fbpx
Wikipedia

Ambrosia beetle

October 18, 2023

For other uses, see Ambrosia (disambiguation).

Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi. The beetles excavate tunnels in dead, stressed, and healthy trees in which they cultivate fungal gardens, their sole source of nutrition. After landing on a suitable tree, an ambrosia beetle excavates a tunnel in which it releases spores of its fungal symbiont. The fungus penetrates the plant's xylem tissue, extracts nutrients from it, and concentrates the nutrients on and near the surface of the beetle gallery. Ambrosia fungi are typically poor wood degraders, and instead utilize less demanding nutrients.[1] Symbiotic fungi produce and detoxify ethanol, which is an attractant for Ambrosia beetles and likely prevents growth of antagonistic pathogens and selects for other beneficial symbionts.[2] The majority of ambrosia beetles colonize xylem (sapwood and/or heartwood) of recently dead trees, but some attack stressed trees that are still alive, and a few species attack healthy trees.[3] Species differ in their preference for different parts of trees, different stages of deterioration, and in the shape of their tunnels ("galleries"). However, the majority of ambrosia beetles are not specialized to any taxonomic group of hosts, unlike most phytophagous organisms including the closely related bark beetles. One species of ambrosia beetle, Austroplatypus incompertus exhibits eusociality, one of the few organisms outside of Hymenoptera and Isoptera to do so.

Classification and diversity Edit

 
Gallery of Xylosandrus crassiusculus split open, with pupae and black fungus

Until recently ambrosia beetles have been placed in independent families Scolytidae and Platypodidae, however, they are in fact some of the most highly derived weevils, and are now placed in the subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae of Family Curculionidae[4][5][6] There are about 3,000 known beetle species employing the ambrosia strategy.[7]

Ambrosia beetles are an ecological guild, but not a phylogenetic clade. The ambrosia habit is an example of convergent evolution, as several groups evolved the same symbiotic relationship independently.[8] The highest diversity of ambrosia beetles is in the tropics. In the Paleotropical region, hundreds of species of Xyleborini and Platypodinae are the main agent initiating dead wood decomposition. In the Neotropics, Platypodinae and Xyleborini are joined by the scolytine tribe Cortylini. Compared to the diversity in the tropics, ambrosia beetle fauna in the temperate zone is rather limited. In the Nearctic region it is dominated by a few species from Cortylini, Xyleborini and Xyloterini. In the Palearctic realm, significant groups are Xyloterini and Xyleborini, joined by Scolytoplatypodini in the Far East.

 
Dinoplatypus chevrolati from Papua New Guinea, an example of Platypodinae, another species-rich group of ambrosia beetles

The symbiotic relationship Edit

Beetles and their larvae graze on mycelium exposed on the gallery walls and on bodies called sporodochia, clusters of the fungus' spores. Most ambrosia beetle species don't ingest the wood tissue; instead, the sawdust resulting from the excavation is pushed out of the gallery. Following the larval and pupal stage, adult ambrosia beetles collect masses of fungal spores into their mycangia and leave the gallery to find their own tree.

A few dozen species of ambrosia fungi have been described, currently in the genera Ambrosiella, Meredithiella, and Phialophoropsis (from Microascales), Afroraffaelea and Raffaelea (from Ophiostomatales), Ambrosiozyma (Saccharomycetales), Fusarium and Geosmithia (from Hypocreales), and Flavodon (from Basidiomycota).[3] Many more species remain to be discovered. Little is known about the bionomy or specificity of ambrosia fungi. Ambrosia fungi are thought to be dependent on transport and inoculation provided by their beetle symbionts, as they have not been found in any other habitat. All ambrosia fungi are probably asexual and clonal.[9] Some beetles are known to acquire ("steal") fungal inoculum from fungal gardens of other ambrosia beetle species.[10]

Evolutionary origin Edit

During their evolution, most scolytid and platypodid weevils became progressively more or less dependent on fungi regularly co-habiting dead trees. This evolution had various outcomes in different groups:

  • Some phloem-eating bark beetles (phloeophages) are vectors of phytopathogenic fungi, which in some cases contribute to tree death.[11] The extent to which fungal pathogenicity benefits the beetles themselves is not at all trivial and remains disputed.[12]
  • Many of phloem-feeding bark beetles use phloem-infesting fungi as an addition to their diet. Some phloeophages became dependent on such a mixed diet and evolved mycangia to transport their symbionts from maternal trees to newly infested trees.[13] These beetles are called mycophloeophages.
  • Ambrosia beetles and ambrosia fungi are thus only one end of the spectrum of the weevil-fungus association, where both the beetle and the fungus became completely dependent on each other.[14]

Impact on forests Edit

The vast majority of ambrosia beetles colonize dead trees, and have minor or no economic effect. A few species are able to colonize living stressed trees (Xylosandrus).[15] A few species are able to attack live and healthy trees, and those can reach epidemic proportions in non-native, invaded regions (Xyleborus glabratus, Euwallacea fornicatus[16]).

