Usora (Latin: Vozora, Hungarian: Ózora) was important zemlja (transl. land; feudalna oblast transl. feudal region) of the medievalBosnian state, first banate and later kingdom, although it also had some periods outside its jurisdiction and royal authority, when it was connected with neighboring banates of Slavonia, or Mačva at times. The administrative seat of this zemlja was Srebrenik, which also served as residence for its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state.[1] It took its name from the river Usora.
Zemlja Usora
Usora
Zemlja (Land) of Bosnian Banate, Bosnian Kingdom
earliest mention 20 July 1244–after 1463
Zemlja's in the development of the medieval Bosnian state.
Terra Tolis, Župa Modnna, Župa Nenavište, Župa Tešanj, Župa Gradačac, Župa Visori, Župa Koraj, Župa Ukrinica; later Župa Soli, Župa Sapna, Župa Zaušije;
The name of the land of Usora derives from the eponymous river, which runs through its territories for approximately 80 kilometers, in direction south-southwest to north-northeast, and spills into the river Bosna just south of town of Doboj.
Geography and locationEdit
Usora was the northernmost Bosnian land (zemlja), occupying very fertile Pannonian Plain, and its geographical location roughly correspond to modern-day Northern Bosnia gravitating toward Posavina. Its territory stretched roughly from the area of Kulaši and Prnjavor to its west, to Srebrenik and Lukavac to its east, the river Sava to its north and Žepče to its south. The land of Usora had many strong fortresses and towns on its territory, the most famous ones being Doboj (13th century), Srebrenik (1333), Dobor fortress (1387), Glaž (12th century), Soko fortress (14th century), Tešanj (14th century), Modriča town (13th century), and Maglaj (15th century).[citation needed]
HistoryEdit
The region of Usora was first mentioned in a bull (decree) dated 20 July 1244 by the King Bela IV of Hungary, in which he assigned some properties to the Bishop of Bosnia, naming the territories: quod episeopus (Bosnensis) et capitulum decimas in Vozora, in Sou, in Olfeld et in aliis supis ... habeant et percipiant (Vozora referring to Usora, Sou to Soli, and Olfeld to Donji Kraji).[2][3]
Although it was nominally included into the Hungarian Crown Lands, the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state for the course of its existence,[4][5][6] including Usora, which under Bosnia always retained certain amount of autonomy.[7]
BattlesEdit
Map of medieval Usora with local finds - bascinet helmet and sword (Regional Museum, Doboj)
Notable battles include Battle of Srebrenik (1363), Battle of Dobor (1394) and (1408), and the Battle of Doboj (1415). During its history, this zemlja had been separated several times from the Banate of Bosnia and later Bosnian Kingdom, mostly by the Kingdom of Hungary which appointed rulers of this region, and sometimes attached it to Slavonian Banate. Prominent families, such as Babonići had estates there while the territories were part of Slavonian Banate. Bosnian bans and kings, starting with 1324 and Stephen II Kotromanić, who reclaimed Usora, and added both Usora and Soli to his title[8] have relinquished direct rule over Land of Usora and started appointing their vassals as rulers, ending with the last Duke of Usora, Tvrtko Stančić, who died in May 1463 during Ottoman conquest of Bosnia.
ReligionEdit
On its territory Bosnian Church flourished since the 13th century, strongly supported by local nobility. The Church held spacious land possessions, located between Dobor, in the south, and Dubnica near the Sava, in the north. Presence of Christian slavery was outlawed and frowned upon in Southeastern Europe, however, there are numerous documents citing free sales of Usoran women and children on the slave-markets of Dubrovnik Republic, as late as the mid 15th century, as they were considered adherents of heretical Bosnian Church and thus, non-Christian in the official canonical view.[citation needed]
EconomyEdit
Because of its geographical location, descending from the region of low hills in its south ends and spreading through north-Bosnian lowlands into the fertile Pannonian plains towards the Sava River, Usora had rich agriculture based economy. The Sava was always frequent trading route, and had rich fisheries. This economic potential, more often than not, made Usora most common battleground between Bosnians and the Hungarian kings who viewed them as subordinate. Usora was also famous for well developed falconry among its nobility.[citation needed]
List of rulersEdit
Bosnian Kingdom and its zemljas at the beginning of the 15th century.
