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Ventriloquism

September 21, 2023

For other uses, see Ventriloquism (disambiguation).
"Ventriloquist" redirects here. For the Batman villain, see Ventriloquist (comics).

Ventriloquism, or ventriloquy, is a performance act of stagecraft in which a person (a ventriloquist) creates the illusion that their voice is coming from elsewhere, usually a puppeteered prop known as a "dummy". The act of ventriloquism is ventriloquizing, and the ability to do so is commonly called in English the ability to "throw" one's voice.

Ventriloquist The Great Lester with Frank Byron, Jr. on his knee, c. 1904

History Edit

Origins Edit

 
Newspaper article on Gef, the talking mongoose, claiming it involved ventriloquism by Voirrey Irving

Originally, ventriloquism was a religious practice.[1] The name comes from the Latin for 'to speak from the stomach: venter (belly) and loqui (speak).[2] The Greeks called this gastromancy (Greek: εγγαστριμυθία).[citation needed] The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving, who took up residence in the stomach of the ventriloquist. The ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds, as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead, as well as foretell the future. One of the earliest recorded group of prophets to use this technique was the Pythia, the priestess at the temple of Apollo in Delphi, who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle.

One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles, a prophet at Athens; gastromancers came to be referred to as Euryklides in his honour.[3] Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes; historically there have been adepts of this practice among the Zulu, Inuit, and Māori peoples.[3]

Emergence as entertainment Edit

 
Sadler's Wells Theatre in the early 19th century, at a time when ventriloquist acts were becoming increasingly popular

The shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the eighteenth century at travelling funfairs and market towns. An early depiction of a ventriloquist dates to 1754 in England, where Sir John Parnell is depicted in the painting An Election Entertainment by William Hogarth as speaking via his hand.[4] In 1757, the Austrian Baron de Mengen performed with a small doll.[5]

By the late 18th century, ventriloquist performances were an established form of entertainment in England, although most performers "threw their voice" to make it appear that it emanated from far away (known as distant ventriloquism), rather than the modern method of using a puppet (near ventriloquism).[a] A well-known ventriloquist of the period, Joseph Askins, who performed at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London in the 1790s advertised his act as "curious ad libitum Dialogues between himself and his invisible familiar, Little Tommy".[6] However, other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance, notably the Irishman James Burne who "carries in his pocket, an ill-shaped doll, with a broad face, which he exhibits ... as giving utterance to his own childish jargon," and Thomas Garbutt.

The entertainment came of age during the era of the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States. George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at Nottingham in the 1830s, followed by Fred Neiman later in the century,[7] but it is Fred Russell who is regarded as the father of modern ventriloquism. In 1886, he was offered a professional engagement at the Palace Theatre in London and took up his stage career permanently. His act, based on the cheeky-boy dummy "Coster Joe" that would sit in his lap and 'engage in a dialogue' with him was highly influential for the entertainment format and was adopted by the next generation of performers. A blue plaque has been embedded in a former residence of Russell by the British Heritage Society which reads 'Fred Russell the father of ventriloquism lived here'.[8]

 
Ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and his best-known sidekick, Charlie McCarthy, in the film Stage Door Canteen (1943)

Fred Russell's successful comedy team format was applied by the next generation of ventriloquists. It was taken forward by the British Arthur Prince with his dummy Sailor Jim, who became one of the highest paid entertainers on the music hall circuit, and by the Americans The Great Lester, Frank Byron Jr., and Edgar Bergen. Bergen popularized the idea of the comedic ventriloquist.[citation needed] Bergen, together with his favourite figure, Charlie McCarthy, hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956. It was the #1 program on the nights it aired. Bergen continued performing until his death in 1978, and his popularity inspired many other famous ventriloquists who followed him, including Paul Winchell, Jimmy Nelson, David Strassman, Jeff Dunham, Terry Fator, Ronn Lucas, Wayland Flowers, Shari Lewis, Willie Tyler, Jay Johnson, Nina Conti, Paul Zerdin, and Darci Lynne. Another ventriloquist act popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was Señor Wences.