Beetle species that readily colonize lumber, such as sawlogs, green lumber, and stave-bolts, often cause region-specific economic loss from the pinhole and stained-wood defects caused by their brood galleries. In Northern USA and Canada, conifer logs are attractive to Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) during the spring swarming flight (Dyer 1967).[17] Previous studies showed that short log sections become attractive more rapidly than corresponding long logs.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Kasson, Matthew T.; Wickert, Kristen L.; Stauder, Cameron M.; Macias, Angie M.; Berger, Matthew C.; Simmons, D. Rabern; Short, Dylan P. G.; DeVallance, David B.; Hulcr, Jiri (October 2016). "Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles". Fungal Ecology. 23: 86–96. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002.
  2. ^ Ranger, Christopher M.; Biedermann, Peter H. W.; Phuntumart, Vipaporn; Beligala, Gayathri U.; Ghosh, Satyaki; Palmquist, Debra E.; Mueller, Robert; Barnett, Jenny; Schultz, Peter B.; Reding, Michael E.; Benz, J. Philipp (24 April 2018). "Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (17): 4447–4452. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.4447R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1716852115. PMC 5924889. PMID 29632193.
  3. ^ a b Hulcr, Jiri; Stelinski, Lukasz L. (31 January 2017). "The Ambrosia Symbiosis: From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management". Annual Review of Entomology. 62: 285–303. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035105. PMID 27860522.
  4. ^ Kuschel, Guillermo; Leschen, Richard A. B.; Zimmerman, Elwood C. (2000). "Platypodidae under scrutiny". Invertebrate Systematics. 14 (6): 771–805. doi:10.1071/IT00024.
  5. ^ Marvaldi, Adriana E.; Sequeira, Andrea S.; O'Brien, Charles W.; Farrell, Brian D. (September 2002). "Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetics of Weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): Do Niche Shifts Accompany Diversification?". Systematic Biology. 51 (5): 761–785. doi:10.1080/10635150290102465. PMID 12396590.
  6. ^ McKenna, Duane D.; Sequeira, Andrea S.; Marvaldi, Adriana E.; Farrell, Brian D. (28 April 2009). "Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (17): 7083–7088. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7083M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810618106. PMC 2678426. PMID 19365072.
  7. ^ Hulcr, Jiri; Atkinson, Thomas H.; Cognato, Anthony I.; Jordal, Bjarte H.; McKenna, Duane D. (2015). "Morphology, Taxonomy, and Phylogenetics of Bark Beetles". Bark Beetles. pp. 41–84. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-417156-5.00002-2. ISBN 978-0-12-417156-5.
  8. ^ Farrell, Brian D.; Sequeira, Andrea S.; O'Meara, Brian C.; Normark, Benjamin B.; Chung, Jeffrey H.; Jordal, Bjarte H. (October 2001). "The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae)". Evolution. 55 (10): 2011–2027. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01318.x. PMID 11761062. S2CID 26352287.
  9. ^ Malloch, D; Blackwell, M (1993). "Dispersal biology of ophiostomatoid fungi". In Wingfield, Michael J.; Seifert, Keith A.; Webber, Joan F. (eds.). Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 195–206. ISBN 978-0-89054-156-2.
  10. ^ Hulcr, Jiri; Cognato, Anthony I. (November 2010). "Repeated evolution of crop theft in fungus‐farming ambrosia beetles". Evolution. 64 (11): 3205–3212. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01055.x. PMID 20633043. S2CID 11844858.
  11. ^ Paine, T. D.; Raffa, K. F.; Harrington, T. C. (January 1997). "Interactions among scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi, and live host conifers". Annual Review of Entomology. 42 (1): 179–206. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.179. PMID 15012312.
  12. ^ Six, Diana L.; Wingfield, Michael J. (7 January 2011). "The Role of Phytopathogenicity in Bark Beetle–Fungus Symbioses: A Challenge to the Classic Paradigm". Annual Review of Entomology. 56 (1): 255–272. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144839. hdl:2263/15796. PMID 20822444.
  13. ^ Klepzig, Kier D.; Six, D. L. (2004). "Bark Beetle-Fungal Symbiosis: Context Dependency in Complex Associations". Symbiosis. 37: 189–2005.
  14. ^ Beaver, R. A. (2012). "Insect-Fungus Relationship in the Bark and Ambrosia Beetles". In Meurant, Gerard (ed.). Insect-Fungus Interactions. Academic Press. pp. 121–143. ISBN 978-0-08-098453-7.
  15. ^ Ranger, Christopher M.; Reding, Michael E.; Persad, Anand B.; Herms, Daniel A. (May 2010). "Ability of stress-related volatiles to attract and induce attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other ambrosia beetles". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 12 (2): 177–185. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00469.x. S2CID 54556122.
  16. ^ Hulcr, Jiri; Black, Adam; Prior, Kirsten; Chen, Chi-Yu; Li, Hou-Feng (June 2017). "Studies of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Their Native Ranges Help Predict Invasion Impact". Florida Entomologist. 100 (2): 257–261. doi:10.1653/024.100.0219. S2CID 67808629.
  17. ^ Dyer, E. D. A. (1967). "Relation of attack by ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.)) to felling date of spruce in central British Columbia". Bi-monthly Research Notes. 23 (2): 11.