1190s-1220: Stjepan, Ban of Bosnia, likely also ruled Soli, first historically documented ruler of Usora;
1220-1241: Sibislav, son of ban Stjepan, supported Hungary in its crusade against Bosnian Church;
1241–1247: Matej Ninoslav, the Ban of Bosnia, waged defensive war against Hungary, and after the loss of Usora to Hungarians, he remained the ban of all other Bosnian lands until his death in 1250;
1322-1329: Stjepan II, also ban of Bosnia, grandson of Vladislav; from 1322, when Stephen II Kotromanic became a ban of Bosnia, Usora was part of his realm and was included in the titles of all subsequent bans and kings in Bosnia;
1329-1353: Vojko, Duke of Usora (land of Soli absorbed into Usora as župa Soli by 1330), Bosnian nobleman and vassal to Stjepan II, ban of Bosnia;
1353-1377: Tvrtko Ivanić, Duke of Usora, Bosnian nobleman and vassal to the first Bosnian King Tvrtko I Kotromanić;
1377-1395: Vlatko Tvrtković, son of Duke Tvrtko of Usora, Bosnian nobleman and vassal to king Tvrtko I;
1395-1400: Vučina Vlatković, son of Duke Vlatko of Usora, Bosnian nobleman and vassal to Bosnian king Dabiša;
1424-1430: Vukašin Zlatonosović, Vukmir's brother, Bosnian nobleman and vassal to the Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanić;
1435-1444: Matko Talovac, ban of Usora, vassal to king Tvrtko II;
1444-1463: Tvrtko Stančić, Duke of Usora, Bosnian nobleman and vassal to kings Thomas Kotromanić and Stjepan Tomašević, died in May 1463 while defending Bosnia from the Ottoman conquest.
List of Usora rulers after 1463Edit
Last Usora rulers governed re-organized region after the fall of Kotromanićs and conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom's territories south of Jajce and Usora by the Ottoman Empire in 1463.
1464-1477: Nicholas of Ilok, Duke of Usora, Macso, Slavonia and Dalmatia 1464-1471, and puppet king of Bosnia 1471-1477, installed by the Hungarians as a ruler of a buffer state against Ottomans.
1465-1476: Matija Sabančić-Radivojević, son of Radivoj Ostojić, younger brother of Bosnian king Tomas Kotromanić, puppet Bosnian king installed by Ottomans as a counter measure to Nicholas of Ilok.
1476-1476: Matija Vojsalić, second and last puppet king in Bosnia installed by Ottomans, ruled only 6 fortresses in central and south Usora (Doboj, Maglaj, Tešanj, Žepče, Vranduk and Travnik).
Interregnum and titular rulers under Hungarian suzeraintyEdit
Second half of the 13th century was a period after Matej Ninoslav lost it to Hungary, and the rulers were appointed by the King of Hungary.
1247–1262: Rostislav Mikhailovich, Russian prince from Rurik dynasty, also Duke of Macso.
1262–1272: Bela, son of Rostislav, also Duke of Macso.
Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-08149-7.
Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-08260-4.
Klaić, Nada (1989). Srednjovjekovna Bosna: Politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.). Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske. ISBN978-86-399-0104-2.
Vego, Marko (1982). Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
Ćirković, Sima (2014) [1964]. "The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia". Balcanica (45): 107–143. doi:10.2298/BALC1445107C.
Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN978-0-88402-021-9.
ReferencesEdit
^Anđelić, Pavao (1982). "Chapter: Usora i Soli". Studije o teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji srednjovjekovne Bosne (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: "Svjetlost," OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost. pp. 237–238. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^Vjekoslav Klaić (March 1880). "Topografske sitnice (I)". Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum (in Croatian). Archaeological Museum, Zagreb. 2 (1): 68. ISSN 0350-7165. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^Pavo Živković; Marija Brandić (May 2007). "Usora i Soli u prva dva stoljeća turske prevlasti". Povijesni zbornik: Godišnjak za kulturu i povijesno nasljeđe (in Croatian). Faculty of Philosophy, University of Osijek. 1 (1–2): 58–59. ISSN 1846-3819. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^Paul Mojzes. Religion and the war in Bosnia. Oxford University Press, 2000, p 22.
^Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN978-0-472-08260-5.
^Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 277. ISBN978-0-472-08260-5.
