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Universal flu vaccine

December 15, 2023

A universal flu vaccine is a flu vaccine that is effective against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type, antigenic drift or antigenic shift.[1][2][3][page needed] Hence it should not require modification from year to year. As of 2021 no universal flu vaccine had been approved for general use, several were in development,[1] and one was in clinical trial.[4]

The Influenza virus has both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes that are being used as antigen binding sites in the search for a universal vaccine.

Medical uses edit

New vaccines against currently circulating influenza variants are required every year due to the diversity of flu viruses and variable efficacy of vaccines to prevent them. A universal vaccine would eliminate the need to create a vaccine for each year's variants. The efficacy of a vaccine refers to the protection against a broad variety of influenza strains. Events such as antigenic shift have created pandemic strains such as the H1N1 outbreak in 2009. The research required every year to isolate a potential popular viral strain and create a vaccine to defend against it is a six-month-long process; during that time the virus can mutate, making the vaccines less effective.[5]

High-risk populations, including the elderly and those with chronic disease, often acquire only limited immunity towards the flu from vaccines. The vaccines have been found to be 30% to 70% effective in preventing hospitalization from the flu or pneumonia.[citation needed]

On average influenza vaccine efficacy is 60% among the general population that receive yearly vaccinations.[citation needed]

A universal vaccine could be manufactured in quantity and eliminate availability and supply issues of current vaccines.[6] There is conflicting evidence on whether it would cut costs.[7]

Structure of influenza edit

Influenza A is involved in most strains of the flu. It is an enveloped RNA virus. It has a protein membrane containing the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which are used by the virus to enter a host cell and to release itself and its copies from the host cell. Each strain of the influenza virus has a different pattern of glycoproteins; the glycoproteins themselves have variability as well.[3]

History edit

 
A prototype for a universal flu vaccine. The blue protein scaffold supports eight green influenza hemagglutinin proteins arrayed to present antibody binding sites

In 2008, Acambis announced work on a universal flu vaccine (ACAM-FLU-ATM) based on the less variable M2 protein component of the flu virus shell.[8] See also H5N1 vaccines.

In 2009, the Wistar Institute in Pennsylvania received a patent for using "a variety of peptides" in a flu vaccine, and announced it was seeking a corporate partner.[9]

In 2010, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the U.S. NIH announced a breakthrough; the effort targets the stem, which mutates less often than the head of the viral HA.[10][11]

By 2010 some universal flu vaccines had started clinical trials.

  • BiondVax identified 9 conserved epitopes of the influenza virus and combined them into a recombinant protein called Multimeric-001.[12][13] All seven of Biondvax's completed phase 2 human trials demonstrated safety and significant levels of immunogenicity. More recently[when?], Biondvax undertook a two-year, phase 3 study of Multimeric-001, its candidate universal influenza vaccine. In October 2020, results of the phase 3 study were published, indicating no apparent efficacy.
  • ITS's fp01[14] includes 6 peptide antigens to highly conserved segments of the PA, PB1, PB2, NP & M1 proteins, and has started phase I trials.

DNA vaccines, such as VGX-3400X (aimed at multiple H5N1 strains), contain DNA fragments (plasmids).[15][16] Inovio's SynCon DNA vaccines include H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes.[17]

Other companies pursuing the vaccine as of 2009 and 2010 include Theraclone,[18] VaxInnate,[19] Crucell NV,[20] Inovio Pharmaceuticals,[15] Immune Targeting Systems (ITS)[21] and iQur.[22]

In 2019, Distributed Bio completed pre-clinical trials of a vaccine that consists of computationally selected distant evolutionary variants of hemagglutinin epitopes and is expected to begin human trials in 2021.[23]

In recent years, research has concerned use of an antigen for the flu hemagglutinin (HA) stem. Based on the results of animal studies, a universal flu vaccine may use a two-step vaccination strategy: priming with a DNA-based HA vaccine, followed by a second dose with an inactivated, attenuated, or adenovirus-vector-based vaccine.[24]

Some people given a 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine have developed broadly protective antibodies, raising hopes for a universal flu vaccine.[25][26][27]

