Ustilago esculenta
Ustilago esculenta is a species of fungus in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi. It is in the same genus as the fungi that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This species is pathogenic as well, attacking Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia), also known as Manchurian ricegrass, Asian wild rice,[2] and wateroat.[3] This grass is its only known host.[4]
| Ustilago esculenta | |
|---|---|
| Zizania latifolia stems galled by smut fungus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Ustilaginomycetes |
| Order: | Ustilaginales |
| Family: | Ustilaginaceae |
| Genus: | Ustilago |
| Species: | U. esculenta |
| Binomial name | |
| Ustilago esculenta | |
| Synonyms | |
| Melanopsichium esculentum (Henn.) Mundk. & Thirum. (1946) | |
Zizania latifolia is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called gau-soon and kal-peh-soon[5] (also, gau sun and kah peh sung)[2] and jiaobai in China.[6] Its Japanese name is makomotake.[7] The galled section of the stem is 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) wide and up to 20 centimeters (10 in) long.[4] This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China,[2] at least 400 years.[8] It is popular for its flavor and tender texture.[9] Its taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots. It is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.[10] The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.[4]
When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy, its cells increasing in size and number. The fungus destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed. The crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.[5] The fungus can also be transmitted directly in the rhizome.[4]
If conditions such as temperature are off, the stem becomes filled with dark-colored, sand-like fungal spores instead of swelling into a vegetable, ruining the crop.[4][10] Also, there are two known strains of the fungus. One causes the swelling of the stem tissues which produces the vegetable, but the other does not; instead, it fills the stem with spores.[9]
Besides food, the smut-infested stems of the plant have been used medicinally in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease.[9] The spores themselves are used in art. They serve as pigment in Japanese lacquerware, where their brownish color produces a rusty tone to the work. There is a case report of a lacquerware artist who developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis after dusting her work with the spores and then blowing off the excess.[11]
This fungus is federally regulated in the United States. It is thought to pose a threat to North American wild rice. As it prevents the flowering and seed-producing ability of Asian wild rice, it is feared that it could halt grain production if it successfully attacked the local wild rice species.[10] Despite quarantines, a small plot of smut-infested Z. latifolia was discovered growing near Modesto, California, in 1991, and it was destroyed to prevent its spread.[12]
References
- ^ Hennings, P. (1895). "Neue und interessante Pilze aus dem Königl. botanischen Museum in Berlin. III". Hedwigia (in German). 34 (1): 10–13.
- ^ a b c Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Economic Botany 36(3) 274–85.
- ^ Chen, R. and D. D. Tzeng. (1999). PCR-mediated detection of Ustilago esculenta in wateroat (Zizania latifolia) by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. Plant Pathology Bulletin 8 149–156.
- ^ a b c d e Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2) 246–52.
- ^ a b Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50.
- ^ Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between Ustilago esculenta and Zizania latifolia. Mycological Progress 11(2) 499–508.
- ^ Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 70(11) 2800-02.
- ^ Oritani, Y., et al. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia) infected with Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.
- ^ a b c You, W., et al. (2011). Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta. Current Microbiology 62 44–54.
- ^ a b c Yamaguchi, M. 1990. Asian Vegetables. pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
- ^ Yoshida, K., et al. (1996). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by a smut fungus Ustilago esculenta. Thorax 51 650–51.
- ^ Watson, T., et al. (1991). Disease Note: Smut of Manchurian wild rice caused by Ustilago esculenta in California. Plant Dis. 75 1075.