usora, zemlja, usora, latin, vozora, hungarian, Ózora, important, zemlja, transl, land, feudalna, oblast, transl, feudal, region, medieval, bosnian, state, first, banate, later, kingdom, although, also, some, periods, outside, jurisdiction, royal, authority, w. Usora Latin Vozora Hungarian ozora was important zemlja transl land feudalna oblast transl feudal region of the medieval Bosnian state first banate and later kingdom although it also had some periods outside its jurisdiction and royal authority when it was connected with neighboring banates of Slavonia or Macva at times The administrative seat of this zemlja was Srebrenik which also served as residence for its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state 1 It took its name from the river Usora Zemlja UsoraUsoraZemlja Land of Bosnian Banate Bosnian Kingdomearliest mention 20 July 1244 after 1463Zemlja s in the development of the medieval Bosnian state CapitalSrebrenik TesanjArea Coordinates44 20 30 N 17 16 10 E 44 341667 N 17 269444 E 44 341667 17 269444HistoryStatusZemlja Land Government TypeFeudalDuke of Bosnia or Grand Knyaz of Bosnia 1241 1247Matej Ninoslav 1353 1377Tvrtko Ivanic 1377 1395Vlatko Tvrtkovic 1395 1400Vucina Vlatkovic 1400 1424Vukmir Zlatonosovic 1424 1430Vukasin Zlatonosovic 1444 1463Tvrtko Stancic Historical eraMedieval Bosnia Establishedearliest mention 20 July 1244 Disestablishedafter 1463Contained within BanateBanate of Bosnia KingdomKingdom of BosniaSubdivisions TypeZupa UnitsTerra Tolis Zupa Modnna Zupa Nenaviste Zupa Tesanj Zupa Gradacac Zupa Visori Zupa Koraj Zupa Ukrinica later Zupa Soli Zupa Sapna Zupa Zausije Succeeded byBanate of JajceSanjak of BosniaToday part ofBosnia and Herzegovina Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography and location 3 History 3 1 Battles 4 Religion 5 Economy 6 List of rulers 6 1 List of Usora rulers after 1463 6 2 Interregnum and titular rulers under Hungarian suzerainty 7 See also 8 Sources 9 ReferencesEtymology EditThe name of the land of Usora derives from the eponymous river which runs through its territories for approximately 80 kilometers in direction south southwest to north northeast and spills into the river Bosna just south of town of Doboj Geography and location EditUsora was the northernmost Bosnian land zemlja occupying very fertile Pannonian Plain and its geographical location roughly correspond to modern day Northern Bosnia gravitating toward Posavina Its territory stretched roughly from the area of Kulasi and Prnjavor to its west to Srebrenik and Lukavac to its east the river Sava to its north and Zepce to its south The land of Usora had many strong fortresses and towns on its territory the most famous ones being Doboj 13th century Srebrenik 1333 Dobor fortress 1387 Glaz 12th century Soko fortress 14th century Tesanj 14th century Modrica town 13th century and Maglaj 15th century citation needed History EditThe region of Usora was first mentioned in a bull decree dated 20 July 1244 by the King Bela IV of Hungary in which he assigned some properties to the Bishop of Bosnia naming the territories quod episeopus Bosnensis et capitulum decimas in Vozora in Sou in Olfeld et in aliis supis habeant et percipiant Vozora referring to Usora Sou to Soli and Olfeld to Donji Kraji 2 3 Although it was nominally included into the Hungarian Crown Lands the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state for the course of its existence 4 5 6 including Usora which under Bosnia always retained certain amount of autonomy 7 Battles Edit nbsp Map of medieval Usora with local finds bascinet helmet and sword Regional Museum Doboj Notable battles include Battle of Srebrenik 1363 Battle of Dobor 1394 and 1408 and the Battle of Doboj 1415 During its history this zemlja had been separated several times from the Banate of Bosnia and later Bosnian Kingdom mostly by the Kingdom of Hungary which appointed rulers of this region and sometimes attached it to Slavonian Banate Prominent families such as Babonici had estates there while the territories were part of Slavonian Banate Bosnian bans and kings starting with 1324 and Stephen II Kotromanic who reclaimed Usora and added both Usora and Soli to his title 8 have relinquished direct rule over Land of Usora and started appointing their vassals as rulers ending with the last Duke of Usora Tvrtko Stancic who died in May 1463 during Ottoman conquest of Bosnia Religion EditOn its territory Bosnian Church flourished since the 13th century strongly supported by local nobility The Church held spacious land possessions located between Dobor in the south and Dubnica near the Sava in the north Presence of Christian slavery was outlawed and frowned upon in Southeastern Europe however there are numerous documents citing free sales of Usoran women and children on the slave markets of Dubrovnik Republic as late as the mid 15th century as they were considered adherents of heretical Bosnian Church and thus non Christian in the official canonical view citation needed Economy EditBecause of its geographical location descending from the region of low hills in its south ends and spreading through north Bosnian lowlands into the fertile Pannonian plains towards the Sava River Usora had rich agriculture based economy The Sava was always frequent trading route and had rich fisheries This economic potential more often than not made Usora