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Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire

March 14, 2023

The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman Empire, which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission. In exchange for certain privileges, its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon to do so. Some of its vassal states were also tributary states. These client states, many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states, were usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in the Middle East, including its client states.

Functions

Ottomans first demanded only a small yearly tribute from vassal princes, as a token of their submission. They later demanded that a vassal prince's son should be held as hostage, that the prince should come to the Palace once a year and swear allegiance, and that he should send auxiliary troops on the sultan's campaigns. Vassal princes were required to treat sultan's friends and enemies as their own. If the vassal failed in these duties, his lands would be declared as darülharb (lit. territory of war) open to the raids of the Ghazis.[1]

Forms

  • Some states within the eyalet system included sancakbeys who were local to their sanjak or who inherited their position (e.g., Samtskhe, some Kurdish sanjaks), areas that were permitted to elect their own leaders (e.g., areas of Albania, Epirus, and Morea (Mani Peninsula) was nominally a part of Aegean Islands Province but Maniot beys were tributary vassals of the Porte, or de facto independent[citation needed] eyalets (e.g., the Barbaresque 'regencies' Algiers, Tunisia, Tripolitania in the Maghreb, and later the Khedivate of Egypt).
  • Outside the eyalet system were states such as Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania which paid tribute to the Ottomans and over which the Porte had the right to nominate or depose the ruler, garrison rights, and foreign policy control. They were considered by the Ottomans as part of Dar al-'Ahd, thus they were allowed to preserve their self-rule, and were not under Islamic law, like the empire proper; Ottoman subjects, or Muslims for that matter, were not allowed to settle the land permanently or to build mosques.[2]
  • Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty.
  • Others, such as the Sharif of Mecca, recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte. The Ottomans were also expected to protect the Sharifate militarily – as suzerains over Mecca and Medina, the Ottoman sultans were meant to ensure the protection of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages and safe passage of pilgrims. The Amir al-hajj was a military officer appointed by the Sultanate to ensure this.
  • During the nineteenth century, as Ottoman territory receded, several breakaway states from the Ottoman Empire had the status of vassal states (e.g. they paid tribute to the Ottoman Empire), before gaining complete independence. They were however de facto independent, including having their own foreign policy and their own independent military. This was the case with the principalities of Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.
  • Some states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante.

There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves.

List

 
Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683

See also

References

  1. ^ Halil İnalcık (1973). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. p. 12.
  2. ^ Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that, on crossing into Wallachia, foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village, which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire. Constantiniu, Florin (2006). O istorie sinceră a poporului român [A sincere history of the Romanian people] (IV ed.). Univers Enciclopedic Gold. pp. 115–118.
  3. ^ "The Tatar Khanate of Crimea". All Empires. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  4. ^ The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Giancarlo Casale. Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Aregay, Merid W. “A REAPPRAISAL OF THE IMPACT OF FIREARMS IN THE HISTORY OF WARFARE IN ETHIOPIA (C. 1500-1800).” Journal of Ethiopian Studies 14 (1980): 98–121.
  6. ^ a b Miller, William. The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: 1908.
  7. ^ Rinn, Louis (1891). Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie. Algiers: Librairie Adolphe Jourdan. pp. 11.
  8. ^ Georgian Soviet encyclopedia, volume 6, page 658, Tbilisi, 1983
  9. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa by J. D. Fage p.406
  10. ^ Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. BRILL. p. 429. ISBN 978-90-04-25440-4.
  11. ^ Palabiyik, Hamit, Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age, (Ankara, 2008), 84.
  12. ^ Ismail Hakki Goksoy. Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  13. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa by J. D. Fage p.408-
  14. ^ Peter H. Wilson (2009). The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. Harvard University Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5.
  15. ^ Riedlmayer, András, and Victor Ostapchuk. "Bohdan Xmel'nyc'kyj and the Porte: A Document from the Ottoman Archives." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 8.3/4 (1984): 453–73. JSTOR. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. Web.
  16. ^ Kármán, Gábor, and Lovro Kunčević, eds. The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Print. p.137
  17. ^ Kármán, Gábor, and Lovro Kunčević, eds. The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Print. p.142
  18. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert. History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. 2nd ed. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2010. Print. p.369
  19. ^ "Princes of Transylvania". Tacitus.nu. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  20. ^ At the beginning of the XVIII century the reinforcing policy of the Safavid in the area of European countries. R Shiraliyev - Гілея: науковий вісник, 2015.
  21. ^ Peacock, A.C.S. "An Embassy from the Sultan of Darfur to the Sublime Porte in 1791", Islamic Africa 12, 1 (2022): 55-91
  22. ^ Page 45 British Relations with Ibn Saud of Najd, 1914-1919 Daniel Nolan Silverfarb University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972
  23. ^ Britain and the Persian Gulf: 1795-1880. John Barrett Kelly. Clarendon Press.