The art of ventriloquism was popularized by Y. K. Padhye and M. M. Roy in South India, who are believed to be the pioneers of this field in India. Y. K. Padhye's son Ramdas Padhye borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television. Ramdas Padhye's name is synonymous with puppet characters like Ardhavatrao[9] (also known as Mr. Crazy),[10] Tatya Vinchu[11] and Bunny the Funny which features in a television advertisement for Lijjat Papad, an Indian snack.[12] Ramdas Padhye's son Satyajit Padhye is also a ventriloquist.

The popularity of ventriloquism fluctuates. In the UK in 2010, there were only 15 full-time professional ventriloquists, down from around 400 in the 1950s and 1960s.[13] A number of modern ventriloquists have developed a following as the public taste for live comedy grows. In 2007, Zillah & Totte won the first season of Sweden's Got Talent and became one of Sweden's most popular family/children entertainers. A feature-length documentary about ventriloquism, I'm No Dummy, was released in 2010.[14] Three ventriloquists have won America's Got Talent: Terry Fator in 2007, Paul Zerdin in 2015 and Darci Lynne in 2017.

Vocal technique Edit

 
Swedish ventriloquist act Zillah & Totte

One difficulty ventriloquists face is that all the sounds that they make must be made with lips slightly separated. For the labial sounds f, v, b, p, and m, the only choice is to replace them with others. A widely parodied example of this difficulty is the "gottle o' gear", from the reputed inability of less-skilled practitioners to pronounce "bottle of beer".[15] If variations of the sounds th, d, t, and n are spoken quickly, it can be difficult for listeners to notice a difference.

Ventriloquist's dummy Edit

 
A ventriloquist entertaining children at the Pueblo, Colorado, Buell Children's Museum

Modern ventriloquists use multiple types of puppets in their presentations, ranging from soft cloth or foam puppets (Verna Finly's work is a pioneering example), flexible latex puppets (such as Steve Axtell's creations) and the traditional and familiar hard-headed knee figure (Tim Selberg's mechanized carvings). The classic dummies used by ventriloquists (the technical name for which is ventriloquial figure) vary in size anywhere from twelve inches tall to human-size and larger, with the height usually 34–42 in (86–107 cm). Traditionally, this type of puppet has been made from papier-mâché or wood. In modern times, other materials are often employed, including fiberglass-reinforced resins, urethanes, filled (rigid) latex, and neoprene.[16]

Great names in the history of dummy making include Jeff Dunham, Frank Marshall (the Chicago creator of Bergen's Charlie McCarthy,[17] Nelson's Danny O'Day,[17] and Winchell's Jerry Mahoney), Theo Mack and Son (Mack carved Charlie McCarthy's head), Revello Petee, Kenneth Spencer, Cecil Gough,[18] and Glen & George McElroy. The McElroy brothers' figures are still considered by many ventriloquists as the apex of complex movement mechanics, with as many as fifteen facial and head movements controlled by interior finger keys and switches. Jeff Dunham referred to his McElroy figure Skinny Duggan as "the Stradivarius of dummies."[19] The Juro Novelty Company also manufactured dummies. Geoffrey Moran of Australia has built foam puppets Koala (Kevin) and Baby. A wooden donut puppet along with Plunger the pull apart puppet and the Frame. Other puppets, such as George and Bruce the Robotic Bucket have been made by other associates.

Phobia Edit

 
Ventriloquist dummy in the shape of a young boy

The plots of some films and television programs are based on "killer toy" dummies that are alive and horrific. These include "The Dummy", a May 4, 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone;[20] Devil Doll;[21] Dead Silence; Zapatlela;[22] Buffy The Vampire Slayer; Goosebumps; Tales from the Crypt; Gotham (the episode "Nothing's Shocking"); Friday the 13th: The Series; Toy Story 4; and Doctor Who in different episodes. This genre has also been satirized on television in ALF (the episode "I'm Your Puppet"); Seinfeld (the episode "The Chicken Roaster"); and the comic strip Monty.

Some psychological horror films and other works feature psychotic ventriloquists who believe their dummies are alive and use them as surrogates to commit frightening acts including murder. Examples of this include the 1978 film Magic, the 1945 anthology film Dead of Night,[20] and the Ventriloquist from Batman comics and other Batman media.

