. Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom, under the name Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As such, executive power was vested in a dyarchy consisting of both countries' heads of state – at the time of independence, the Queen of the United Kingdom (Elizabeth II) and the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council (headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser). Immediately following independence, the role of head of state was filled by a five-member Sovereignty Council, with rival nationalist factions unable to agree on a single candidate. In November 1958, General Ibrahim Abboud led a military coup d'état, assuming the role of head of state as Chairman of the Supreme Council. Assuming the title of president in 1964, he resigned later that year due to general discontent around the rule of the military regime. Abboud was succeeded by a senior civil servant, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, who served as acting president for 18 days before transferring executive authority to a Committee of Sovereignty.
Ismail al-Azhari, the leader of the National Unionist Party, was made president in July 1965; he ruled with limited power until he was deposed in a 1969 military coup. The military officers responsible for the coup established the National Revolutionary Command Council, chaired by Jaafar Nimeiry. Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formed Sudanese Socialist Union, assumed the position of president in 1971, and subsequently established a one-party state, which existed until 1985, when a group of military officers overthrew his government and established the 1985 Transitional Military Council, led by Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani succeeded to the relatively powerless position of Chairman of the Supreme Council in 1986, after multi-party election held that year. He was deposed in a 1989 military coup led by Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir. Al-Bashir served as head of state, under the title of Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation from 1989 to 1993 and as president from 1993 to 2019 (and from 1996 as the leader of the National Congress Party).
Al-Bashir was removed from power by the Sudanese Armed Forces on 11 April 2019, amid the Sudanese Revolution after holding the office for nearly 30 years. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf took control of Sudan without becoming head of state, established the 2019 Transitional Military Council, but resigned the following day in favor of Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.[2] The Transitional Military Council was replaced with the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 20 August 2019, under the chairmanship of al-Burhan. The Sovereignty Council, an 11-member civilian-military collective head of state, is designed to lead the country for 39 months in the transition to democracy, which is supposed to end with the next general election.[3] The Transitional Sovereignty Council was dissolved by al-Burhan on 25 October 2021, following a coup d'état.[4] Al-Burhan reinstated it on 11 November 2021, with some members replaced.[5]
Term limits edit
As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Sudan. The term limit has not been met by any president yet.[6]
Titles of heads of state edit
- 1956–1958: Sovereignty Council
- 1958–1964: Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1964 : President
- 1964–1965: Committees of Sovereignty
- 1965–1969: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council
- 1969–1971: Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council
- 1971–1985: President
- 1985 : Commander-in-Chief
- 1985–1986: Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
- 1986–1989: Chairman of the Supreme Council
- 1989–1993: Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
- 1993–2019: President
- 2019 : Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
- 2019–2021: Transitional Sovereignty Council
- 2021 : Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces[7]
- 2021–present: Transitional Sovereignty Council
Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present) edit
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
Republic of Sudan (1956–1969) edit | |||||||
| 1 | Sovereignty Council [a] | — | 1 January 1956 | 17 November 1958 (deposed) | 2 years, 320 days | Multipartisan | |
| 2 | Ibrahim Abboud (1900–1983) | — | 17 November 1958 | 16 November 1964 (resigned) | 5 years, 365 days | Military | |
| — | Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006) Acting President | — | 16 November 1964 | 3 December 1964 | 17 days | National Umma Party | |
| 3 | First Committee of Sovereignty [b] | — | 3 December 1964 | 10 June 1965 | 189 days | Multipartisan | |
| 4 | Second Committee of Sovereignty [c] | 10 June 1965 | 8 July 1965 | 28 days | |||
| 5 | Ismail al-Azhari (1900–1969) | — | 8 July 1965 | 25 May 1969 (deposed) | 3 years, 321 days | Democratic Unionist Party | |
Democratic Republic of Sudan (1969–1985) edit | |||||||
| 6 | Gaafar Nimeiry (1928–2009) [d] | 1971[e] 1977 1983 | 25 May 1969 | 6 April 1985 (deposed) | 15 years, 316 days | Military / Sudanese Socialist Union | |
Republic of Sudan (1985–2019) edit | |||||||
| 7 | Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (1934–2018) | — | 6 April 1985 | 6 May 1986[f] | 1 year, 30 days | Military | |
| 8 | Ahmed al-Mirghani (1941–2008) | — | 6 May 1986 | 30 June 1989 (deposed) | 3 years, 55 days | Democratic Unionist Party | |
| 9 | Omar al-Bashir (born 1944) | 1996 2000 2010 2015 | 30 June 1989 | 11 April 2019 (deposed) | 29 years, 285 days | Military / National Congress Party | |
Transitional period (2019–present) edit | |||||||
| 10 | Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf (born 1957) | — | 11 April 2019 | 12 April 2019 (resigned) | 1 day | Military / National Congress Party | |
| 11 | Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960) | — | 12 April 2019 | 20 August 2019 | 130 days | Military | |
| 12 | Transitional Sovereignty Council [g] | — | 20 August 2019 | 25 October 2021 (deposed) | 2 years, 66 days | Multipartisan (FFC and TMC) | |
| (11) | Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960) | — | 25 October 2021 | 11 November 2021 | 17 days | Military | |
| (12) | Transitional Sovereignty Council [h] | — | 11 November 2021[5] | Incumbent | 2 years, 67 days | Multipartisan | |
Timeline edit
Incoming election edit
Notes edit
- ^ Members: Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi, Muhammad Ahmad Yasin, Ahmad Muhammad Salih, Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri and Siricio Iro Wani.
- ^ Members: Abdel Halim Muhammad, Tijani al-Mahi, Mubarak Shaddad, Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman and Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho.
- ^ Members: Ismail al-Azhari, Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi, Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho, Abdel Halim Muhammad and Khidr Hamad.
- ^ Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
- ^ Presidency referendum.
- ^ Handed over power to the civilian government after the 1986 parliamentary election.
- ^ Members:[8] Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Hemedti, Yasser al-Atta, Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, Aisha Musa el-Said, Siddiq Tawer, Mohamed al-Faki, Hassan Sheikh Idris, Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi[9] and Raja Nicola.
- ^ Members: Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Deputy Chairman Hemedti (until 2023), Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman from 2023), Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Yasser al-Atta, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, El Hadi Idris Yahya, El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar, Raja Nicola, Abdulgasim Bortom, Yousef Jad Karim, Abdelbagi al-Zubeir, Salma Abdeljabbar.[5][10][11]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "The highest and lowest paid African presidents - Business Daily". Business Daily. 27 December 2020.
- ^ El Sirgany, Sarah; Elbagir, Nima; Abdullah, Yasir (11 April 2019). "Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ "Sudan forms 11-member sovereign council, headed by al-Burhan". Al Jazeera. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ "Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ a b c "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
- ^ Hoffmann, Anette (November 2021). "Military coup betrays Sudan's revolution: Scenarios to regain the path towards full civilian rule" (PDF). Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ "Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council". Thomson Reuters. 18 August 2019. from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "FFC finally agree on nominees for Sudan's Sovereign Council". Sudan Tribune. 20 August 2019. from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ "Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council". Radio Dabanga. Khartoum. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "Sudan's Burhan dismisses Hemedti of his position". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
External links edit
- World Statesmen – Sudan