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Varroa

January 01, 1970

Varroa is a genus of parasitic mesostigmatan mites associated with honey bees, placed in its own family, Varroidae.[4] The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and beekeeper. The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with Varroa mites is called varroosis (also, incorrectly, varroatosis).

Varroa
Varroa destructor in dorsal (top) and ventral (lower) views
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Mesostigmata
Superfamily: Dermanyssoidea
Family: Varroidae
Delfinado & Baker, 1974[3]
Genus: Varroa
Oudemans, 1904[1][2]
Species

Varroa destructor
Varroa jacobsoni
Varroa rindereri
Varroa underwoodi

Varroa mites, specifically the species Varroa destructor, are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus (or DWV) to larval or pupating bees, resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae.

History and behavior edit

Varroa mites feed off the fat body tissue of adult, pupal, and larval honey bees,[5] and may carry viruses that are particularly damaging to the bees (e.g., deformed wings, and IAPV), and accordingly they have been implicated in colony collapse disorder. Research has indicated that alone, neither Varroa mites nor deformed wing virus are particularly deadly, yet together they can pose an incredible risk to colonies.[6][7]

Varroa mites were first discovered in Java about 1904,[8] but are now present in all honey bee populations except the Isle of Man and Isle of Colonsay. Because of the lack of varroa in Isle of Man, on February 16, 2015, the EU made a decision that allowed the Isle of Man to block the importation of all bee-related supplies.[9]

They were discovered in the United States in 1987, in New Zealand in 2000,[10] and in the United Kingdom in 1992.[citation needed]

Australia was free of the mites until a routine inspection at the Port of Newcastle on 22 June 2022 detected an infestation.[11] Eradication is unlikely because no other introduction elsewhere in the world has been eradicated.[12] On 9 November 2023, ABC News reported that researchers have predicted the extinction of feral bees in Australia within three years because of the spreading Varroa mite infestation.[13]

Bee-breeding efforts to develop resistance against Varroa are ongoing. The USDA has developed a line of bees which uses Varroa-sensitive hygiene to remove reproductive mites. This line is now being distributed to beekeepers to be used as part of their integrated pest management programs.

Varroosis edit

The infestation and subsequent parasitic disease caused by mites in the genus Varroa is called varroosis.[14] Sometimes, the incorrect names varroatosis or varroasis are used. A parasitic disease name must be formed from the taxonomic name of the parasite and the suffix -osis[15] as provided in the Standardised Nomenclature by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology.[16] For example, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) uses the name varroosis in the OIE Terrestrial Manual.[17]

Species edit

The genus Varroa contains these species:[4]

