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Victorio

October 15, 2023

For other uses, see Victorio (disambiguation).

Victorio (Bidu-ya, Beduiat; ca. 1825–October 14, 1880) was a warrior and chief of the Warm Springs band of the Tchihendeh (or Chihenne, often called Mimbreño) division of the central Apaches in what is now the American states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua.

Victorio
Bidu-ya, Beduiat
Possibly Victorio
Tchihende Apache leader
Preceded byCuchillo Negro (Warm Springs Tchihende), Mangas Coloradas (Coppermine Tchihende)
Succeeded byNana
Personal details
Bornc. 1825
Chihuahua, First Mexican Republic
Died(1880-10-14)October 14, 1880 (aged 55)
Tres Castillos, Chihuahua, Mexico
Cause of deathKilled by Mexican soldiers during the Battle of Tres Castillos
Resting placeDoña Ana County, New Mexico, United States
Nicknames
  • He who checks his horse
  • Apache Wolf
Military service
Battles/warsApache Pass, Percha River, San Mateos Mountains, Animas Creek, Alma Massacre, Fort Tularosa, Aleman's Wells, Hembrillo Canyon, Quitman Canyon, Tres Castillos

In Victorio's War from September 1879 to October 1880, Victorio led a band of Apaches, never numbering more than 200 men, in a running battle with the U.S. and Mexican armies and the civilian population of New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico, fighting two dozen skirmishes and battles. He and most of his followers were killed or captured by the Mexican army in the Battle of Tres Castillos in October 1880. It was rumored among whites almost immediately that he faked his death and disappeared into the vast Mexican mountains of the Sierra Madre. Ironically enough, no body was ever recovered to verify his death and so the rumors persisted and there are actually some that claim to be direct descendants who were born in Mexico but moved back to New Mexico and identified as Mexicans on the US census which was technically true.

War leader and chief Edit

Victorio grew up in the Cheyenne band. There is speculation that he or his band had Navajo kinship ties and was known among the Navajo as "he who checks his horse". Victorio's sister was the famous woman warrior Lozen, or the "Dextrous Horse Thief".

In 1853 he was considered a chief or sub-chief by the United States Army and signed a document. In his twenties, he rode with Mangas Coloradas, leader of the Coppermine band of the Tchihendeh people and principal leader of the whole Tchihendeh Apache division (who took him as his son-in-law), and Cuchillo Negro, leader of the Warm Springs band of the Tchihendeh people and second principal leader of the whole Tchihendeh Apache division, as well as did Nana, Delgadito, Cochise, Juh, Geronimo and other Apache leaders. Mangas Coloradas taught Victorio how to create an ambush and to wait for enemies to enter the killing zone.[1] As was the custom, he became the leader of a large mixed band of Mimbreños and Mescaleros (led by his friend – and probably brother-in-law as the husband of another daughter of Mangas Coloradas, as well the same Cochise – Caballero) and fought against the United States Army.

From 1870 to 1880, Victorio, chief of the Coppermine Mimbreños and principal leader of all the Tchihende, along with Loco, chief of the Warm Spring Mimbreños and second-ranking among the Tchihende, were moved to and left at least three different reservations, some more than once, despite their bands' request to live on traditional lands. Victorio, Loco, and the Mimbreños were moved to San Carlos Reservation in Arizona Territory in 1877. Victorio and his followers (including old Nana) left the reservation twice, seeking and temporarily obtaining hospitality in Fort Stanton Reservation among their Sierra Blanca and Sacramento Mescalero allies and relatives (Caballero was probably Victorio's brother-in-law and Mangus' uncle, San Juan was too an old friend and Nana's wife was a Mescalero woman), before they came back to Ojo Caliente only to leave permanently in late August 1879, which started Victorio's War. Despite Nautzili's efforts, many Northern Mescalero warriors, led by Caballero and Muchacho Negro, joined him with their families, and San Juan and other Mescaleros also left their reservation; many Guadalupe and Limpia Mescalero too (Carnoviste and Alsate were close allies to Victorio after 1874) joined Victorio's people. Victorio was successful at raiding and evading capture by the military and won a significant engagement at Las Animas Canyon in what is now the Aldo Leopold Wilderness on September 18, 1879.