A vaccine based on the hemagglutinin (HA) stem was the first to induce "broadly neutralizing" antibodies to both HA-group 1 and HA-group 2 influenza in mice.[28]

In July 2011, researchers created an antibody, which targets a protein found on the surface of all influenza A viruses called haemagglutinin.[29][30][31] FI6 is the only known antibody that binds (its neutralizing activity is controversial) to all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and might be the lynchpin for a universal influenza vaccine.[29][30][31] The subdomain of the hemagglutinin that is targeted by FI6, namely the stalk domain, was actually successfully used earlier as universal influenza virus vaccine by Peter Palese's research group at Mount Sinai School of Medicine.[32]

Other vaccines are polypeptide based.[33]

Research edit

A study from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where researchers deleted gD-2 from the herpes virus, which is responsible for HSV microbes entering in and out of cells showed as of May 1, 2018 the same vaccine can be used in a modified way to contain hemagglutinin and invoke a special ADCC immune response.[34]

The Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the Icahn School of Medicine in Mount Sinai in New York are using the glycoprotein neuraminidase as a targeted antigen in their research. Three monoclonal antibodies (mAB) were sampled from a patient infected with influenza A H3N2 virus. The antibodies were able to bind to the neuraminidase active site neutralizing the virus across multiple strains. The site remains the same with minimal variability across most of the flu strains. In trials using mice all three antibodies were effective across multiple strains, one antibody was able to protect the mice from all 12 strains tested including human and non-human flu viruses. All mice used in the experiments survived even if the antibody was not administered until 72 hours after the time of infection.[35]

Simultaneously the NIAID is working on a peptide vaccine that is starting human clinical trials in the 2019 flu season. The study will include 10,000 participants who will be monitored for two flu seasons. The vaccine will show efficacy if it is able to reduce the number of influenza cases in all strains.[36]

There have been some clinical trials of the M-001[37][38][39][40][41] and H1ssF_3928 universal influenza vaccine candidates. As of August 2020, all seven M-001 trials are completed. Each one of these studies resulted in the conclusion that M-001 is safe, tolerable, and immunogenic. Their pivotal Phase III study with 12,400 participants was completed and results of the data analysis were published in October 2020, indicating that the vaccine did not show any statistical difference from the placebo group in reduction of flu illness and severity.[42][43][44]