Resistance edit

Some honey bees strains have been bred to be resistant to Varroa,[20][21] through Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) behavior, enabling them to detect reproducing varroa mites and diseased pupae within capped cells, which are then uncapped and the pupae removed.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Oudemans, A. C. (1904). "On a new genus and species of parasitic Acari". Notes from the Leyden Museum. 24 (4): 216–222.
  2. ^ a b Oudemans, A. C. (1904). "Acarologische Aanteekeningen XII". Entomologische Berichten. 1 (18): 160–164.
  3. ^ Delfinado, M. D.; Baker, E. W. (1974). "Varroidae, A new family of mites on honey bees (Mesostigmata: Acarina)". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 64 (1): 4–10. JSTOR 24535743.
  4. ^ a b Joel Hallan. "Varroidae Delfinado & Baker, 1974". Texas A&M University. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  5. ^ Ramsey, Samuel D.; Ochoa, Ronald; Bauchan, Gary; Gulbronson, Connor; Mowery, Joseph D.; Cohen, Allen; Lim, David; Joklik, Judith; Cicero, Joseph M. (2019-01-29). "Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (5): 1792–1801. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.1792R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1818371116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6358713. PMID 30647116.
  6. ^ "Mites, Viruses Sicken Bee Hives - Colony Collapse Disorder - Hawaiian Honeybee Infection". LiveScience.com. 7 June 2012.
  7. ^ "Bees Wiped Out by Cascade of Deadly Events". LiveScience.com. 17 May 2005.
  8. ^ a b D. L. Anderson & J. W. H. Trueman (2000). "Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 24 (3): 165–189. doi:10.1023/A:1006456720416. PMID 11108385. S2CID 12271915.
  9. ^ "Isle of Man Government - Bees". www.gov.im. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  10. ^ Zhi-Qian Zhang (2000). "Notes on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) parasitic on honeybees in New Zealand" (PDF). Systematic & Applied Acarology. Special Publications. 5: 9–14.
  11. ^ "New Varroa mite detection linked to Newcastle". Newcastle Weekly. 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  12. ^ "Here's what you need to know about the Varroa mite". Australian National University. 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  13. ^ "Researcher says feral bees face extinction as deadly mite spreads in swarms". ABC News. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  14. ^ "Varroosis of honey bees (infestation of honey bees with Varroa spp.)". OIE Terrestrial Health Manual (PDF). World Organisation for Animal Health. 2021.
  15. ^ Kassai, Tibor (June 2006). "Nomenclature for parasitic diseases: cohabitation with inconsistency for how long and why?". Veterinary Parasitology. 138 (3–4): 169–178. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.019. PMID 16569483.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
  17. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
  18. ^ a b de Guzman, L. I.; Delfinado-Baker, M. (1996). "A new species of Varroa (Acari: Varroidae) associated with Apis koschevnikovi (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in Borneo". International Journal of Acarology. 22 (1): 23–27. Bibcode:1996IJAca..22...23D. doi:10.1080/01647959608684077.
  19. ^ a b de Guzman, Lilia I.; Rinderer, Thomas E. (1999). "Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees". Apidologie. 30 (2–3): 85–95. doi:10.1051/apido:19990201.
  20. ^ "Arista Bee Research - Foundation for breeding varroa resistant honey bees". aristabeeresearch.org.
  21. ^ "USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 47, No. 8". usda.gov.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Varroa at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
varroa, genus, parasitic, mesostigmatan, mites, associated, with, honey, bees, placed, family, varroidae, genus, named, marcus, terentius, varro, roman, scholar, beekeeper, condition, honeybee, colony, being, infested, with, mites, called, varroosis, also, inc. Varroa is a genus of parasitic mesostigmatan mites associated with honey bees placed in its own family Varroidae 4 The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro a Roman scholar and beekeeper The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with Varroa mites is called varroosis also incorrectly varroatosis Varroa Varroa destructor in dorsal top and ventral lower views Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Order Mesostigmata Superfamily Dermanyssoidea Family VarroidaeDelfinado amp Baker 1974 3 Genus VarroaOudemans 1904 1 2 Species Varroa destructorVarroa jacobsoniVarroa rindereriVarroa underwoodi Varroa mites specifically the species Varroa destructor are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus or DWV to larval or pupating bees resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae Contents 1 History and behavior 2 Varroosis 3 Species 4 Resistance 5 References 6 External linksHistory and behavior editVarroa mites feed off the fat body tissue of adult pupal and larval honey bees 5 and may carry viruses that are particularly damaging to the bees e g deformed wings and IAPV and accordingly they have been implicated in colony collapse disorder Research has indicated that alone neither Varroa mites nor deformed wing virus are particularly deadly yet together they can pose an incredible risk to colonies 6 7 Varroa mites were first discovered in Java