Within a few months, Victorio led an impressive series of other fights against troops of the 9th, 10th, and 6th U.S. Cavalry near the Percha River (Rio Puerco) (January 1st, 1880), in the San Mateos Mountains (January 17th, 1880) and the Cabello Mountains near the Animas Creek (January 30th, 1880), and again near Aleman's Wells, San Andres Mountains west of White Sands, (February 2nd, 1880), then again in the San Andres Mountains (perhaps near Victorio’s Peak) routing the cavalrymen and chasing them to the Rio Grande (February 9th, 1880), then (April 4th, 1880) at Hembrillo Canyon, San Andres Mountains. In April 1880, Victorio was credited with leading the Alma Massacre – a raid on United States settlers' homes around Alma, New Mexico. During this event, 41 settlers were killed. Victorio's warriors were finally driven off by the arrival of American soldiers from Fort Bayard. However, Victorio continued his campaign with the attack on Fort Tularosa, where his warriors had to face a detachment (K troop) of the 9th Cavalry and were repulsed by the "Buffalo Soldiers" after a harsh fight.[2] Victorio's camp near the Rio Palomas, in the Black Range, was surprised and attacked on May 23–25, 1880, but the Mimbreños and Mescaleros succeeded in repulsing the soldiers. After the Rio Palomas battle, Victorio went on some raids to Mexico repeatedly fording the Rio Grande, after having been intercepted and beaten off, with a 60 warriors' party, at Quitman Canyon (July 30, 1880). Chased by more than 4,000 armed men (9th, 10th, 6th U.S. Cavalry, 15th U.S. Infantry, Texas Rangers), Victorio evaded all of them for more than a month. On August 9, 1880, Victorio and his band attacked a stagecoach and mortally wounded retired Major General James J. Byrne.[3]

Last stand and death Edit

In October 1880, in north-eastern Chihuahua (a land well-known to the Guadalupe and Limpia Southern Mescaleros), having sent Nana and Mangus to raid for food and ammunition, Victorio, with only a few warriors and even less ammunition, and his band were surrounded and killed by soldiers of the Mexican Army under Colonel Joaquin Terrazas in the Battle of Tres Castillos (29°58′01″N 105°46′59″W / 29.967°N 105.783°W / 29.967; -105.783).[4][5][6]

An 1886 appendix for Papers Relating to the Foreign Nations of the United States states that, contemporaneously, the Tarahumara Scout credited with killing Victorio in 1880 was Mauricio Corredor.[7] The Apache version states that Victorio actually committed suicide with a knife rather than face capture, historians such as Kathleen Chamberlain note that the Mexicans at the battle could not identify which body was Victorio's.[8][9]

Victorio in popular culture Edit

An Apache chief named "Vittorio" and loosely based on Victorio appears as a minor antagonist in Harry Whittington's 1963 novel Desert Stake-Out. Vittorio takes several people captive after learning that one of them murdered his brother, but later releases them upon learning that the killer is already dead and that the novel's protagonist, Merrick, is well regarded by the Mescaleros.

In the Philippe Morvan's novel, Ours, published in 2018 by Calmann-Lévy, Victorio is an important character of the plot.[10]

Mentioned in Ulzana's Raid by Burt Lancaster.

