Vikrama Chola, known as Kō Parakēsari Varman, was a 12th-century ruler (r. c. 1118–1135 CE[1]) of the Chola Empire in southern India. He succeeded his father Kulothunga I (r. c. 1070–1120 CE) to the throne.[2] Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C.E., succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom.Vikrama Chola inherited the territories which included Tamil Nadu and some parts of Andhra Pradesh.
In 1118 C.E., the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne.[3][1] This took place on 29 June 1118 C.E.[1] Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter's death in 1122 C.E. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces.
Vikrama Chola was the fourth son of Kulothunga I. He was a younger brother of Vira Chola who was the third son of Kulothunga I. The Tamil inscriptions of Vikrama Chola confirm that he left the north for the south (of the Chola kingdom) before he was crowned king.[4]
Accession
.Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C.E., succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom.
In 1118 C.E., the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne.[3][1] This took place on 29 June 1118 C.E.[1] Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter's death in 1122 C.E. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces.
Military campaigns
Kalinga expedition
While he was still a crown prince, Vikrama led an expedition to the Kalinga country on behalf of his father (1110 C.E.). The Kalinga war is also referred to in the inscriptions and in the epic Vikkiramacholan Ula. Here is an excerpt of his inscription (Grantha and Tamil) from Chintamani, Karnataka mentioning the decimation of Kalinga while he was still a co-regent of his father. The same inscription also mentions the conquest of Kadal Malai, the seaport at the very edge of Mahabalipuram. Generally his inscription begin with-svasti sri Pū-mādu Punara Puvi-mādu valara Nā-mādu vilanga..:
In the 5th of the reign of Kōv-Irajakesarivarman alias the emperor Sri-Vikkirama Sola Deva, who while the goddess of fortune wedded him; while the goddess of the earth increased[in size]; while the goddess of speech became conspicuous; while the goddess of victory moved abroad; while kings placed on their head his sacred lotus-feet; while Kalingam was destroyed;..while his sceptre went and swayed over every region; and while the cruel Kali having disappeared-true virtue flourished..and was graciously seated on the throne of heroes.[5]
He seems to have ascended the throne sometime prior to his 10th year for we have a similar Tamil inscription of his from Srinivaspur, Karnataka that gives him the title Parakesari. The title of his chief queen Mukkōkilānadigal (Queen of the Three Worlds) is also mentioned. We also have the Saka date 1049:
In the 10th year of the reign of Kōpparakēsarivanmar alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Vikkirama Sola Deva, who was graciously seated along with his queen Mukkōkilānadigal-.[6]
Recovery of Vengi
Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir-apparent by his father early in his life. He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C.E., succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga. Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom.
In 1118 C.E., the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co-regent. He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co-regent. He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne.[3][1] This took place on 29 June 1118 C.E.[1] Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter's death in 1122 C.E. However the Western Chalukyas, utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi, invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces.[citation needed]
Vikrama Chola also oversaw the Chola recovery of the Chera Perumal kingdom (in present-day Kerala).[7] It seems that Jatavarman Parakrama, the Chola-Pandya, carried out the Kerala campaigns for his Chola overlord.[7] The Chola-Pandya captured the Ay country and Venadu (the Kupaka), defeated and levied tribute from the Chera Perumal and visited the famous Anantapuram Temple.[7] The Chera Perumal Rama Kulashekhara is remembered in a record dated in the regnal years of Vikrama Chola from the Thiruvalanjuli temple (1122 AD).[7]
Personal life
Vikrama Chola was a great devotee of Siva and greatly patronised the temple at Chidambaram. In 1128 C.E. he signalled his devotion by allocating the entire revenue of the year to the upgrade and extension of the temple. He had the main Vimana of the temple and the roofs of the passages around the main deity covered with gold. He had a palace built near the temple and spent much of his time there. We have many important people making donations to various temples during his reign. The most characteristic title of Vikrama Chola was Tyagasamudra – the ocean of sacrifice, which is found in his inscriptions and in Vikramacholan Ula. We know the titles of three of his queens: Mukkōkilānadigal, Tyagapataka and Neriyan Madeviyar. Of his sons we only know of Kulothunga Chola II who succeeded him on the throne.