In 2019–2020, a vaccine candidate from Peter Palese's group at Mount Sinai Hospital emerged from a phase 1 clinical trial with positive results. By vaccinating twice with hemagglutinins that have different "heads" but the same membrane-proximal "stalk", the immune system is directed to focus its attention on the conserved stalk.[45][46]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ Khanna M, Sharma S, Kumar B, Rajput R (25 May 2014). "Protective Immunity Based on the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain and Its Prospects for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development". BioMed Research International (Review). 2014: 546274. doi:10.1155/2014/546274. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4055638. PMID 24982895. 546274.
  3. ^ a b Sherwood, Linda M (2017). Prescott's Microbiology (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259281594.
  4. ^ Balfour, Hannah (2 June 2021). "First-in-human universal flu vaccine trial begins". European Pharmaceutical Review. United Kingdom: Russell Publishing Ltd. The Phase I trial (NCT04896086) will assess the safety and immunogenicity of the experimental vaccine, FluMos-v1
  5. ^ Corona A (3 August 2020). "A Universal Influenza Vaccine: How Close Are We?". American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  6. ^ Gottlieb, Tanya; Ben-Yedidia, Tamar (2014). "Epitope-based approaches to a universal influenza vaccine". Journal of Autoimmunity. Elsevier BV. 54: 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.005. ISSN 0896-8411. PMID 25172355.
  7. ^ France, Glenson; Wateska, Angela R; Nowalk, Mary Patricia; DePasse, Jay; Raviotta, Jonathan M; Shim, Eunha; Zimmerman, Richard K; Smith, Kenneth J (1 September 2018). "Potential Cost-Effectiveness of a Universal Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults". Innovation in Aging. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2 (3): igy035. doi:10.1093/geroni/igy035. ISSN 2399-5300. PMC 6293081. PMID 30569023.
  8. ^ "Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully In Humans". ScienceDaily. January 25, 2008.
  9. ^ . Wistar Institute (Press release). Archived from the original on January 10, 2010.
  10. ^ "NIH Scientists Advance Universal Flu Vaccine". NIH (Press release). July 15, 2010.
  11. ^ Wei, Chih-Jen; Boyington, Jeffrey C.; McTamney, Patrick M.; Kong, Wing-Pui; Pearce, Melissa B.; Xu, Ling; Andersen, Hanne; Rao, Srinivas; Tumpey, Terrence M.; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Nabel, Gary J. (2010). "Induction of Broadly Neutralizing H1N1 Influenza Antibodies by Vaccination". Science. 329 (5995): 1060–1064. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1060W. doi:10.1126/science.1192517. PMID 20647428. S2CID 44753716.
  12. ^ Shpurer, Sharon (22 April 2007). "Copaxone Inventor Ruth Arnon Taking BiondVax Public". Haaretz.
  13. ^ Dance, Amber (30 March 2012). "News: Moving towards a universal flu vaccine". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10333. S2CID 72653506.
  14. ^ . its-innovation.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015.
  15. ^ a b "Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunizes First Subject In U.S. Influenza DNA Vaccine Clinical Trial". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01.
  16. ^ "Inovio Biomedical's SynCon preventive DNA vaccine receives approval in Korea for Phase I clinical trial". News-Medical.net. March 2, 2010.
  17. ^ "Scientific Paper on Inovio Pharmaceuticals SynCon(TM) DNA Vaccines and Intradermal DNA Delivery Technology One of Most Cited Articles in the Journal Vaccine". October 14, 2010.
  18. ^ Seattle's Theraclone makes a 'first step' on long road to universal flu vaccine November 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The Seattle Times.
  19. ^ VaxInnate's Universal Flu Vaccine Candidate Shown Safe and Immunogenic in Phase I Clinical Study. Fierce Biotech.
  20. ^ Johnson & Johnson pursues vaccine firm. Charleston Gazette.
  21. ^ Immune Targeting Systems – About Us January 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ . European Commission. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017.
  23. ^ "Centivax Universal Influenza Vaccine | Grand Challenges". gcgh.grandchallenges.org. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
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  25. ^ . January 18, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
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  27. ^ "A vaccine for all flu seasons". Spring 2011.
  28. ^ Stalking influenza by vaccination with pre-fusion headless HA mini-stem. 2016
  29. ^ a b Gallagher, James (29 July 2011). "'Super antibody' fights off flu". BBC News.
  30. ^ a b "Scientists hail the prospect of a universal vaccine for flu". The Independent. July 29, 2011.
  31. ^ a b "Universal Flu Vaccine On The Horizon: Researchers Find 'Super Antibody'" The Huffington Post. July 28, 2011