In famous comics Blueberry (comic), an Apache chief "Vittorio", again loosely based on Victorio is a recurrent character.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Schubert, Frank N. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 49. ISBN 9780842025867.
  2. ^ (nd) Alma Massacre 2008-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6/11/07.
  3. ^ Gillett, James B. (1921). Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 1875 to 1881 (1 ed.). Austin, Tex: von Boeckmann-Jones Company. p. 253. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  4. ^ Google Maps
  5. ^ Gillett, p. 236.
  6. ^ Gott, Kendall D. (2004). In Search of an Elusive Enemy: The Victorio Campaign (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 1428910344.
  7. ^ State, United States. Department of (1887). Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 602–603.
  8. ^ Chamberlain, Kathleen P. (2007). Victorio: Apache Warrior and Chief. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8061-3843-5.
  9. ^ Adams, Alexander B. (1990). Geronimo: A Biography. Da Capo Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-306-80394-9.
  10. ^ Un Ours à plume(s), Stéphanie Buttard, Le Quotidien de la Réunion

Further reading Edit

  • Franciscan Fathers (1968) [1910]. An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Michaels, Arizona, USA: St. Michael's Press. page 127
  • Kaywaykla, James (1972). Eva Ball (ed.). In the Days of Victorio: Recollections of a Warm Springs Apache. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816501998. LCCN 73-101103.
  • Leckie, William H. (1967). The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806112442. LCCN 67-15571.
  • Schubert, Frank N. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN 9780842025867.
  • Thrapp, Dan L. (1974). Victorio and the Mimbres Apaches. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1076-7.
  • Lehmann Hermann, Nine Years with the Indians, 1870-1879, The Story of the Captivity and Life of a Texan Among the Indians, 2017
  • Lehmann Hermann, A New Look at Nine Years with the Indians, 1985
  • Kathleen P. Chamberlain, Victorio: Apache Warrior and Chief, University of Oklahoma Press, 2007
  • Karl W. Laumbach, Hembrillo, an Apache Battlefield of the Victorio War, 2000
  • Kendall D. Gott, In Search of an Elusive Enemy: The Victorio campaign, 1879-1880, Combat Studies Institute Press