most common battleground between Bosnians and the Hungarian kings who viewed them as subordinate Usora was also famous for well developed falconry among its nobility citation needed List of rulers Edit nbsp Bosnian Kingdom and its zemljas at the beginning of the 15th century 1190s 1220 Stjepan Ban of Bosnia likely also ruled Soli first historically documented ruler of Usora 1220 1241 Sibislav son of ban Stjepan supported Hungary in its crusade against Bosnian Church 1241 1247 Matej Ninoslav the Ban of Bosnia waged defensive war against Hungary and after the loss of Usora to Hungarians he remained the ban of all other Bosnian lands until his death in 1250 1322 1329 Stjepan II also ban of Bosnia grandson of Vladislav from 1322 when Stephen II Kotromanic became a ban of Bosnia Usora was part of his realm and was included in the titles of all subsequent bans and kings in Bosnia 1329 1353 Vojko Duke of Usora land of Soli absorbed into Usora as zupa Soli by 1330 Bosnian nobleman and vassal to Stjepan II ban of Bosnia 1353 1377 Tvrtko Ivanic Duke of Usora Bosnian nobleman and vassal to the first Bosnian King Tvrtko I Kotromanic 1377 1395 Vlatko Tvrtkovic son of Duke Tvrtko of Usora Bosnian nobleman and vassal to king Tvrtko I 1395 1400 Vucina Vlatkovic son of Duke Vlatko of Usora Bosnian nobleman and vassal to Bosnian king Dabisa 1400 1424 Vukmir Zlatonosovic Bosnian nobleman and vassal to Bosnian royal Kotromanic dynasty 1424 1430 Vukasin Zlatonosovic Vukmir s brother Bosnian nobleman and vassal to the Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanic 1435 1444 Matko Talovac ban of Usora vassal to king Tvrtko II 1444 1463 Tvrtko Stancic Duke of Usora Bosnian nobleman and vassal to kings Thomas Kotromanic and Stjepan Tomasevic died in May 1463 while defending Bosnia from the Ottoman conquest List of Usora rulers after 1463 Edit Last Usora rulers governed re organized region after the fall of Kotromanics and conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom s territories south of Jajce and Usora by the Ottoman Empire in 1463 1464 1477 Nicholas of Ilok Duke of Usora Macso Slavonia and Dalmatia 1464 1471 and puppet king of Bosnia 1471 1477 installed by the Hungarians as a ruler of a buffer state against Ottomans 1465 1476 Matija Sabancic Radivojevic son of Radivoj Ostojic younger brother of Bosnian king Tomas Kotromanic puppet Bosnian king installed by Ottomans as a counter measure to Nicholas of Ilok 1476 1476 Matija Vojsalic second and last puppet king in Bosnia installed by Ottomans ruled only 6 fortresses in central and south Usora Doboj Maglaj Tesanj Zepce Vranduk and Travnik Interregnum and titular rulers under Hungarian suzerainty Edit Second half of the 13th century was a period after Matej Ninoslav lost it to Hungary and the rulers were appointed by the King of Hungary 1247 1262 Rostislav Mikhailovich Russian prince from Rurik dynasty also Duke of Macso 1262 1272 Bela son of Rostislav also Duke of Macso 1272 1273 Henry I Koszegi also titular ban of Soli 1273 1275 Ernye Akos also titular ban of Soli 1284 1316 Stefan Dragutin also king of Syrmia 1316 1322 Vladislav also king of Syrmia son of the preceding See also EditSoli zemlja Sources EditFine John Van Antwerp Jr 1991 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08149 7 Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1994 1987 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Klaic Nada 1989 Srednjovjekovna Bosna Politicki polozaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe 1377 g Zagreb Graficki zavod Hrvatske ISBN 978 86 399 0104 2 Malcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A Short History New York NYU Press ISBN 978 0 8147 5520 4 Vego Marko 1982 Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske drzave Sarajevo Svjetlost Cirkovic Sima 2014 1964 The Double Wreath A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia Balcanica 45 107 143 doi 10 2298 BALC1445107C Cirkovic Sima 2004 The Serbs Malden Blackwell Publishing ISBN 978 1 4051 4291 5 Moravcsik Gyula ed 1967 1949 Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio 2nd revised ed Washington D C Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies ISBN 978 0 88402 021 9 References Edit Anđelic Pavao 1982 Chapter Usora i Soli Studije o teritorijalnopolitickoj organizaciji srednjovjekovne Bosne in Serbo Croatian Sarajevo Svjetlost OOUR Izdavacka djelatnost pp 237 238 Retrieved 4 December 2019 Vjekoslav Klaic March 1880 Topografske sitnice I Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum in Croatian Archaeological Museum Zagreb 2 1 68 ISSN 0350 7165 Retrieved 2012 09 02 Pavo Zivkovic Marija Brandic May 2007 Usora i Soli u prva dva stoljeca turske prevlasti Povijesni zbornik Godisnjak za kulturu i povijesno nasljeđe in Croatian Faculty of Philosophy University of Osijek 1 1 2 58 59 ISSN 1846 3819 Retrieved 2012 09 02 Paul Mojzes Religion and the war in Bosnia Oxford University Press 2000 p 22 Fine 1994 pp 44 148 Vego 1982 p 104 Fine John V A Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 08260 5 Fine John V A Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest University of Michigan Press p 277 ISBN 978 0 472 08260 5 44 42 N 18 29 E 44 700 N 18 483 E 44 700 18 483 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Usora zemlja amp oldid 1177967619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