  32. ^ Influenza Virus Vaccine Based on the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain
  33. ^ Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Pica N, Ngai L, Ekiert DC, Wilson IA, García-Sastre A, Moran TM, Palese P (November 2010). "Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct viral subtypes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (44): 18979–84. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718979W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013387107. PMC 2973924. PMID 20956293.
  34. ^ "The Second Annual Einstein-Montefiore Presidential Lecture: William R. Jacobs, Ph.D., Lecture (3of3)" – via www.youtube.com.
  35. ^ Stadlbauer, Daniel; Zhu, Xueyong; McMahon, Meagan; Turner, Jackson S.; Wohlbold, Teddy J.; Schmitz, Aaron J.; Strohmeier, Shirin; Yu, Wenli; Nachbagauer, Raffael; Mudd, Philip A.; Wilson, Ian A.; Ellebedy, Ali H.; Krammer, Florian (2019). "Broadly protective human antibodies that target the active site of influenza virus neuraminidase". Science. 366 (6464): 499–504. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..499S. doi:10.1126/science.aay0678. PMC 7105897. PMID 31649200.
  36. ^ Taylor A, "First Universal Flu Vaccine to Enter Phase 3 Trial" "The Scientist", 2018
  37. ^ Atsmon J, Caraco Y, Ziv-Sefer S, Shaikevich D, Abramov E, Volokhov I, Bruzil S, Haima KY, Gottlieb T, Ben-Yedidia T (October 2014). "Priming by a novel universal influenza vaccine (Multimeric-001)-a gateway for improving immune response in the elderly population". Vaccine. 32 (44): 5816–23. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.031. PMID 25173483.
  38. ^ van Doorn E, Liu H, Ben-Yedidia T, Hassin S, Visontai I, Norley S, Frijlink HW, Hak E (March 2017). "Evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of a BiondVax-developed universal influenza vaccine (Multimeric-001) either as a standalone vaccine or as a primer to H5N1 influenza vaccine: Phase IIb study protocol". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (11): e6339. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000006339. PMC 5369918. PMID 28296763.
  39. ^ Abbasi J (November 2019). "The Search for a Universal Flu Vaccine Heats Up". JAMA. 322 (20): 1942–1944. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.16816. PMID 31693060. S2CID 207903441.
  40. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03058692 for "Two Doses of Multimeric-001 (M-001) Followed by Influenza Vaccine" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  41. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03450915 for "A Pivotal Trial to Assess the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of the M-001 as a Standalone Universal Flu Vaccine" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  42. ^ Phillipson, Josh. "BiondVax Announces Topline Results from Phase 3 Clinical Trial of the M-001 Universal Influenza Vaccine Candidate". BiondVax.
  43. ^ "NIH begins first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate". National Institutes of Health (NIH). April 3, 2019. from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  44. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03814720 for "Dose, Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an Influenza H1 Stabilized Stem Ferritin Vaccine, VRCFLUNPF099-00-VP, in Healthy Adults" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  45. ^ Bernstein, David I; Guptill, Jeffrey; Naficy, Abdollah; Nachbagauer, Raffael; Berlanda-Scorza, Francesco; Feser, Jodi; Wilson, Patrick C; Solórzano, Alicia; Van der Wielen, Marie; Walter, Emmanuel B; Albrecht, Randy A; Buschle, Kristen N; Chen, Yao-qing; Claeys, Carine; Dickey, Michelle; Dugan, Haley L; Ermler, Megan E; Freeman, Debra; Gao, Min; Gast, Christopher; Guthmiller, Jenna J; Hai, Rong; Henry, Carole; Lan, Linda Yu-Ling; McNeal, Monica; Palm, Anna-Karin E; Shaw, Dustin G; Stamper, Christopher T; Sun, Weina; Sutton, Victoria; Tepora, Micah E; Wahid, Rahnuma; Wenzel, Heather; Wohlbold, Teddy John; Innis, Bruce L; García-Sastre, Adolfo; Palese, Peter; Krammer, Florian (January 2020). "Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20 (1): 80–91. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30393-7. PMC 6928577. PMID 31630990.
  46. ^ Nachbagauer, Raffael; Feser, Jodi; Naficy, Abdollah; Bernstein, David I.; Guptill, Jeffrey; Walter, Emmanuel B.; Berlanda-Scorza, Franceso; Stadlbauer, Daniel; Wilson, Patrick C.; Aydillo, Teresa; Behzadi, Mohammad Amin; Bhavsar, Disha; Bliss, Carly; Capuano, Christina; Carreño, Juan Manuel; Chromikova, Veronika; Claeys, Carine; Coughlan, Lynda; Freyn, Alec W.; Gast, Christopher; Javier, Andres; Jiang, Kaijun; Mariottini, Chiara; McMahon, Meagan; McNeal, Monica; Solórzano, Alicia; Strohmeier, Shirin; Sun, Weina; Van der Wielen, Marie; Innis, Bruce L.; García-Sastre, Adolfo; Palese, Peter; Krammer, Florian (7 December 2020). "A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial". Nature Medicine. 27 (1): 106–114. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1118-7. PMID 33288923.