Literary examples of frightening ventriloquist dummies include Gerald Kersh's The Horrible Dummy and the story "The Glass Eye" by John Keir Cross. In music, NRBQ's video for their song "Dummy" (2004) features four ventriloquist dummies modelled after the band members who 'lip-sync' the song while wandering around a dark, abandoned house.

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Edgar Bergen explains in his book on ventriloquism that the voice is not actually "thrown"; rather, the illusion of distance is created by exerting pressure on the vocal chords.[citation needed]

References Edit

  1. ^ Howard, Ryan (2013). Punch and Judy in 19th Century America: A History and Biographical Dictionary. McFarland. p. 101. ISBN 0-7864-7270-7
  2. ^ Allen, R. E.; Sykes, John Bradbury; Sykes, J. B.; Fowler, Henry Watson; Fowler, Francis George (1984). The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. p. 1192. ISBN 0-19-861131-5.
  3. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1911, Ventriloquism.
  4. ^ Baldini, Gabriele, and Gabriele Mandel (1967). L'opera completa di Hogarth pittore. Milano: Rizzoli. p. 112. OCLC 958953004.
  5. ^ Rennie, James (1825). The Art of Improving the Voice and Ear. London: Septimus Prowett. p. 40. Retrieved 24 October 2011 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Hodgson, John A. (1999). "An Other Voice: Ventriloquism in the Romantic Period". Romanticism on the Net. Erudit (16). doi:10.7202/005878ar.
  7. ^ Busby, Roy (1976). British Music Hall: An Illustrated Who's Who from 1850 to the Present Day. London: Paul Elek. p. 131-132. ISBN 0-236-40053-3.
  8. ^ Davies, Helen (2012). Gender and Ventriloquism in Victorian and Neo-Victorian Fiction: Passionate Puppets. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137271167. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  9. ^ "Ardhavatrao turns 100 Years Old". The Times of India. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Celebrating the centenary of a puppet". The Hindu (November 1, 2016 ed.). 21 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ...Ardhavatrao, also known as Mr. Crazy, made famous all over the world by Mumbai-based ventriloquist Ramdas Padhye and his family - scored a century this year.
  11. ^ Swamy, Rohan (16 June 2013). "No Strings Attached". indianexpress.com. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  12. ^ Dubey, Nimish; Rana, Akriti (10 November 2019). "Indian Ad-Age: How Lijjat Ad-ed value to the perfect Indian snack". indianexpress.com. New Delhi. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  13. ^ "Return of the dummy run". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 25 May 2010.
  14. ^ "Hollywood's Corporate Delusion". DigitalCinemaReport.com. 9 June 2009.
  15. ^ Burton, Maxine; et al. (2008). Improving Reading – Phonics and Fluency. National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy, University of London. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-906395-07-0. Note the lip movement for 'big'. This is, of course, the origin of the ventriloquist's 'gottle o' gear'.
  16. ^ "Look Inside A Dummy's Head." Popular Mechanics, December 1954, pp. 154–157.
  17. ^ a b . TalkingComedy.com. Vol. 4, no. 2. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2022.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ . How To Do Ventriloquism. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  19. ^ Dunham, Jeff (2010). Jeff Dunham: All By My Selves: Walter, Peanut, Achmed, and Me. New American Library. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-451-23469-8
  20. ^ a b "Archie Andrews: The rise and fall of a ventriloquist's dummy". The Independent. London. 26 November 2005. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.
  21. ^ Young, R. G. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film: Ali Baba to Zombies. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 155. ISBN 1-55783-269-2
  22. ^ "Zapatlela uses possessed doll Tatya Vinchu". indianexpress.com.
  • Vox, Valentine I Can See Your Lips Moving, the history and art of ventriloquism (1993) 224 pages. (3000 year history of the practice. Plato Publishing/Empire publications ISBN 0-88734-622-7
  • Leigh Eric Schmidt (1998) "From Demon Possession to Magic Show: Ventriloquism, Religion, and the Enlightenment". Church History. 67 (2). 274–304.
  • Ventriloquism, A Dissociated Perspective by Angela Mabe
  • The Catholic Encyclopedia's necromancy entry

