Age appropriateness

Age appropriateness refers to people behaving as predicted by their perspective timetable of development. The perspective timetable is embedded throughout people's social life, primarily based on socially-agreed age expectations and age norms. For a given behavior, such as crawling, learning to walk, learning to talk, etc., there are years within which the behavior is regarded appropriate. By contrast, if the behavior falls out of the age range, it will be considered age-inappropriate. Most people are adhered to these age norms and are aware of whether their timing is "early," "delayed," or "on time."^[1]

Age appropriateness is considered essential for children's skills development. Children's motor, cognitive and social skills are formed through several development stages. Looking at a child's functional development involves observing whether or not the child has mastered certain developmental milestones and expectations for his or her age. Lack of exposure to age-appropriate activities and experiences in a specific stage is thought to prevent a child from gaining the skills necessary for their current and thus their next stage of development.

There are various sanctions associated with age inappropriateness, ranging from social isolation, damage to physical health and cognitive development, and forming of improper behaviour.^[1]

Social participation

Application

Age-appropriate social skills and communication with peers can be interpreted in terms of cause and effect. Insufficient sets of age-appropriate social skills result in difficulty establishing social relations, and lack of social ties can worsen the underdeveloped set of social skills.^[2]

Students prefer to associate with those similar to them in various dimensions, such as age, gender, race, educational attainment, values, interests and/or beliefs, etc. This phenomenon is termed homophily. Therefore, normal students with age-appropriate social skills are more likely to gather together, building up friendships and cohesive groups within peers.

Sanctions of age-inappropriateness

Students with special needs, especially those with autism spectrum disorders and serious behavioural disorders, experience severe obstacles in social participation, which involves building up friendships or relationships, contacts or interactions, social self-perception, and being accepted by classmates.

These experiences of segregation in the early school years may threaten children's social development directly. Their lack of contact with peers, underdevelopment of age-appropriate social skills, and negative self-concepts result in externalizing, such as aggression, and internalizing problems, such as anxiety.^[2]

School entry

Applications

School is an institute designed to provide students with learning spaces and environments under the guidance of teachers, where students lay the foundation and get prepared for future skill development. Therefore, it is vital that children enter school at an appropriate age.

Some students are older-within-cohort, which means they fall outside their cohort's standard 12-month age range, either because they are forced to hold back or voluntarily postpone the entry. Forced grade retention occurs because students fail to catch up with peers or their families fail to support their studies. Voluntary late access to school is termed "academic redshirting." Redshirting happens among students who have a relatively late birthday just before the cutoff date (September 30) or those considered relatively immature for school. Both forced and voluntary retention aims to spare time for the students to catch up or get prepared.^[3]

There are four views comparing the strengths and weaknesses of delayed and on-time entry.

• The nativist view states that children should be adequately mature when entering school.
• The environmental view holds that children's readiness for school is evaluated by the amount of common knowledge they have.
• The social constructivist view states that school readiness depends on individual, social, and cultural backgrounds.
• The interactionist view considers readiness as bi-directional, regarding both students' readiness and the capacity of the school to meet the child's needs.

The nativist and social constructivist stand for retention since they believe it prepares children for school, predicting better academic performance. On the other hand, the environmental and interactionist views are often the basis for on-time schooling because it is age-appropriate for children to do so, and school will accommodate variations in students.^[3]

Sanctions of age-inappropriateness

Research has shown that retention or "redshirting" generates few academic advantages. Though delayed entry could generate statistically significant improvements in academic performance in the short run (usually in the first three years), the progress loses its significance in the long run. Long-term speaking, markedly older-for-cohort students were higher in school disengagement, lower in positive intentions, lower in homework completion, and lower in performance scores. These findings stand for environmental and interactionist views, enhancing the importance of age appropriateness in children's development.^[4]

Playing

Application

It is crucial that parents select appropriate toys for children to aid their development and ensure their safety. Various guidelines have been published to ensure toy safety, such as U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the US, Guidance on Toy Safety by EU Commission, etc.