Further reading edit

  • Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Ross TM (January 2018). "Towards a universal influenza vaccine: different approaches for one goal". Virology Journal (Review). 15 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0918-y. PMC 5785881. PMID 29370862 – via BioMed Central.
  • Sano K, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H (September 2017). "The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and future prospects". Vaccine. 35 (40): 5388–5395. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.034. PMID 28866292 – via ScienceDirect.
  • Krammer F (May 2017). "Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins". Expert Review of Vaccines (Review). 16 (5): 503–513. doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1299576. PMID 28277797. S2CID 20470813.
  • Stadlbauer D, Nachbagauer R, Meade P, Krammer F (December 2017). "Universal influenza virus vaccines: what can we learn from the human immune response following exposure to H7 subtype viruses?" (PDF). Frontiers of Medicine (Review). 11 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1007/s11684-017-0602-z. PMID 29159597. S2CID 13953149 – via SpringerLink.
  • Beans C (26 January 2022). "Researchers getting closer to a "universal" flu vaccine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (News feature). 119 (5): e2123477119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11923477B. doi:10.1073/pnas.2123477119. PMC 8812533. PMID 35082157.

December 15, 2023
universal, vaccine, this, article, needs, attention, from, expert, medicine, specific, problem, many, parts, peptide, vague, history, research, mixed, should, sort, targeted, protein, wikiproject, medicine, able, help, recruit, expert, january, 2020, universal. This article needs attention from an expert in medicine The specific problem is many parts peptide are vague history and research mixed up Should sort by targeted protein WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert January 2020 A universal flu vaccine is a flu vaccine that is effective against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type antigenic drift or antigenic shift 1 2 3 page needed Hence it should not require modification from year to year As of 2021 no universal flu vaccine had been approved for general use several were in development 1 and one was in clinical trial 4 The Influenza virus has both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes that are being used as antigen binding sites in the search for a universal vaccine Contents 1 Medical uses 2 Structure of influenza 3 History 4 Research 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingMedical uses editNew vaccines against currently circulating influenza variants are required every year due to the diversity of flu viruses and variable efficacy of vaccines to prevent them A universal vaccine would eliminate the need to create a vaccine for each year s variants The efficacy of a vaccine refers to the protection against a broad variety of influenza strains Events such as antigenic shift have created pandemic strains such as the H1N1 outbreak in 2009 The research required every year to isolate a potential popular viral strain and create a vaccine to defend against it is a six month long process during that time the virus can mutate making the vaccines less effective 5 High risk populations including the elderly and those with chronic disease often acquire only limited immunity towards the flu from vaccines The vaccines have been found to be 30 to 70 effective in preventing hospitalization from the flu or pneumonia citation needed On average influenza vaccine efficacy is 60 among the general population that receive yearly vaccinations citation needed A universal vaccine could be manufactured in quantity and eliminate availability and supply issues of current vaccines 6 There is conflicting evidence on whether it would cut costs 7 Structure of influenza editInfluenza A is involved in most strains of the flu It is an enveloped RNA virus It has a protein membrane containing the glycoproteins hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA which are used by the virus to enter a host cell and to release itself and its copies from the host cell Each strain of the influenza virus has a different pattern of glycoproteins the glycoproteins themselves have variability as well 3 History edit nbsp A prototype for a universal flu vaccine The blue protein scaffold supports eight green influenza hemagglutinin proteins arrayed to present antibody binding sitesIn 2008 Acambis announced work on a universal flu vaccine ACAM FLU ATM based on the