External links Edit

October 15, 2023
victorio, other, uses, disambiguation, bidu, beduiat, 1825, october, 1880, warrior, chief, warm, springs, band, tchihendeh, chihenne, often, called, mimbreño, division, central, apaches, what, american, states, texas, mexico, arizona, mexican, states, sonora, . For other uses see Victorio disambiguation Victorio Bidu ya Beduiat ca 1825 October 14 1880 was a warrior and chief of the Warm Springs band of the Tchihendeh or Chihenne often called Mimbreno division of the central Apaches in what is now the American states of Texas New Mexico Arizona and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua VictorioBidu ya BeduiatPossibly VictorioTchihende Apache leaderPreceded byCuchillo Negro Warm Springs Tchihende Mangas Coloradas Coppermine Tchihende Succeeded byNanaPersonal detailsBornc 1825Chihuahua First Mexican RepublicDied 1880 10 14 October 14 1880 aged 55 Tres Castillos Chihuahua MexicoCause of deathKilled by Mexican soldiers during the Battle of Tres CastillosResting placeDona Ana County New Mexico United StatesNicknamesHe who checks his horse Apache WolfMilitary serviceBattles warsApache Pass Percha River San Mateos Mountains Animas Creek Alma Massacre Fort Tularosa Aleman s Wells Hembrillo Canyon Quitman Canyon Tres CastillosIn Victorio s War from September 1879 to October 1880 Victorio led a band of Apaches never numbering more than 200 men in a running battle with the U S and Mexican armies and the civilian population of New Mexico Texas and northern Mexico fighting two dozen skirmishes and battles He and most of his followers were killed or captured by the Mexican army in the Battle of Tres Castillos in October 1880 It was rumored among whites almost immediately that he faked his death and disappeared into the vast Mexican mountains of the Sierra Madre Ironically enough no body was ever recovered to verify his death and so the rumors persisted and there are actually some that claim to be direct descendants who were born in Mexico but moved back to New Mexico and identified as Mexicans on the US census which was technically true Contents 1 War leader and chief 2 Last stand and death 3 Victorio in popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksWar leader and chief EditVictorio grew up in the Cheyenne band There is speculation that he or his band had Navajo kinship ties and was known among the Navajo as he who checks his horse Victorio s sister was the famous woman warrior Lozen or the Dextrous Horse Thief In 1853 he was considered a chief or sub chief by the United States Army and signed a document In his twenties he rode with Mangas Coloradas leader of the Coppermine band of the Tchihendeh people and principal leader of the whole Tchihendeh Apache division who took him as his son in law and Cuchillo Negro leader of the Warm Springs band of the Tchihendeh people and second principal leader of the whole Tchihendeh Apache division as well as did Nana Delgadito Cochise Juh Geronimo and other Apache leaders Mangas Coloradas taught Victorio how to create an ambush and to wait for enemies to enter the killing zone 1 As was the custom he became the leader of a large mixed band of Mimbrenos and Mescaleros led by his friend and probably brother in law as the husband of another daughter of Mangas Coloradas as well the same Cochise Caballero and fought against the United States Army From 1870 to 1880 Victorio chief of the Coppermine Mimbrenos and principal leader of all the Tchihende along with Loco chief of the Warm Spring Mimbrenos and second ranking among the Tchihende were moved to and left at least three different reservations some more than once despite their bands request to live on traditional lands Victorio Loco and the Mimbrenos were moved to San Carlos Reservation in Arizona Territory in 1877 Victorio and his followers including old Nana left the reservation twice seeking and temporarily obtaining hospitality in Fort Stanton Reservation among their Sierra Blanca and Sacramento Mescalero allies and relatives Caballero was probably Victorio s brother in law and Mangus uncle San Juan was too an old friend and Nana s wife was a Mescalero woman before they came back to Ojo Caliente only to leave permanently in late August 1879 which started Victorio s War Despite Nautzili s efforts many Northern Mescalero warriors led by Caballero and Muchacho Negro joined him with their families and San Juan and other Mescaleros also left their reservation many Guadalupe and Limpia Mescalero too Carnoviste and Alsate were close allies to Victorio after 1874 joined Victorio s people Victorio was successful at raiding and evading capture by the military and won a significant engagement at Las Animas Canyon in what is now the Aldo Leopold Wilderness on September 18 1879 Within a few months Victorio led an impressive series of other fights against troops of the 9th 10th and 6th U S Cavalry near the Percha River Rio Puerco January 1st 1880 in the San Mateos Mountains January 17th 1880 and the Cabello Mountains near the Animas Creek January 30th 1880 and again near Aleman s Wells San Andres Mountains west of White Sands February 2nd 1880 then again in the San Andres Mountains perhaps near Victorio s Peak routing the cavalrymen and chasing them to the Rio Grande February 9th 1880 then April 4th 1880 at Hembrillo Canyon San Andres Mountains In April 1880 Victorio was credited with leading the Alma Massacre a raid on United States settlers homes around Alma New