March 14, 2023
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The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman Empire which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission In exchange for certain privileges its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon to do so Some of its vassal states were also tributary states These client states many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states were usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte over which direct control was not established for various reasons The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in the Middle East including its client states Contents 1 Functions 2 Forms 3 List 4 See also 5 ReferencesFunctions EditOttomans first demanded only a small yearly tribute from vassal princes as a token of their submission They later demanded that a vassal prince s son should be held as hostage that the prince should come to the Palace once a year and swear allegiance and that he should send auxiliary troops on the sultan s campaigns Vassal princes were required to treat sultan s friends and enemies as their own If the vassal failed in these duties his lands would be declared as darulharb lit territory of war open to the raids of the Ghazis 1 Forms EditSome states within the eyalet system included sancakbeys who were local to their sanjak or who inherited their position e g Samtskhe some Kurdish sanjaks areas that were permitted to elect their own leaders e g areas of Albania Epirus and Morea Mani Peninsula was nominally a part of Aegean Islands Province but Maniot beys were tributary vassals of the Porte or de facto independent citation needed eyalets e g the Barbaresque regencies Algiers Tunisia Tripolitania in the Maghreb and later the Khedivate of Egypt Outside the eyalet system were states such as Moldavia Wallachia and Transylvania which paid tribute to the Ottomans and over which the Porte had the right to nominate or depose the ruler garrison rights and foreign policy control They were considered by the Ottomans as part of Dar al Ahd thus they were allowed to preserve their self rule and were not under Islamic law like the empire proper Ottoman subjects or Muslims for that matter were not allowed to settle the land permanently or to build mosques 2 Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty Others such as the Sharif of Mecca recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte The Ottomans were also expected to protect the Sharifate militarily as suzerains over Mecca and Medina the Ottoman sultans were meant to ensure the protection of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages and safe passage of pilgrims The Amir al hajj was a military officer appointed by the Sultanate to ensure this During the nineteenth century as Ottoman territory receded several breakaway states from the Ottoman Empire had the status of vassal states e g they paid tribute to the Ottoman Empire before gaining complete independence They were however de facto independent including having their own foreign policy and their own independent military This was the case with the principalities of Serbia Romania and Bulgaria Some states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were at least nominally vassals of the khans of Crimea or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves List Edit Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683 This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items May 2010 Byzantine Empire c 1370 1402 c 1421 1453 Despot of Morea 1422 1470 Trebizond Empire 1456 1461 Lordship of Prilep 1371 1395 Dejanovic noble family 1371 1395 Principality of Wallachia Eflak Prensligi 1396 1397 1417 1861 with some interruptions Despotate of Serbia 1402 1459 Second Bulgarian Empire 14th century Principality of Moldavia Bogdan Prensligi 1456 1457 1503 1861 with some interruptions Republic of Ragusa 1458 1808 Sultanate of Malacca 1459 1477 during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah Crimean Khanate Kirim Hanligi 1478 1774 Budjak Horde 1807 Circassian principalities and tribes Kabarda 1739 Yedisan 1684 1760s Mount Lebanon Emirate Ma an 1516 1697 Chehab 1697 1840 Sharifate of Mecca 1517 1803 Funjistan 1556 1821 Kazan Khanate Kazan Hanligi 1523 Kazan briefly conquered by Crimean Khanate Sahib I Giray enthroned as Khan 3 Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526 1551 1556 1570 Adal Sultanate 4 5 Duchy of the Archipelago 1537 6 1565 6 1579 Sultanate of Tuggurt 1552 1871 Principality of Montenegro Karadag Prensligi 1696 1878 Omani Empire 1602 18th century Kingdom of Ait Abbas 7 Abdalvadidov Kingdom 1554 1556 Samtskhe Saatabago atabegate 1500 1515 8 Wattasid Dynasty 1554 9 Kingdom of Imereti 1555 1804 Principality of Mingrelia 1557 1803 Principality of Guria 1614 1810 Principality of Abkhazia 1555 1810 Bornu Empire 1603 Wadai Sultanate Ethiopia 1541 18th century Hilaalee dynasty of The Maldives 1565 1737 10 Principality of Transylvania Erdel 1570 1718 with some interruptions Swahilli city states 1583 Sultanate of Aceh 1569 1903 11 12 Saadi dynasty 1576 13 Kingdom of Bohemia briefly