Religious contribution
Vikrama Chola built a Siva temple at Ulagalanda Chola Mangalam (now renamed as Kalavai in Vellore district), this temple sivan is suyambu, A nataraja statue made by a pancha-loha, this is similar to Chithambaram Nataraja statue, kovil constructed using green stones (patchai kal).[citation needed]
Officials
General Naralokaviran alias Ponnambalakuttan continued to serve Vikrama Chola after Kulottunga I.[8] One of the vassals in the Andhra country was Madhurantaka Pottapi Chola, the son of Siddharasa. The officer claimed descent from the legendary Karikala Chola in epigraphs (Carana saroruha etc.).[9]
Epigraphs
A Tamil inscription of the king from Sidlaghatta district, dated in the second year of his reign and beginning with Pumagal Punara, states that Udayamartanda Brahmamarayan, an officer of the king with his residence in Arulmolideva Chaturvedimangalam, and who was well versed in Tamil, built the temple of Somesvarar in the village of Sugattur in Kaivara nadu. Vikrama Chola is called Pulivendan Koliyar kula Pati alias Rajayyar Vikrama Choladeva.[10]
^Epigraphy by Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 4.
^Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270
^Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 280
^ abcdNarayanan, M. G. S. Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 125-28.
^K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. The Colas Volume II, Part II. p. 614.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. The Colas Volume II, Part II. p. 621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, B. Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran. Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280. Mudgala Trust, 1979. p. 164.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The Cōḷas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Struggle for Empire By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1 by Benjamin Lewis Rice, Mysore (India: State). Archaeological Dept, Mysore Archaeological Survey
Epigraphy By Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle
History of Indian Administration: Volume 2 by Baij Nath Puri
March 08, 2023
vikrama, chola, known, parakēsari, varman, 12th, century, ruler, 1118, 1135, chola, empire, southern, india, succeeded, father, kulothunga, 1070, 1120, throne, crowned, heir, apparent, father, early, life, appointed, viceroy, vengi, province, 1089, succeeding,. Vikrama Chola known as Kō Parakesari Varman was a 12th century ruler r c 1118 1135 CE 1 of the Chola Empire in southern India He succeeded his father Kulothunga I r c 1070 1120 CE to the throne 2 Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir apparent by his father early in his life He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C E succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom Vikrama Chola inherited the territories which included Tamil Nadu and some parts of Andhra Pradesh Vikrama Cholaவ க க ரம ச ழன KoParakesarivarman TyagasamudraChola Territories c 1126 CEReignc 1118 c 1135 CEPredecessorKulothunga Chola ISuccessorKulothunga Chola IIDied1135 CEQueenMukkōkilanadigalTyagapatakaIssueKulothunga Chola IIFatherKulothunga Chola IMotherMadhurandhagiIn 1118 C E the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co regent He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co regent He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne 3 1 This took place on 29 June 1118 C E 1 Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter s death in 1122 C E However the Western Chalukyas utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces Contents 1 Early life 2 Accession 3 Military campaigns 3 1 Kalinga expedition 3 2 Recovery of Vengi 3 3 Recovery of Kerala 4 Personal life 5 Religious contribution 6 Officials 7 Epigraphs 8 Notes 9 ReferencesEarly life EditVikrama Chola was the fourth son of Kulothunga I He was a younger brother of Vira Chola who was the third son of Kulothunga I The Tamil inscriptions of Vikrama Chola confirm that he left the north for the south of the Chola kingdom before he was crowned king 4 Accession Edit Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir apparent by his father early in his life He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C E succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom In 1118 C E the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co regent He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co regent He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne 3 1 This took place on 29 June 1118 C E 1 Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter s death in 1122 C E However the Western Chalukyas utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces Military campaigns EditKalinga expedition Edit While he was still a crown prince Vikrama led an expedition to the Kalinga country on behalf of his father 1110 C E The Kalinga war is also referred to in the inscriptions and in the epic Vikkiramacholan Ula Here is an excerpt of his inscription Grantha and Tamil from Chintamani Karnataka mentioning the decimation of Kalinga while he was still a co regent of his father The same inscription also mentions the conquest of Kadal Malai the seaport at the very edge of Mahabalipuram Generally his inscription begin with svasti sri Pu madu Punara Puvi madu valara Na madu vilanga In the 5th of the reign of Kōv Irajakesarivarman alias the emperor Sri Vikkirama Sola Deva who while the goddess of fortune wedded him while the goddess of the earth increased in size while the goddess of speech became conspicuous while the goddess of victory moved abroad while kings placed on their head his sacred lotus feet while Kalingam was destroyed while his sceptre went and swayed over every region and while the cruel