External links Edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Platypodinae.
  • Images and information on the Ambrosia Symbiosis at the University of Florida.
  • The contains a worldwide species list of Xyleborini, a major group of ambrosia beetles, from the Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae of S.L. Wood and D.E. Bright (1992)
  • A USDA-sponsored information resource and key 2018-12-08 at the Wayback Machine to the world genera of Xyleborini
  • American Bark and Ambrosia Beetles
  • More information on ambrosia beetle social behaviour and fungiculture on [1]
  • The effects of the Redbay ambrosia beetle and laurel wilt disease
  • Ambrosia beetles on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
    • Platypus spp., ambrosia beetles
    • Xylosandrus crassiusculus, Asian (or granulate) ambrosia beetle
    • Xylosandrus compactus, black twig borer

Bibliography Edit

  • van de Peppel, L. J. J.; Aanen, D. K.; Biedermann, P. H. W. (April 2018). "Low intraspecific genetic diversity indicates asexuality and vertical transmission in the fungal cultivars of ambrosia beetles". Fungal Ecology. 32: 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2017.11.010. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-BB62-C.

October 18, 2023
ambrosia, beetle, other, uses, ambrosia, disambiguation, beetles, weevil, subfamilies, scolytinae, platypodinae, coleoptera, curculionidae, which, live, nutritional, symbiosis, with, ambrosia, fungi, beetles, excavate, tunnels, dead, stressed, healthy, trees, . For other uses see Ambrosia disambiguation Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae Coleoptera Curculionidae which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi The beetles excavate tunnels in dead stressed and healthy trees in which they cultivate fungal gardens their sole source of nutrition After landing on a suitable tree an ambrosia beetle excavates a tunnel in which it releases spores of its fungal symbiont The fungus penetrates the plant s xylem tissue extracts nutrients from it and concentrates the nutrients on and near the surface of the beetle gallery Ambrosia fungi are typically poor wood degraders and instead utilize less demanding nutrients 1 Symbiotic fungi produce and detoxify ethanol which is an attractant for Ambrosia beetles and likely prevents growth of antagonistic pathogens and selects for other beneficial symbionts 2 The majority of ambrosia beetles colonize xylem sapwood and or heartwood of recently dead trees but some attack stressed trees that are still alive and a few species attack healthy trees 3 Species differ in their preference for different parts of trees different stages of deterioration and in the shape of their tunnels galleries However the majority of ambrosia beetles are not specialized to any taxonomic group of hosts unlike most phytophagous organisms including the closely related bark beetles One species of ambrosia beetle Austroplatypus incompertus exhibits eusociality one of the few organisms outside of Hymenoptera and Isoptera to do so Contents 1 Classification and diversity 2 The symbiotic relationship 3 Evolutionary origin 4 Impact on forests 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7 1 BibliographyClassification and diversity Edit nbsp Gallery of Xylosandrus crassiusculus split open with pupae and black fungusUntil recently ambrosia beetles have been placed in independent families Scolytidae and Platypodidae however they are in fact some of the most highly derived weevils and are now placed in the subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae of Family Curculionidae 4 5 6 There are about 3 000 known beetle species employing the ambrosia strategy 7 Ambrosia beetles are an ecological guild but not a phylogenetic clade The ambrosia habit is an example of convergent evolution as several groups evolved the same symbiotic relationship independently 8 The highest diversity of ambrosia beetles is in the tropics In the Paleotropical region hundreds of species of Xyleborini and Platypodinae are the main agent initiating dead wood decomposition In the Neotropics Platypodinae and Xyleborini are joined by the scolytine tribe Cortylini Compared to the diversity in the tropics ambrosia beetle fauna in the temperate zone is rather limited In the Nearctic region it is dominated by a few species from Cortylini Xyleborini and Xyloterini In the Palearctic realm significant groups are