External links Edit

 
Look up ventriloquism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ventriloquism.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Ventriloquism".
  • Vent Haven Museum: Ventriloquist Museum
  • "How Ventriloquists Trick The Brain"

September 21, 2023
ventriloquism, other, uses, disambiguation, ventriloquist, redirects, here, batman, villain, ventriloquist, comics, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced. For other uses see Ventriloquism disambiguation Ventriloquist redirects here For the Batman villain see Ventriloquist comics This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ventriloquism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ventriloquism or ventriloquy is a performance act of stagecraft in which a person a ventriloquist creates the illusion that their voice is coming from elsewhere usually a puppeteered prop known as a dummy The act of ventriloquism is ventriloquizing and the ability to do so is commonly called in English the ability to throw one s voice Ventriloquist The Great Lester with Frank Byron Jr on his knee c 1904 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Emergence as entertainment 2 Vocal technique 3 Ventriloquist s dummy 3 1 Phobia 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit nbsp Newspaper article on Gef the talking mongoose claiming it involved ventriloquism by Voirrey IrvingOriginally ventriloquism was a religious practice 1 The name comes from the Latin for to speak from the stomach venter belly and loqui speak 2 The Greeks called this gastromancy Greek eggastrimy8ia citation needed The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving who took up residence in the stomach of the ventriloquist The ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead as well as foretell the future One of the earliest recorded group of prophets to use this technique was the Pythia the priestess at the temple of Apollo in Delphi who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles a prophet at Athens gastromancers came to be referred to as Euryklides in his honour 3 Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes historically there have been adepts of this practice among the Zulu Inuit and Maori peoples 3 Emergence as entertainment Edit nbsp Sadler s Wells Theatre in the early 19th century at a time when ventriloquist acts were becoming increasingly popularThe shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the eighteenth century at travelling funfairs and market towns An early depiction of a ventriloquist dates to 1754 in England where Sir John Parnell is depicted in the painting An Election Entertainment by William Hogarth as speaking via his hand 4 In 1757 the Austrian Baron de Mengen performed with a small doll 5 By the late 18th century ventriloquist performances were an established form of entertainment in England although most performers threw their voice to make it appear that it emanated from far away known as distant ventriloquism rather than the modern method of using a puppet near ventriloquism a A well known ventriloquist of the period Joseph Askins who performed at the Sadler s Wells Theatre in London in the 1790s advertised his act as curious ad libitum Dialogues between himself and his invisible familiar Little Tommy 6 However other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance notably the Irishman James Burne who carries in his pocket an ill shaped doll with a broad face which he exhibits as giving utterance to his own childish jargon and Thomas Garbutt The entertainment came of age during the era of the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at Nottingham in the 1830s followed by Fred Neiman later in the century 7 but it is Fred Russell who is regarded as the father of modern ventriloquism In 1886 he was offered a professional engagement at the Palace Theatre in London and took up his stage career permanently His act based on the cheeky boy dummy Coster Joe that would sit in his lap and engage in a dialogue with him was highly influential for the entertainment format and was adopted by the next generation of performers A blue plaque has been embedded in a former residence of Russell by the British Heritage Society which reads Fred Russell the father of ventriloquism lived here 8 nbsp Ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and his best known sidekick Charlie McCarthy in the film Stage Door Canteen 1943 Fred Russell s successful comedy team format was applied by the next generation of ventriloquists It was taken forward by the British Arthur Prince with his dummy Sailor Jim who became one of the highest paid entertainers on the music hall circuit and by the Americans The Great Lester Frank Byron