Kali having disappeared true virtue flourished and was graciously seated on the throne of heroes 5 He seems to have ascended the throne sometime prior to his 10th year for we have a similar Tamil inscription of his from Srinivaspur Karnataka that gives him the title Parakesari The title of his chief queen Mukkōkilanadigal Queen of the Three Worlds is also mentioned We also have the Saka date 1049 In the 10th year of the reign of Kōpparakesarivanmar alias the emperor of the three worlds Sri Vikkirama Sola Deva who was graciously seated along with his queen Mukkōkilanadigal 6 Recovery of Vengi Edit Vikrama Chola was crowned as the heir apparent by his father early in his life He was appointed as viceroy of the Vengi province in 1089 C E succeeding his brother Rajaraja Chodaganga Vikrama during his tenure successfully managed to check the ambitions of the Western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI on the Vengi kingdom In 1118 C E the aging Kulothunga recalled Vikrama Chola from Vengi to the south to appoint him as his co regent He assumed many of the titles of his father including Rajakesari when he was a co regent He subsequently switched to Parakesari when he ascended the throne 3 1 This took place on 29 June 1118 C E 1 Vikrama continued to rule joinltly with his father until the latter s death in 1122 C E However the Western Chalukyas utilising the opportunity of proper leadership in Vengi invaded and captured the Eastern Chalukyan provinces citation needed Recovery of Kerala Edit Corrections by M G S Narayanan on K A Nilakanta Sastri are employed Vikrama Chola also oversaw the Chola recovery of the Chera Perumal kingdom in present day Kerala 7 It seems that Jatavarman Parakrama the Chola Pandya carried out the Kerala campaigns for his Chola overlord 7 The Chola Pandya captured the Ay country and Venadu the Kupaka defeated and levied tribute from the Chera Perumal and visited the famous Anantapuram Temple 7 The Chera Perumal Rama Kulashekhara is remembered in a record dated in the regnal years of Vikrama Chola from the Thiruvalanjuli temple 1122 AD 7 Personal life EditVikrama Chola was a great devotee of Siva and greatly patronised the temple at Chidambaram In 1128 C E he signalled his devotion by allocating the entire revenue of the year to the upgrade and extension of the temple He had the main Vimana of the temple and the roofs of the passages around the main deity covered with gold He had a palace built near the temple and spent much of his time there We have many important people making donations to various temples during his reign The most characteristic title of Vikrama Chola was Tyagasamudra the ocean of sacrifice which is found in his inscriptions and in Vikramacholan Ula We know the titles of three of his queens Mukkōkilanadigal Tyagapataka and Neriyan Madeviyar Of his sons we only know of Kulothunga Chola II who succeeded him on the throne Religious contribution EditVikrama Chola built a Siva temple at Ulagalanda Chola Mangalam now renamed as Kalavai in Vellore district this temple sivan is suyambu A nataraja statue made by a pancha loha this is similar to Chithambaram Nataraja statue kovil constructed using green stones patchai kal citation needed Officials EditGeneral Naralokaviran alias Ponnambalakuttan continued to serve Vikrama Chola after Kulottunga I 8 One of the vassals in the Andhra country was Madhurantaka Pottapi Chola the son of Siddharasa The officer claimed descent from the legendary Karikala Chola in epigraphs Carana saroruha etc 9 Epigraphs EditA Tamil inscription of the king from Sidlaghatta district dated in the second year of his reign and beginning with Pumagal Punara states that Udayamartanda Brahmamarayan an officer of the king with his residence in Arulmolideva Chaturvedimangalam and who was well versed in Tamil built the temple of Somesvarar in the village of Sugattur in Kaivara nadu Vikrama Chola is called Pulivendan Koliyar kula Pati alias Rajayyar Vikrama Choladeva 10 Notes Edit a b c d e f g The Cōḷas 62 63 The History and Culture of the Indian People The struggle for empire page 245 a b c History of Indian administration Volume 2 Epigraphy by Archaeological Survey of India Southern Circle page 4 Epigraphia Carnatica Volume 10 Part 1 page 270 Epigraphia Carnatica Volume 10 Part 1 page 280 a b c d Narayanan M G S Perumals of Kerala Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 1972 125 28 K A Nilakanta Sastri Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras The Colas Volume II Part II p 614 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link K A Nilakanta Sastri Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras The Colas Volume II Part II p 621 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link S R Balasubrahmanyam B Natarajan Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran Later Chola Temples Kulottunga I to Rajendra III A D 1070 1280 Parts 1070 1280 Mudgala Trust 1979 p 164 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Preceded byKulothunga Chola I Chola1118 1135 CE Succeeded byKulothunga Chola IIReferences EditNilakanta Sastri K A 1935 The Cōḷas University of Madras Madras Reprinted 1984 Nilakanta Sastri K A 1955 A History of South India OUP New Delhi Reprinted 2002 The History and Culture of the Indian People The Struggle for Empire By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar Bharatiya Itihasa Samiti Epigraphia Carnatica Volume 10 Part 1 by Benjamin Lewis Rice Mysore India State Archaeological Dept Mysore Archaeological Survey Epigraphy By Archaeological Survey of India Southern Circle History of Indian Administration Volume 2 by Baij Nath Puri Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vikrama Chola amp oldid 1138769582, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