Xyloterini and Xyleborini joined by Scolytoplatypodini in the Far East nbsp Dinoplatypus chevrolati from Papua New Guinea an example of Platypodinae another species rich group of ambrosia beetlesThe symbiotic relationship EditBeetles and their larvae graze on mycelium exposed on the gallery walls and on bodies called sporodochia clusters of the fungus spores Most ambrosia beetle species don t ingest the wood tissue instead the sawdust resulting from the excavation is pushed out of the gallery Following the larval and pupal stage adult ambrosia beetles collect masses of fungal spores into their mycangia and leave the gallery to find their own tree A few dozen species of ambrosia fungi have been described currently in the genera Ambrosiella Meredithiella and Phialophoropsis from Microascales Afroraffaelea and Raffaelea from Ophiostomatales Ambrosiozyma Saccharomycetales Fusarium and Geosmithia from Hypocreales and Flavodon from Basidiomycota 3 Many more species remain to be discovered Little is known about the bionomy or specificity of ambrosia fungi Ambrosia fungi are thought to be dependent on transport and inoculation provided by their beetle symbionts as they have not been found in any other habitat All ambrosia fungi are probably asexual and clonal 9 Some beetles are known to acquire steal fungal inoculum from fungal gardens of other ambrosia beetle species 10 Evolutionary origin EditDuring their evolution most scolytid and platypodid weevils became progressively more or less dependent on fungi regularly co habiting dead trees This evolution had various outcomes in different groups Some phloem eating bark beetles phloeophages are vectors of phytopathogenic fungi which in some cases contribute to tree death 11 The extent to which fungal pathogenicity benefits the beetles themselves is not at all trivial and remains disputed 12 Many of phloem feeding bark beetles use phloem infesting fungi as an addition to their diet Some phloeophages became dependent on such a mixed diet and evolved mycangia to transport their symbionts from maternal trees to newly infested trees 13 These beetles are called mycophloeophages Ambrosia beetles and ambrosia fungi are thus only one end of the spectrum of the weevil fungus association where both the beetle and the fungus became completely dependent on each other 14 Impact on forests EditThe vast majority of ambrosia beetles colonize dead trees and have minor or no economic effect A few species are able to colonize living stressed trees Xylosandrus 15 A few species are able to attack live and healthy trees and those can reach epidemic proportions in non native invaded regions Xyleborus glabratus Euwallacea fornicatus 16 Beetle species that readily colonize lumber such as sawlogs green lumber and stave bolts often cause region specific economic loss from the pinhole and stained wood defects caused by their brood galleries In Northern USA and Canada conifer logs are attractive to Trypodendron lineatum Oliv during the spring swarming flight Dyer 1967 17 Previous studies showed that short log sections become attractive more rapidly than corresponding long logs See also EditLaurel wilt disease Forest pathology Euwallacea fornicatus Xyleborus glabratusReferences Edit Kasson Matthew T Wickert Kristen L Stauder Cameron M Macias Angie M Berger Matthew C Simmons D Rabern Short Dylan P G DeVallance David B Hulcr Jiri October 2016 Mutualism with aggressive wood degrading Flavodon ambrosius Polyporales facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles Fungal Ecology 23 86 96 doi 10 1016 j funeco 2016 07 002 Ranger Christopher M Biedermann Peter H W Phuntumart Vipaporn Beligala Gayathri U Ghosh Satyaki Palmquist Debra E Mueller Robert Barnett Jenny Schultz Peter B Reding Michael E Benz J Philipp 24 April 2018 Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 17 4447 4452 Bibcode 2018PNAS 115 4447R doi 10 1073 pnas 1716852115 PMC 5924889 PMID 29632193 a b Hulcr Jiri Stelinski Lukasz L 31 January 2017 The Ambrosia Symbiosis From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management Annual Review of Entomology 62 285 303 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 031616 035105 PMID 27860522 Kuschel Guillermo Leschen Richard A B Zimmerman Elwood C 2000 Platypodidae under scrutiny Invertebrate Systematics 14 6 771 805 doi 10 1071 IT00024 Marvaldi Adriana E Sequeira Andrea S O Brien Charles W Farrell Brian D September 2002 Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetics of Weevils Coleoptera Curculionoidea Do Niche Shifts Accompany Diversification Systematic Biology 51 5 761 785 doi 10 1080 10635150290102465 PMID 12396590 McKenna Duane D Sequeira Andrea S Marvaldi Adriana E Farrell Brian D 28 April 2009 Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 17 7083 7088 Bibcode 2009PNAS 106 7083M doi 10 1073 pnas 0810618106 PMC 2678426 PMID 19365072 Hulcr Jiri Atkinson Thomas H Cognato Anthony I Jordal Bjarte H McKenna Duane D 2015 Morphology Taxonomy and Phylogenetics of Bark Beetles Bark Beetles pp 41 84 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 417156 5 00002 2 ISBN 978 0 12 417156 5 Farrell Brian D Sequeira Andrea S O Meara Brian C Normark Benjamin B Chung Jeffrey H Jordal Bjarte H October 2001 The evolution of agriculture in beetles Curculionidae Scolytinae and Platypodinae Evolution 55 10 2011 2027 doi 10 1111 j 0014 3820 2001 tb01318 x PMID 11761062 S2CID 26352287 Malloch D Blackwell M 1993 Dispersal biology of ophiostomatoid fungi In Wingfield Michael J Seifert Keith A Webber Joan F eds Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma Taxonomy Ecology and Pathogenicity American Phytopathological Society pp 195 206 ISBN 978 0 89054 156 2 Hulcr Jiri Cognato Anthony I November 2010 Repeated evolution of crop theft in fungus farming ambrosia beetles Evolution 64 11 3205 3212 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2010 01055 x PMID 20633043 S2CID 11844858 Paine T D Raffa K F Harrington T C January 1997 Interactions among scolytid bark beetles their associated fungi and live host conifers Annual Review of Entomology 42 1 179 206 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 42 1 179 PMID 15012312 Six Diana L Wingfield Michael J 7 January 2011 The Role of Phytopathogenicity in Bark Beetle Fungus Symbioses A Challenge to the Classic Paradigm Annual Review of Entomology 56 1 255 272 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 120709 144839 hdl 2263 15796 PMID 20822444 Klepzig Kier D Six D L 2004 Bark Beetle Fungal Symbiosis Context Dependency in Complex Associations Symbiosis 37 189 2005 Beaver R A 2012 Insect Fungus Relationship in the Bark and Ambrosia Beetles In Meurant Gerard ed Insect Fungus Interactions Academic Press pp 121 143 ISBN 978 0 08 098453 7 Ranger Christopher M Reding Michael E Persad Anand B Herms Daniel A May 2010 Ability of stress related volatiles to attract and induce attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other ambrosia beetles Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12 2 177 185 doi 10 1111 j 1461 9563 2009 00469 x S2CID 54556122 Hulcr Jiri Black Adam Prior Kirsten Chen Chi Yu Li Hou Feng June 2017 Studies of Ambrosia Beetles Coleoptera Curculionidae in Their Native Ranges Help Predict Invasion Impact Florida Entomologist 100 2 257 261 doi 10 1653 024 100 0219 S2CID 67808629 Dyer E D A 1967 Relation of attack by ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum Oliv to felling date of spruce in central British Columbia Bi monthly Research Notes 23 2 11 External links Edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Platypodinae Images and information on the Ambrosia Symbiosis at the University of Florida The MSU HISL database contains a worldwide species list of Xyleborini a major group of ambrosia beetles from the Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae of S L Wood and D E Bright 1992 A USDA sponsored information resource and key Archived 2018 12 08 at the Wayback Machine to the world genera of Xyleborini American Bark and Ambrosia Beetles More information on ambrosia beetle social behaviour and fungiculture on 1 Farewell to taco topping The effects of the Redbay ambrosia beetle and laurel wilt disease Ambrosia beetles on the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Platypus spp ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus crassiusculus Asian or granulate ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus black twig borerBibliography Edit van de Peppel L J J Aanen D K Biedermann P H W April 2018 Low intraspecific genetic diversity indicates asexuality and vertical transmission in the fungal cultivars of ambrosia beetles Fungal Ecology 32 57 64 doi 10 1016 j funeco 2017 11 010 hdl 21 11116 0000 0003 BB62 C Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ambrosia beetle amp oldid 1171575295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.