about 1904 8 but are now present in all honey bee populations except the Isle of Man and Isle of Colonsay Because of the lack of varroa in Isle of Man on February 16 2015 the EU made a decision that allowed the Isle of Man to block the importation of all bee related supplies 9 They were discovered in the United States in 1987 in New Zealand in 2000 10 and in the United Kingdom in 1992 citation needed Australia was free of the mites until a routine inspection at the Port of Newcastle on 22 June 2022 detected an infestation 11 Eradication is unlikely because no other introduction elsewhere in the world has been eradicated 12 On 9 November 2023 ABC News reported that researchers have predicted the extinction of feral bees in Australia within three years because of the spreading Varroa mite infestation 13 Bee breeding efforts to develop resistance against Varroa are ongoing The USDA has developed a line of bees which uses Varroa sensitive hygiene to remove reproductive mites This line is now being distributed to beekeepers to be used as part of their integrated pest management programs Varroosis editThe infestation and subsequent parasitic disease caused by mites in the genus Varroa is called varroosis 14 Sometimes the incorrect names varroatosis or varroasis are used A parasitic disease name must be formed from the taxonomic name of the parasite and the suffix osis 15 as provided in the Standardised Nomenclature by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology 16 For example the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE uses the name varroosis in the OIE Terrestrial Manual 17 Species editThe genus Varroa contains these species 4 Varroa destructor Anderson amp Trueman 2000 8 a virulent parasite that infests its natural host Apis cerana Asian honey bees in mainland Asia and Apis mellifera western honey bee worldwide Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans 1904 1 2 a relatively benign parasite of Apis cerana Varroa rindereri de Guzman amp Delfinado Baker 1996 18 19 Varroa underwoodi Delfinado Baker and Aggarwal 1987 18 19 Resistance editSome honey bees strains have been bred to be resistant to Varroa 20 21 through Varroa sensitive hygiene VSH behavior enabling them to detect reproducing varroa mites and diseased pupae within capped cells which are then uncapped and the pupae removed References edit a b Oudemans A C 1904 On a new genus and species of parasitic Acari Notes from the Leyden Museum 24 4 216 222 a b Oudemans A C 1904 Acarologische Aanteekeningen XII Entomologische Berichten 1 18 160 164 Delfinado M D Baker E W 1974 Varroidae A new family of mites on honey bees Mesostigmata Acarina Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 64 1 4 10 JSTOR 24535743 a b Joel Hallan Varroidae Delfinado amp Baker 1974 Texas A amp M University Retrieved June 13 2010 Ramsey Samuel D Ochoa Ronald Bauchan Gary Gulbronson Connor Mowery Joseph D Cohen Allen Lim David Joklik Judith Cicero Joseph M 2019 01 29 Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 5 1792 1801 Bibcode 2019PNAS 116 1792R doi 10 1073 pnas 1818371116 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 6358713 PMID 30647116 Mites Viruses Sicken Bee Hives Colony Collapse Disorder Hawaiian Honeybee Infection LiveScience com 7 June 2012 Bees Wiped Out by Cascade of Deadly Events LiveScience com 17 May 2005 a b D L Anderson amp J W H Trueman 2000 Varroa jacobsoni Acari Varroidae is more than one species Experimental and Applied Acarology 24 3 165 189 doi 10 1023 A 1006456720416 PMID 11108385 S2CID 12271915 Isle of Man Government Bees www gov im Retrieved 2022 02 17 Zhi Qian Zhang 2000 Notes on Varroa destructor Acari Varroidae parasitic on honeybees in New Zealand PDF Systematic amp Applied Acarology Special Publications 5 9 14 New Varroa mite detection linked to Newcastle Newcastle Weekly 2022 07 04 Retrieved 2022 07 07 Here s what you need to know about the Varroa mite Australian National University 2022 07 04 Retrieved 2022 07 07 Researcher says feral bees face extinction as deadly mite spreads in swarms ABC News 2023 11 08 Retrieved 2023 11 09 Varroosis of honey bees infestation of honey bees with Varroa spp OIE Terrestrial Health Manual PDF World Organisation for Animal Health 2021 Kassai Tibor June 2006 Nomenclature for parasitic diseases cohabitation with inconsistency for how long and why Veterinary Parasitology 138 3 4 169 178 doi 10 1016 j vetpar 2006 02 019 PMID 16569483 Standardised Nomenclature of Animal Parasitic Diseases Archived from the original on 2014 03 04 Retrieved 2014 03 04 Varroosis in honey bees PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 08 13 Retrieved 2014 03 04 a b de Guzman L I Delfinado Baker M 1996 A new species of Varroa Acari Varroidae associated with Apis koschevnikovi Apidae Hymenoptera in Borneo International Journal of Acarology 22 1 23 27 Bibcode 1996IJAca 22 23D doi 10 1080 01647959608684077 a b de Guzman Lilia I Rinderer Thomas E 1999 Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees Apidologie 30 2 3 85 95 doi 10 1051 apido 19990201 Arista Bee Research Foundation for breeding varroa resistant honey bees aristabeeresearch org USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol 47 No 8 usda gov External links edit nbsp Media related to Varroa at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Varroa amp oldid 1224125883, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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