less variable M2 protein component of the flu virus shell 8 See also H5N1 vaccines In 2009 the Wistar Institute in Pennsylvania received a patent for using a variety of peptides in a flu vaccine and announced it was seeking a corporate partner 9 In 2010 the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID of the U S NIH announced a breakthrough the effort targets the stem which mutates less often than the head of the viral HA 10 11 By 2010 some universal flu vaccines had started clinical trials BiondVax identified 9 conserved epitopes of the influenza virus and combined them into a recombinant protein called Multimeric 001 12 13 All seven of Biondvax s completed phase 2 human trials demonstrated safety and significant levels of immunogenicity More recently when Biondvax undertook a two year phase 3 study of Multimeric 001 its candidate universal influenza vaccine In October 2020 results of the phase 3 study were published indicating no apparent efficacy ITS s fp01 14 includes 6 peptide antigens to highly conserved segments of the PA PB1 PB2 NP amp M1 proteins and has started phase I trials DNA vaccines such as VGX 3400X aimed at multiple H5N1 strains contain DNA fragments plasmids 15 16 Inovio s SynCon DNA vaccines include H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes 17 Other companies pursuing the vaccine as of 2009 and 2010 include Theraclone 18 VaxInnate 19 Crucell NV 20 Inovio Pharmaceuticals 15 Immune Targeting Systems ITS 21 and iQur 22 In 2019 Distributed Bio completed pre clinical trials of a vaccine that consists of computationally selected distant evolutionary variants of hemagglutinin epitopes and is expected to begin human trials in 2021 23 In recent years research has concerned use of an antigen for the flu hemagglutinin HA stem Based on the results of animal studies a universal flu vaccine may use a two step vaccination strategy priming with a DNA based HA vaccine followed by a second dose with an inactivated attenuated or adenovirus vector based vaccine 24 Some people given a 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine have developed broadly protective antibodies raising hopes for a universal flu vaccine 25 26 27 A vaccine based on the hemagglutinin HA stem was the first to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to both HA group 1 and HA group 2 influenza in mice 28 In July 2011 researchers created an antibody which targets a protein found on the surface of all influenza A viruses called haemagglutinin 29 30 31 FI6 is the only known antibody that binds its neutralizing activity is controversial to all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and might be the lynchpin for a universal influenza vaccine 29 30 31 The subdomain of the hemagglutinin that is targeted by FI6 namely the stalk domain was actually successfully used earlier as universal influenza virus vaccine by Peter Palese s research group at Mount Sinai School of Medicine 32 Other vaccines are polypeptide based 33 Research editA study from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine where researchers deleted gD 2 from the herpes virus which is responsible for HSV microbes entering in and out of cells showed as of May 1 2018 the same vaccine can be used in a modified way to contain hemagglutinin and invoke a special ADCC immune response 34 The Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis and the Icahn School of Medicine in Mount Sinai in New York are using the glycoprotein neuraminidase as a targeted antigen in their research Three monoclonal antibodies mAB were sampled from a patient infected with influenza A H3N2 virus The antibodies were able to bind to the neuraminidase active site neutralizing the virus across multiple strains The site remains the same with minimal variability across most of the flu strains In trials using mice all three antibodies were effective across multiple strains one antibody was able to protect the mice from all 12 strains tested including human and non human flu viruses All mice used in the experiments survived even if the antibody was not administered until 72 hours after the time of infection 35 Simultaneously the NIAID is working on a peptide vaccine that is starting human clinical trials in the 2019 flu season The study will include 10 000 participants who will be monitored for two flu seasons The vaccine will show efficacy if it is able to reduce the number of influenza cases in all strains 36 There have been some clinical trials of the M 001 37 38 39 40 41 and H1ssF 3928 universal influenza vaccine candidates As of August 2020 all seven M 001 trials are completed Each one of these studies resulted in