Each of the 12 muqams consists of a main section that begins with a long free rhythm introduction, followed by pieces with characteristic rhythmic patterns that gradually increase in speed. Each muqam consists of three parts, including naghma, dastan and mashrap. These pieces are arranged in the same sequence in each muqam, although not all muqams have the same pieces. These parts are known as teze, nuskha, small seliqe, jula, senem, large seliqe, peshru and tekit. Some have an associated instrumental piece known as a merghul ("decoration") following it. Although each named piece has its characteristic rhythmic pattern, the melodies differ, so each piece is generally known by the muqam and the piece: for example, "the Rak nuskha" or "the Segah jula". There are about 20 to 30 pieces of songs and musics, which might take approximately 2 hours to finish performing. It will take about 24 hours to perform all pieces of 12 muqams.
After the main section, there are two other sections, originally associated with other musical traditions, but included in muqams by performers such as Turdi Akhun and therefore included in the present 12 muqam tradition. The Dastan[1] section includes songs from several of the romantic dastan narratives found widely in Central and South Asia and the Middle East. Each dastan song is followed by an instrumental märghul. The Meshrep section consists of more lively dance songs that were originally connected with the performances of sama by dervish musicians of Turkistan.
Some Chinese scholars believe that the Uyghur Muqam can be traced back to the "Great Western Region Melody" (Chinese: 西域音乐; pinyin: Xīyù yīnyuè) developed during the Han (206 BCE–220 CE) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, from which it was imported and enjoyed in the courts of Central China.[2] It is however more likely that it was influenced by the Arabic maqam modal system that has led to many musical genres among peoples of Eurasia and North Africa. Uyghurs have local muqam systems named after their historic oasis towns which are currently in Xinjiang, such as Dolan, Ili, Kumul and Turpan. The most fully developed at this point is the Western Tarim region's 12 muqams, which are now a large canon of music and songs recorded from the traditional performers Turdi Akhun and Omar Akhun among others in the 1950s and edited into a more systematic system. Although the folk performers probably improvised their songs as in Turkish taksim performances, the present institutional canon is performed as fixed compositions by ensembles.
The concubine Amannissa Khan of the Yarkent Khanate (1526–1560) is credited with collecting and thereby preserving the Twelve Muqam, while reshaping its style to draw more from the indigenous traditions of the Tian Shan mountains and purging it of the Perso-Arabic.[3][4] After the Chinese Communist Revolution, the state commissioned musicians Wan Tongshu and Turdi Akhun to record the Muqams on tape, so that it could not be lost. They published their first album in 1960. From 2004 to 2008, over 7,000 performers have collaborated in a Chinese state project to proliferate seminars, research projects and recordings of the Muqam.[2]
In 2005, UNESCO designated The Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang as part of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[1]
^"Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative •• Türk Öykürleri Sandığı". from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
^ ab"The Mother of Uygur Music: Twelve Muqam". Tianshan Net. 2008-12-22. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^"Musical Treasure of the Uygurs". China Daily. 2002-12-24. from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^. Kashgar tourism. Government of Kashgar Prefecture. 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
Further readingedit
Harris, Rachel (2008). The Making of a Musical Canon in Chinese Central Asia: The Uyghur Twelve Muqam. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN9780754663829.
Light, Nathan (2008). Intimate Heritage: Creating Uyghur Muqam Song in Xinjiang. Berlin: Lit Verlag. ISBN9783825811204.
Trebinjac, Sabine (2000). Le pouvoir en chantant. Vol. 1: L'art de fabriquer une musique chinoise. Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie. ISBN9782901161370.
External linksedit
Listen to Uyghur Muqam
Music of the Uyghur by Rachel Harris and Yasin Mukhpul.