Mexico During this event 41 settlers were killed Victorio s warriors were finally driven off by the arrival of American soldiers from Fort Bayard However Victorio continued his campaign with the attack on Fort Tularosa where his warriors had to face a detachment K troop of the 9th Cavalry and were repulsed by the Buffalo Soldiers after a harsh fight 2 Victorio s camp near the Rio Palomas in the Black Range was surprised and attacked on May 23 25 1880 but the Mimbrenos and Mescaleros succeeded in repulsing the soldiers After the Rio Palomas battle Victorio went on some raids to Mexico repeatedly fording the Rio Grande after having been intercepted and beaten off with a 60 warriors party at Quitman Canyon July 30 1880 Chased by more than 4 000 armed men 9th 10th 6th U S Cavalry 15th U S Infantry Texas Rangers Victorio evaded all of them for more than a month On August 9 1880 Victorio and his band attacked a stagecoach and mortally wounded retired Major General James J Byrne 3 Last stand and death EditIn October 1880 in north eastern Chihuahua a land well known to the Guadalupe and Limpia Southern Mescaleros having sent Nana and Mangus to raid for food and ammunition Victorio with only a few warriors and even less ammunition and his band were surrounded and killed by soldiers of the Mexican Army under Colonel Joaquin Terrazas in the Battle of Tres Castillos 29 58 01 N 105 46 59 W 29 967 N 105 783 W 29 967 105 783 4 5 6 An 1886 appendix for Papers Relating to the Foreign Nations of the United States states that contemporaneously the Tarahumara Scout credited with killing Victorio in 1880 was Mauricio Corredor 7 The Apache version states that Victorio actually committed suicide with a knife rather than face capture historians such as Kathleen Chamberlain note that the Mexicans at the battle could not identify which body was Victorio s 8 9 Victorio in popular culture EditHondo U S 1953 by John Farrow with Michael Pate as Victorio Fort Bowie U S 1958 by Howard W Koch with Larry Chance as Victorio Apache Rifles U S 1964 by William Witney with Joseph Vitale as Victorio Hondo U S 1967 by Lee H Katzin with Michael Pate as Victorio Buffalo Soldiers U S 1997 by Charles Haid with Harrison Lowe as Victorio An Apache chief named Vittorio and loosely based on Victorio appears as a minor antagonist in Harry Whittington s 1963 novel Desert Stake Out Vittorio takes several people captive after learning that one of them murdered his brother but later releases them upon learning that the killer is already dead and that the novel s protagonist Merrick is well regarded by the Mescaleros In the Philippe Morvan s novel Ours published in 2018 by Calmann Levy Victorio is an important character of the plot 10 Mentioned in Ulzana s Raid by Burt Lancaster In famous comics Blueberry comic an Apache chief Vittorio again loosely based on Victorio is a recurrent character See also EditVictorio Peak Battle of Hembrillo Basin Battle of Tres CastillosReferences Edit Schubert Frank N 1997 Black Valor Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor 1870 1898 Scholarly Resources Inc p 49 ISBN 9780842025867 nd Alma Massacre Archived 2008 10 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 6 11 07 Gillett James B 1921 Six Years with the Texas Rangers 1875 to 1881 1 ed Austin Tex von Boeckmann Jones Company p 253 Retrieved 2 August 2015 Google Maps Gillett p 236 Gott Kendall D 2004 In Search of an Elusive Enemy The Victorio Campaign PDF Fort Leavenworth KS Combat Studies Institute Press pp 41 42 ISBN 1428910344 State United States Department of 1887 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States U S Government Printing Office pp 602 603 Chamberlain Kathleen P 2007 Victorio Apache Warrior and Chief University of Oklahoma Press p 206 ISBN 978 0 8061 3843 5 Adams Alexander B 1990 Geronimo A Biography Da Capo Press p 214 ISBN 978 0 306 80394 9 Un Ours a plume s Stephanie Buttard Le Quotidien de la ReunionFurther reading EditFranciscan Fathers 1968 1910 An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language St Michaels Arizona USA St Michael s Press page 127 Kaywaykla James 1972 Eva Ball ed In the Days of Victorio Recollections of a Warm Springs Apache Tucson Arizona University of Arizona Press ISBN 0816501998 LCCN 73 101103 Leckie William H 1967 The Buffalo Soldiers A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West Norman OK University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780806112442 LCCN 67 15571 Schubert Frank N 1997 Black Valor Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor 1870 1898 Scholarly Resources Inc ISBN 9780842025867 Thrapp Dan L 1974 Victorio and the Mimbres Apaches Norman OK University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0 8061 1076 7 Lehmann Hermann Nine Years with the Indians 1870 1879 The Story of the Captivity and Life of a Texan Among the Indians 2017 Lehmann Hermann A New Look at Nine Years with the Indians 1985 Kathleen P Chamberlain Victorio Apache Warrior and Chief University of Oklahoma Press 2007 Karl W Laumbach Hembrillo an Apache Battlefield of the Victorio War 2000 Kendall D Gott In Search of an Elusive Enemy The Victorio campaign 1879 1880 Combat Studies Institute PressExternal links Edit1880 report of Victorio Raid James J Byrne at Find A Grave Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Victorio amp oldid 1179083456, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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