Jr and Edgar Bergen Bergen popularized the idea of the comedic ventriloquist citation needed Bergen together with his favourite figure Charlie McCarthy hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956 It was the 1 program on the nights it aired Bergen continued performing until his death in 1978 and his popularity inspired many other famous ventriloquists who followed him including Paul Winchell Jimmy Nelson David Strassman Jeff Dunham Terry Fator Ronn Lucas Wayland Flowers Shari Lewis Willie Tyler Jay Johnson Nina Conti Paul Zerdin and Darci Lynne Another ventriloquist act popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was Senor Wences The art of ventriloquism was popularized by Y K Padhye and M M Roy in South India who are believed to be the pioneers of this field in India Y K Padhye s son Ramdas Padhye borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television Ramdas Padhye s name is synonymous with puppet characters like Ardhavatrao 9 also known as Mr Crazy 10 Tatya Vinchu 11 and Bunny the Funny which features in a television advertisement for Lijjat Papad an Indian snack 12 Ramdas Padhye s son Satyajit Padhye is also a ventriloquist The popularity of ventriloquism fluctuates In the UK in 2010 there were only 15 full time professional ventriloquists down from around 400 in the 1950s and 1960s 13 A number of modern ventriloquists have developed a following as the public taste for live comedy grows In 2007 Zillah amp Totte won the first season of Sweden s Got Talent and became one of Sweden s most popular family children entertainers A feature length documentary about ventriloquism I m No Dummy was released in 2010 14 Three ventriloquists have won America s Got Talent Terry Fator in 2007 Paul Zerdin in 2015 and Darci Lynne in 2017 Vocal technique Edit nbsp Swedish ventriloquist act Zillah amp TotteOne difficulty ventriloquists face is that all the sounds that they make must be made with lips slightly separated For the labial sounds f v b p and m the only choice is to replace them with others A widely parodied example of this difficulty is the gottle o gear from the reputed inability of less skilled practitioners to pronounce bottle of beer 15 If variations of the sounds th d t and n are spoken quickly it can be difficult for listeners to notice a difference Ventriloquist s dummy Edit nbsp A ventriloquist entertaining children at the Pueblo Colorado Buell Children s MuseumModern ventriloquists use multiple types of puppets in their presentations ranging from soft cloth or foam puppets Verna Finly s work is a pioneering example flexible latex puppets such as Steve Axtell s creations and the traditional and familiar hard headed knee figure Tim Selberg s mechanized carvings The classic dummies used by ventriloquists the technical name for which is ventriloquial figure vary in size anywhere from twelve inches tall to human size and larger with the height usually 34 42 in 86 107 cm Traditionally this type of puppet has been made from papier mache or wood In modern times other materials are often employed including fiberglass reinforced resins urethanes filled rigid latex and neoprene 16 Great names in the history of dummy making include Jeff Dunham Frank Marshall the Chicago creator of Bergen s Charlie McCarthy 17 Nelson s Danny O Day 17 and Winchell s Jerry Mahoney Theo Mack and Son Mack carved Charlie McCarthy s head Revello Petee Kenneth Spencer Cecil Gough 18 and Glen amp George McElroy The McElroy brothers figures are still considered by many ventriloquists as the apex of complex movement mechanics with as many as fifteen facial and head movements controlled by interior finger keys and switches Jeff Dunham referred to his McElroy figure Skinny Duggan as the Stradivarius of dummies 19 The Juro Novelty Company also manufactured dummies Geoffrey Moran of Australia has built foam puppets Koala Kevin and Baby A wooden donut puppet along with Plunger the pull apart puppet and the Frame Other puppets such as George and Bruce the Robotic Bucket have been made by other associates Phobia Edit nbsp Ventriloquist dummy in the shape of a young boyThe plots of some films and television programs are based on killer toy dummies that are alive and horrific These include The Dummy a May 4 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone 20 Devil Doll 21 Dead Silence Zapatlela 22 Buffy The Vampire Slayer Goosebumps Tales from the Crypt Gotham the episode Nothing s Shocking Friday the 13th The Series Toy Story 4 and Doctor Who in different episodes This genre has also been satirized on television in ALF the episode I m Your Puppet Seinfeld the episode The Chicken Roaster and the comic strip Monty Some psychological horror films and other works feature