Importance of age-appropriateness

Research has shown that appropriate playing enhances children's development in 4 dimensions:

1. physical development
2. cognitive development (creativity, discovery, language skills, verbal judgment and reasoning, symbolic thought, problem-solving skills, and the ability to focus and control behaviour),
3. emotional development (awareness, sensitivity to others, emotional strength and stability, spontaneity, humour, and feelings about self)
4. social development (social learning)

These toys match with children's current developmental skills and abilities, further encouraging the development of new skills.^[5]

In determining toy safety, the toy's characteristics, how the toy might be used or abused, and the amount of supervision needed for playing safely should be considered. Typical risky toys may include high-powered magnetic objects, toys with small parts that could cause a potentially fatal choking hazard, etc.^[5]

Exposure to media

Application

Various content rating systems have been developed to prevent the harm that age-inappropriate media presentations bring to children. The two main categories of rating are the evaluating rating system based on age appropriateness and the descriptive rating system based on the content description.^[6]

Examples of evaluating rating systems include the Canadian Home Video Rating System, Korea Media Rating Board, the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board of the Philippines, the Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand), the British Board of Film Classification, the Australian Classification Board, and the Film Classification and Rating Organization (Eirin) of Japan.

Sanctions of age-inappropriateness

Meta-analyses have shown that exposure to media violence promotes aggressive behaviour, increases acceptance of violence and hostility, and results in antisocial outcomes. Also, research shows that pornographic and mainstream erotic materials encourage sexual callousness, cynical attitudes about love and marriage, and perceptions that promiscuity is normal. The negative effects on the brain and within relationships will be highly intensified when sexual content is combined with violent content.^[7]

See also

• Adultism
• Ageism
• Elsagate
• Family-friendly
• Lie-to-children
• Status offense
• Children's Online Privacy Protection Act

References

1. Neugarten, Bernice L.; Moore, Joan W.; Lowe, John C. (1965). "Age Norms, Age Constraints, and Adult Socialization". American Journal of Sociology. 70 (6): 710–717. doi:10.1086/223965. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2774397. PMID 14298073. S2CID 33938303.
2. Frostad, Per; Pijl, Sip Jan (2007). "Does being friendly help in making friends? The relation between the social position and social skills of pupils with special needs in mainstream education". European Journal of Special Needs Education. 22 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1080/08856250601082224. ISSN 0885-6257. S2CID 145272251.
3. Martin, Andrew J. (2009). "Age appropriateness and motivation, engagement, and performance in high school: Effects of age within cohort, grade retention, and delayed school entry". Journal of Educational Psychology. Journal of Educational Psychology 101, 101-114. 101: 101–114. doi:10.1037/a0013100.
4. Bickel, Donna DiPrima; Zigmond, Naomi; Strayhorn, Joseph (1991-06-01). "Chronological age at entrance to first grade: Effects on elementary school success". Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 6 (2): 105–117. doi:10.1016/0885-2006(91)90001-2. ISSN 0885-2006.
5. Smith, Timothy P.; Therrell, James A.; Brown, Pei-San; Sutterby, John A.; Thornton, Candra D. (2002). "Age Determination Guidelines: Relating Children's Ages To Toy Characteristics and Play Behavior". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e442552005-001. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
6. Bushman, Brad J.; Cantor, Joanne (2003). "Media ratings for violence and sex: Implications for policymakers and parents". American Psychologist. 58 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.2.130. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 12747015.
7. Kunaharan, Sajeev; Halpin, Sean; Sitharthan, Thiagarajan; Walla, Peter (2020-03-05). "Do Varying Levels of Exposure to Pornography and Violence Have an Effect on Non-Conscious Emotion in Men?". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (4): 1215–1229. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01550-8. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32140872. S2CID 254266529.

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1. Toys safety guidance by U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission(CPSC)
2. Guidance on Toy Safety by EU Commission
3. Canadian Home Video Rating System
4. Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)
5. British Board of Film Classification
6. Australian Classification Board
7. Film Classification and Rating Organization