April 10, 2024
muqam, other, similarly, named, melody, types, maqam, confused, with, mugham, uyghur, ئۇيغۇر, مۇقامى, Муқам, chinese, 木卡姆, pinyin, mùkǎmǔ, melody, type, used, music, uyghurs, that, musical, mode, melodic, formulas, used, guide, improvisation, composition, cont. For other similarly named melody types see Maqam Not to be confused with Mugham A Muqam Uyghur ئۇيغۇر مۇقامى Mukam Chinese 木卡姆 pinyin Mukǎmǔ is the melody type used in the music of the Uyghurs that is a musical mode and set of melodic formulas used to guide improvisation and composition Contents 1 Twelve muqams 2 History and preservation 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksTwelve muqams editThe twelve muqams are Rak راك مۇقامى Rak 拉克 Lake Chebbiyat چەببىيات مۇقامى Chәbbiyat 且比亚特 Qiebǐyǎte Segah سىگاھ مۇقامى Segaһ 斯尕 Sigǎ Chahargah چاھارگاھ مۇقامى Chaһargaһ 恰尔尕 Qiaergǎ Penjigah پەنجىگاھ مۇقامى Pәnҗigaһ 潘尔尕 Panergǎ Ozhal ئۆزھال مۇقامى Өzhal 乌孜哈勒 Wuzihalei Ejem ئەجەم مۇقامى Әҗәm 艾且 Aiqie Oshaq ئوشاق مۇقامى Ushshak 乌夏克 Wuxiake Bayat بايات مۇقامى Bayat 巴雅提 Bayǎti Nawa ناۋا مۇقامى Nava 纳瓦 Nawǎ Mushawrek مۇشاۋىرەك مۇقامى Mushavrәk 木夏吾莱克 Muxiawulaike Iraq ئىراق مۇقامى Irak 依拉克 Yilake Each of the 12 muqams consists of a main section that begins with a long free rhythm introduction followed by pieces with characteristic rhythmic patterns that gradually increase in speed Each muqam consists of three parts including naghma dastan and mashrap These pieces are arranged in the same sequence in each muqam although not all muqams have the same pieces These parts are known as teze nuskha small seliqe jula senem large seliqe peshru and tekit Some have an associated instrumental piece known as a merghul decoration following it Although each named piece has its characteristic rhythmic pattern the melodies differ so each piece is generally known by the muqam and the piece for example the Rak nuskha or the Segah jula There are about 20 to 30 pieces of songs and musics which might take approximately 2 hours to finish performing It will take about 24 hours to perform all pieces of 12 muqams After the main section there are two other sections originally associated with other musical traditions but included in muqams by performers such as Turdi Akhun and therefore included in the present 12 muqam tradition The Dastan 1 section includes songs from several of the romantic dastan narratives found widely in Central and South Asia and the Middle East Each dastan song is followed by an instrumental marghul The Meshrep section consists of more lively dance songs that were originally connected with the performances of sama by dervish musicians of Turkistan History and preservation edit nbsp Museum for Muqam in Hami XinjiangSome Chinese scholars believe that the Uyghur Muqam can be traced back to the Great Western Region Melody Chinese 西域音乐 pinyin Xiyu yinyue developed during the Han 206 BCE 220 CE and Tang 618 907 dynasties from which it was imported and enjoyed in the courts of Central China 2 It is however more likely that it was influenced by the Arabic maqam modal system that has led to many musical genres among peoples of Eurasia and North Africa Uyghurs have local muqam systems named after their historic oasis towns which are currently in Xinjiang such as Dolan Ili Kumul and Turpan The most fully developed at this point is the Western Tarim region s 12 muqams which are now a large canon of music and songs recorded from the traditional performers Turdi Akhun and Omar Akhun among others in the 1950s and edited into a more systematic system Although the folk performers probably improvised their songs as in Turkish taksim performances the present institutional canon is performed as fixed compositions by ensembles The concubine Amannissa Khan of the Yarkent Khanate 1526 1560 is credited with collecting and thereby preserving the Twelve Muqam while reshaping its style to draw more from the indigenous traditions of the Tian Shan mountains and purging it of the Perso Arabic 3 4 After the Chinese Communist Revolution the state commissioned musicians Wan Tongshu and Turdi Akhun to record the Muqams on tape so that it could not be lost They published their first album in 1960 From 2004 to 2008 over 7 000 performers have collaborated in a Chinese state project to proliferate seminars research projects and recordings of the Muqam 2 In 2005 UNESCO designated The Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang as part of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity 1 See also editPersian traditional musicReferences edit Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative Turk Oykurleri Sandigi Archived from the original on 2016 10 19 Retrieved 2016 10 21 a b The Mother of Uygur Music Twelve Muqam Tianshan Net 2008 12 22 Archived from the original on 2013 01 16 Retrieved 2012 10 14 Musical Treasure of the Uygurs China Daily 2002 12 24 Archived from the original on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2012 10 14 12 Muqams and Amannisha Kashgar tourism Government of Kashgar Prefecture 2005 Archived from the original on 2011 07 21 Further reading editHarris Rachel 2008 The Making of a Musical Canon in Chinese Central Asia The Uyghur Twelve Muqam Ashgate Publishing ISBN 9780754663829 Light Nathan 2008 Intimate Heritage Creating Uyghur Muqam Song in Xinjiang Berlin Lit Verlag ISBN 9783825811204 Trebinjac Sabine 2000 Le pouvoir en chantant Vol 1 L art de fabriquer une musique chinoise Nanterre Societe d ethnologie ISBN 9782901161370 External links editListen to Uyghur Muqam Music of the Uyghur by Rachel Harris and Yasin Mukhpul Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muqam amp oldid 1216822603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