the conclusion that M 001 is safe tolerable and immunogenic Their pivotal Phase III study with 12 400 participants was completed and results of the data analysis were published in October 2020 indicating that the vaccine did not show any statistical difference from the placebo group in reduction of flu illness and severity 42 43 44 In 2019 2020 a vaccine candidate from Peter Palese s group at Mount Sinai Hospital emerged from a phase 1 clinical trial with positive results By vaccinating twice with hemagglutinins that have different heads but the same membrane proximal stalk the immune system is directed to focus its attention on the conserved stalk 45 46 See also editUniversal coronavirus vaccineReferences edit a b Nachbagauer R Krammer F April 2017 Universal influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23 4 222 228 doi 10 1016 j cmi 2017 02 009 PMC 5389886 PMID 28216325 Khanna M Sharma S Kumar B Rajput R 25 May 2014 Protective Immunity Based on the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain and Its Prospects for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development BioMed Research International Review 2014 546274 doi 10 1155 2014 546274 ISSN 2314 6133 PMC 4055638 PMID 24982895 546274 a b Sherwood Linda M 2017 Prescott s Microbiology 10th ed McGraw Hill Education ISBN 9781259281594 Balfour Hannah 2 June 2021 First in human universal flu vaccine trial begins European Pharmaceutical Review United Kingdom Russell Publishing Ltd The Phase I trial NCT04896086 will assess the safety and immunogenicity of the experimental vaccine FluMos v1 Corona A 3 August 2020 A Universal Influenza Vaccine How Close Are We American Society for Microbiology Retrieved 3 June 2023 Gottlieb Tanya Ben Yedidia Tamar 2014 Epitope based approaches to a universal influenza vaccine Journal of Autoimmunity Elsevier BV 54 15 20 doi 10 1016 j jaut 2014 07 005 ISSN 0896 8411 PMID 25172355 France Glenson Wateska Angela R Nowalk Mary Patricia DePasse Jay Raviotta Jonathan M Shim Eunha Zimmerman Richard K Smith Kenneth J 1 September 2018 Potential Cost Effectiveness of a Universal Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults Innovation in Aging Oxford University Press OUP 2 3 igy035 doi 10 1093 geroni igy035 ISSN 2399 5300 PMC 6293081 PMID 30569023 Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully In Humans ScienceDaily January 25 2008 The Wistar Institute obtains patent for universal flu vaccine technology Wistar Institute Press release Archived from the original on January 10 2010 NIH Scientists Advance Universal Flu Vaccine NIH Press release July 15 2010 Wei Chih Jen Boyington Jeffrey C McTamney Patrick M Kong Wing Pui Pearce Melissa B Xu Ling Andersen Hanne Rao Srinivas Tumpey Terrence M Yang Zhi Yong Nabel Gary J 2010 Induction of Broadly Neutralizing H1N1 Influenza Antibodies by Vaccination Science 329 5995 1060 1064 Bibcode 2010Sci 329 1060W doi 10 1126 science 1192517 PMID 20647428 S2CID 44753716 Shpurer Sharon 22 April 2007 Copaxone Inventor Ruth Arnon Taking BiondVax Public Haaretz Dance Amber 30 March 2012 News Moving towards a universal flu vaccine Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2012 10333 S2CID 72653506 Immune Targeting Systems FP01 Influenza undated page its innovation com Archived from the original on January 31 2015 a b Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc Immunizes First Subject In U S Influenza DNA Vaccine Clinical Trial Reuters Archived from the original on 2013 02 01 Inovio Biomedical s SynCon preventive DNA vaccine receives approval in Korea for Phase I clinical trial News Medical net March 2 2010 Scientific Paper on Inovio Pharmaceuticals SynCon TM DNA Vaccines and Intradermal DNA Delivery Technology One of Most Cited Articles in the Journal Vaccine October 14 2010 Seattle s Theraclone makes a first step on long road to universal flu vaccine Archived November 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Seattle Times VaxInnate s Universal Flu Vaccine Candidate Shown Safe and Immunogenic in Phase I Clinical Study Fierce Biotech Johnson amp Johnson pursues vaccine firm Charleston Gazette Immune Targeting Systems About Us Archived January 27 2015 at the Wayback Machine FLUTCORE Report Summary European Commission Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 Centivax Universal Influenza Vaccine Grand Challenges gcgh grandchallenges org Retrieved 2020 01 28 Lambert LC Fauci AS November 2010 Influenza vaccines for the future The New England Journal of Medicine 363 21 2036 44 doi 10 1056 NEJMra1002842 PMID 21083388 H1N1 Gives Clues to Universal Flu Vaccine January 18 2011 Archived from the original on