in 1620 under Frederick I of Bohemia 14 Emirate of Harar 1647 1887 Cossack Hetmanate Protectorate and Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire 1655 1663 15 16 and June 1669 1685 17 18 Principality of Upper Hungary modern day Slovakia 1682 1685 under Imre Thokoly 19 Danubian Sich Mamluk of Iraq 1704 1831 Hotaki dynasty 20 Sultanate of Darfur 21 1915 Septinsular Republic 1800 1807 Principality of Serbia Sirbistan Prensligi 1815 1867 de facto independence 1867 de jure independence 1878 Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1836 1921 22 Emirate of Najd 23 United Principalities of Romania Romanya Prensligi 1862 1877 Yettishar 1865 1877 Khedivate of Egypt Misir 1867 1914 de jure under Ottoman suzerainty in effect fully autonomous and from 1882 under British occupation broke away from Ottoman suzerainty upon Ottoman entry into World War I on the side of the Central Powers and reformed as the Sultanate of Egypt which was declared a British protectorate on 5 November 1914 the day when Britain and France declared war against the Ottoman Empire Britain also formally annexed Cyprus under British administration since the Cyprus Convention in 1878 but nominally still an Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914 Principality of Bulgaria Bulgaristan Prensligi 1878 1908 de facto independent Principality of Samos Sisam 1835 1912 established as an autonomous tributary principality under a Christian Prince annexed to Greece during the First Balkan War Eastern Rumelia Dogu Rumeli 1878 1885 established by the Treaty of Berlin on 13 July 1878 as an autonomous province in a personal union with the tributary Principality of Bulgaria on 6 September 1885 but remained de jure under Ottoman suzerainty annexed by Bulgaria on 5 October 1908 Cyprus Kibris 1878 1914 established as a British protectorate under Ottoman suzerainty with the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878 annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914 upon Ottoman entry into World War I Qatar Katar 1872 1913 Cretan State Girit 1898 1912 13 established as an internationally supervised tributary state headed by a Christian governor in 1908 the Cretan parliament unilaterally declared union with Greece the island was occupied by Greece in 1912 and de jure annexed in 1913See also EditList of Ottoman Empire territoriesReferences Edit Halil Inalcik 1973 The Ottoman Empire The Classical Age 1300 1600 p 12 Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that on crossing into Wallachia foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire Constantiniu Florin 2006 O istorie sinceră a poporului roman A sincere history of the Romanian people IV ed Univers Enciclopedic Gold pp 115 118 The Tatar Khanate of Crimea All Empires Retrieved 9 October 2010 The Ottoman Age of Exploration Giancarlo Casale Oxford University Press Aregay Merid W A REAPPRAISAL OF THE IMPACT OF FIREARMS IN THE HISTORY OF WARFARE IN ETHIOPIA C 1500 1800 Journal of Ethiopian Studies 14 1980 98 121 a b Miller William The Latins in the Levant A History of Frankish Greece 1204 1566 London 1908 Rinn Louis 1891 Histoire de l insurrection de 1871 en Algerie Algiers Librairie Adolphe Jourdan pp 11 Georgian Soviet encyclopedia volume 6 page 658 Tbilisi 1983 The Cambridge History of Africa by J D Fage p 406 Gabor Karman Lovro Kuncevic 2013 The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries BRILL p 429 ISBN 978 90 04 25440 4 Palabiyik Hamit Turkish Public Administration From Tradition to the Modern Age Ankara 2008 84 Ismail Hakki Goksoy Ottoman Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources PDF Archived from the original PDF on 19 January 2008 Retrieved 10 May 2018 The Cambridge History of Africa by J D Fage p 408 Peter H Wilson 2009 The Thirty Years War Europe s Tragedy Harvard University Press p 294 ISBN 978 0 674 03634 5 Riedlmayer Andras and Victor Ostapchuk Bohdan Xmel nyc kyj and the Porte A Document from the Ottoman Archives Harvard Ukrainian Studies 8 3 4 1984 453 73 JSTOR Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Web Karman Gabor and Lovro Kuncevic eds The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Leiden Brill 2013 Print p 137 Karman Gabor and Lovro Kuncevic eds The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Leiden Brill 2013 Print p 142 Magocsi Paul Robert History of Ukraine The Land and Its Peoples 2nd ed Toronto U of Toronto 2010 Print p 369 Princes of Transylvania Tacitus nu 30 August 2008 Retrieved 18 September 2013 At the beginning of the XVIII century the reinforcing policy of the Safavid in the area of European countries R Shiraliyev Gileya naukovij visnik 2015 Peacock A C S An Embassy from the Sultan of Darfur to the Sublime Porte in 1791 Islamic Africa 12 1 2022 55 91 Page 45 British Relations with Ibn Saud of Najd 1914 1919 Daniel Nolan Silverfarb University of Wisconsin Madison 1972 Britain and the Persian Gulf 1795 1880 John Barrett Kelly Clarendon Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire amp oldid 1144552455, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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