psychotic ventriloquists who believe their dummies are alive and use them as surrogates to commit frightening acts including murder Examples of this include the 1978 film Magic the 1945 anthology film Dead of Night 20 and the Ventriloquist from Batman comics and other Batman media Literary examples of frightening ventriloquist dummies include Gerald Kersh s The Horrible Dummy and the story The Glass Eye by John Keir Cross In music NRBQ s video for their song Dummy 2004 features four ventriloquist dummies modelled after the band members who lip sync the song while wandering around a dark abandoned house See also EditLip reading List of ventriloquists Multisensory integration Visual capture The Shari Lewis ShowNotes Edit Edgar Bergen explains in his book on ventriloquism that the voice is not actually thrown rather the illusion of distance is created by exerting pressure on the vocal chords citation needed References Edit Howard Ryan 2013 Punch and Judy in 19th Century America A History and Biographical Dictionary McFarland p 101 ISBN 0 7864 7270 7 Allen R E Sykes John Bradbury Sykes J B Fowler Henry Watson Fowler Francis George 1984 The Concise Oxford English Dictionary p 1192 ISBN 0 19 861131 5 a b Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911 Ventriloquism Baldini Gabriele and Gabriele Mandel 1967 L opera completa di Hogarth pittore Milano Rizzoli p 112 OCLC 958953004 Rennie James 1825 The Art of Improving the Voice and Ear London Septimus Prowett p 40 Retrieved 24 October 2011 via Google Books Hodgson John A 1999 An Other Voice Ventriloquism in the Romantic Period Romanticism on the Net Erudit 16 doi 10 7202 005878ar Busby Roy 1976 British Music Hall An Illustrated Who s Who from 1850 to the Present Day London Paul Elek p 131 132 ISBN 0 236 40053 3 Davies Helen 2012 Gender and Ventriloquism in Victorian and Neo Victorian Fiction Passionate Puppets Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781137271167 Retrieved 7 February 2013 Ardhavatrao turns 100 Years Old The Times of India 21 September 2016 Retrieved 24 August 2022 Celebrating the centenary of a puppet The Hindu November 1 2016 ed 21 September 2016 Retrieved 24 August 2022 Ardhavatrao also known as Mr Crazy made famous all over the world by Mumbai based ventriloquist Ramdas Padhye and his family scored a century this year Swamy Rohan 16 June 2013 No Strings Attached indianexpress com Retrieved 24 August 2022 Dubey Nimish Rana Akriti 10 November 2019 Indian Ad Age How Lijjat Ad ed value to the perfect Indian snack indianexpress com New Delhi Retrieved 24 August 2022 Return of the dummy run bbc co uk BBC News 25 May 2010 Hollywood s Corporate Delusion DigitalCinemaReport com 9 June 2009 Burton Maxine et al 2008 Improving Reading Phonics and Fluency National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy University of London p 10 ISBN 978 1 906395 07 0 Note the lip movement for big This is of course the origin of the ventriloquist s gottle o gear Look Inside A Dummy s Head Popular Mechanics December 1954 pp 154 157 a b Ventriloquism LEGEND Profile Jimmy Nelson TalkingComedy com Vol 4 no 2 2005 Archived from the original on 26 November 2011 Retrieved 23 August 2022 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a CS1 maint unfit URL link Jeff Dunham 21st Century Ventriloquist How To Do Ventriloquism Archived from the original on 27 April 2013 Retrieved 29 June 2013 Dunham Jeff 2010 Jeff Dunham All By My Selves Walter Peanut Achmed and Me New American Library p 107 ISBN 978 0 451 23469 8 a b Archie Andrews The rise and fall of a ventriloquist s dummy The Independent London 26 November 2005 Archived from the original on 11 August 2022 Young R G 2000 The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film Ali Baba to Zombies Hal Leonard Corporation p 155 ISBN 1 55783 269 2 Zapatlela uses possessed doll Tatya Vinchu indianexpress com Vox Valentine I Can See Your Lips Moving the history and art of ventriloquism 1993 224 pages 3000 year history of the practice Plato Publishing Empire publications ISBN 0 88734 622 7 Leigh Eric Schmidt 1998 From Demon Possession to Magic Show Ventriloquism Religion and the Enlightenment Church History 67 2 274 304 Ventriloquism A Dissociated Perspective by Angela Mabe The Catholic Encyclopedia s necromancy entryExternal links Edit nbsp Look up ventriloquism in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ventriloquism nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Ventriloquism Vent Haven Museum Ventriloquist Museum How Ventriloquists Trick The Brain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ventriloquism amp oldid 1173684434, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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