January 22 2014 Retrieved September 17 2017 Wrammert J Koutsonanos D Li GM Edupuganti S Sui J Morrissey M et al January 2011 Broadly cross reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection The Journal of Experimental Medicine 208 1 181 93 doi 10 1084 jem 20101352 PMC 3023136 PMID 21220454 A vaccine for all flu seasons Spring 2011 Stalking influenza by vaccination with pre fusion headless HA mini stem 2016 a b Gallagher James 29 July 2011 Super antibody fights off flu BBC News a b Scientists hail the prospect of a universal vaccine for flu The Independent July 29 2011 a b Universal Flu Vaccine On The Horizon Researchers Find Super Antibody The Huffington Post July 28 2011 Influenza Virus Vaccine Based on the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain Wang TT Tan GS Hai R Pica N Ngai L Ekiert DC Wilson IA Garcia Sastre A Moran TM Palese P November 2010 Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection 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Results from Phase 3 Clinical Trial of the M 001 Universal Influenza Vaccine Candidate BiondVax NIH begins first in human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate National Institutes of Health NIH April 3 2019 Archived from the original on November 12 2019 Retrieved November 12 2019 Clinical trial number NCT03814720 for Dose Safety Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an Influenza H1 Stabilized Stem Ferritin Vaccine VRCFLUNPF099 00 VP in Healthy Adults at ClinicalTrials gov Bernstein David I Guptill Jeffrey Naficy Abdollah Nachbagauer Raffael Berlanda Scorza Francesco Feser Jodi Wilson Patrick C Solorzano Alicia Van der Wielen Marie Walter Emmanuel B Albrecht Randy A Buschle Kristen N Chen Yao qing Claeys Carine Dickey Michelle Dugan Haley L Ermler Megan E Freeman Debra Gao Min Gast Christopher Guthmiller Jenna J Hai Rong Henry Carole Lan Linda Yu Ling McNeal Monica Palm Anna Karin E Shaw Dustin G Stamper Christopher T Sun Weina Sutton Victoria Tepora Micah E Wahid Rahnuma Wenzel Heather Wohlbold Teddy John Innis Bruce L Garcia Sastre Adolfo Palese Peter Krammer Florian January 2020 Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin based universal influenza virus vaccine candidates interim results of a randomised placebo controlled phase 1 clinical trial The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 1 80 91 doi 10 1016 S1473 3099 19 30393 7 PMC 6928577 PMID 31630990 Nachbagauer Raffael Feser Jodi Naficy Abdollah Bernstein David I Guptill Jeffrey Walter Emmanuel B Berlanda Scorza Franceso Stadlbauer Daniel Wilson Patrick C Aydillo Teresa Behzadi Mohammad Amin Bhavsar Disha Bliss Carly Capuano Christina Carreno Juan Manuel Chromikova Veronika Claeys Carine Coughlan Lynda Freyn Alec W Gast Christopher Javier Andres Jiang Kaijun Mariottini Chiara McMahon Meagan McNeal Monica Solorzano Alicia Strohmeier Shirin Sun Weina Van der Wielen Marie Innis Bruce L Garcia Sastre Adolfo Palese Peter Krammer Florian 7 December 2020 A chimeric hemagglutinin based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long lasting immunity in a randomized placebo controlled phase I trial Nature Medicine 27 1 106 114 doi 10 1038 s41591 020 1118 7 PMID 33288923 Further reading editSautto GA Kirchenbaum GA Ross TM January 2018 Towards a universal influenza vaccine different approaches for one goal Virology Journal Review 15 1 17 doi 10 1186 s12985 017 0918 y PMC 5785881 PMID 29370862 via BioMed Central Sano K Ainai A Suzuki T Hasegawa H September 2017 The road to a more effective influenza vaccine Up to date studies and future prospects Vaccine 35 40 5388 5395 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2017 08 034 PMID 28866292 via ScienceDirect Krammer F May 2017 Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins Expert Review of Vaccines Review 16 5 503 513 doi 10 1080 14760584 2017 1299576 PMID 28277797 S2CID 20470813 Stadlbauer D Nachbagauer R Meade P Krammer F December 2017 Universal influenza virus vaccines what can we learn from the human immune response following exposure to H7 subtype viruses PDF Frontiers of Medicine Review 11 4 471 479 doi 10 1007 s11684 017 0602 z PMID 29159597 S2CID 13953149 via SpringerLink Beans C 26 January 2022 Researchers getting closer to a universal flu vaccine Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America News feature 119 5 e2123477119 Bibcode 2022PNAS 11923477B doi 10 1073 pnas 2123477119 PMC 8812533 PMID 35082157 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Universal flu vaccine amp oldid 1180951806, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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