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Unionidae

February 16, 2024

The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionida, the bivalve molluscs sometimes known as river mussels, or simply as unionids.[1][2]

Unionidae
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic - present, 177–0 Ma
Six endangered species of Unionidae
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Unionida
Superfamily: Unionoidea
Family: Unionidae
Fleming, 1828
Genera

See text

The range of distribution for this family is world-wide. It is at its most diverse in North America, with about 297 recognised taxa,[3][4][5] but China and Southeast Asia also support very diverse faunas.

Freshwater mussels occupy a wide range of habitats, but most often occupy lotic waters, i.e. flowing water such as rivers, streams and creeks.

Origin and early diversification edit

The recent phylogenetic study reveals that the Unionidae most likely originated in Southeast and East Asia in the Jurassic, with the earliest expansions into North America and Africa (since the mid-Cretaceous) followed by the colonization of Europe and India (since the Paleocene).[6]

Life history edit

Unionidae burrow into the substrate, with their posterior margins exposed. They pump water through the incurrent aperture, obtaining oxygen and food. They remove phytoplankton and zooplankton, as well as suspended bacteria, fungal spores, and dissolved organic matter.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Despite extensive laboratory studies, which of these filtrates unionoids actually process remains uncertain. In high densities, they have the ability to influence water clarity [17][18] but filtration rates are dependent on water temperature, current velocity, and particle size and concentration. In addition, gill morphology can determine particle size filtered, as well as the rate.[11]

Reproduction edit

Unionidae are distinguished by a unique and complex lifecycle. Most unionids are of separate sex, although some species, such as Elliptio complanata, are known to be hermaphroditic.[19]

The sperm is ejected from the mantle cavity through the male's excurrent aperture and taken into the female's mantle cavity through the incurrent aperture. Fertilised eggs move from the gonads to the gills (marsupia) where they further ripen and metamorph into glochidia, the first larval stage. Mature glochidia are released by the female and then attach to the gills, fins, or skin of a host fish. A cyst is quickly formed around the glochidia, and they stay on the fish for several weeks or months before they fall off as juvenile mussels, which then bury themselves in the sediment.

Some of the species in the Unionidae, commonly known as pocketbook mussels, have evolved a remarkable reproductive strategy. The edge of the female's body that protrudes from the valves of the shell develops into an imitation of a small fish complete with markings and false eyes. This decoy moves in the current and attracts the attention of real fish. Some fish see the decoy as prey, while others see a conspecific, i.e. a member of their own species. Whatever they see, they approach for a closer look and the mussel releases huge numbers of larvae from her gills, dousing the inquisitive fish with her tiny, parasitic young. These glochidial larvae are drawn into the fish's gills, where they attach and trigger a tissue response that forms a small cyst in which the young mussel resides. It feeds by breaking down and digesting the tissue of the fish within the cyst.[20]

Sex is determined by a region located on the mitochondrial DNA, the male open reading frame (M-ORF) and female open-reading frame (F-ORF). Hermaphroditic mussels lack these regions and contain a female-like open-reading frame dubbed hermaphroditic open-reading frame (H-ORF). In many mussels, the hermaphroditic state is ancestral and the male sex evolved later. This region of the mitochondria also may be responsible for the evolution of doubly uniparental inheritance seen in freshwater mussels.[21]

Taxonomy edit

Genera by taxonomic order edit

The following classification is based on MolluscaBase and the MUSSEL Project database:[22][23]

Genera by alphabetic order and region edit

Fossilization and taphonomic implications edit

In large enough quantities, unionid shells can have enough of an impact on environmental conditions to affect the ability of organic remains in the local environment to fossilize.[24] For example, in the Dinosaur Park Formation, fossil hadrosaur eggshell is rare[24] because the breakdown of tannins from local coniferous vegetation would have caused the ancient waters to become acidic.[24] Eggshell fragments are present in only two microfossil sites, both of which are dominated by the preserved shells of invertebrate life, including unionids.[24] The slow dissolution of these shells releasing calcium carbonate into the water raised the water's pH high enough to prevent the eggshell fragments from dissolving before they could be fossilized.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ Unionidae. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 4 January 2012.
  2. ^ Huber, Markus (2010). Compendium of Bivalves. A Full-color Guide to 3'300 of the World's Marine Bivalves. A Status on Bivalvia after 250 Years of Research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. pp. 901 pp. + CD. ISBN 978-3-939767-28-2.
  3. ^ Williams, J. D, M. L. Warren, K. S. Cummings, J. L. Harris, and R. J. Neves (1993). "Conservation Status of Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada". Fisheries. 18 (9): 6–22. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0006:CSOFMO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1548-8446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Burch, John B. 1975. Freshwater unionacean clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America. Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems, Identification Manual No. 11. U.S. Gov. Printing Office. 114p.
  5. ^ Heard, William H. 1979. Identification Manual of the Freshwater Clams of Florida. Fla. Dept. Environmental Regulation, Technical Series 4(2): 1-83.
  6. ^ Bolotov, I.N., Kondakov, A.V., Vikhrev, I.V., Aksenova, O.V., Bespalaya, Y.V. Gofarov, M.Y., Kolosova, Y.S., Konopleva, E.S., Spitsyn, V.M., Tanmuangpak, K. & Tumpeesuwan, S. (2017). Ancient River Inference Explains Exceptional Oriental Freshwater Mussel Radiations.Scientific Reports 7: 2135, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02312-z
  7. ^ Allan, W. R. (1914). "The food and feeding habits of freshwater mussels." Biological Bulletin 27: 127-147.
  8. ^ Coker, R. E., Shira, A.F., Clark, H.W., Howard, A.D. (1921). "Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels." Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 37: 77-181.
  9. ^ Churchill, E. P., Lewis, S.I. (1924). "Food and feeding in fresh-water mussels." Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 39: 439-471.
  10. ^ McMahon, R. F., Bogan, A.E. (2001). Mollusca: Bivalvia. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. J. H. Thorp, Covich, A.P. San Diego, Academic Press: 331-429.
  11. ^ a b Silverman, H., Nichols S.J, Cherry J.S., Archberger E., Lynn J.S., Dietz T.H. (1997). "Clearance of laboratory-cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves: differences between lentic and lotic unionids." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: 1857-1866.
  12. ^ Bärlocher, F., Brendelberger, H. (2004). "Clearance of aquatic hyphomycete spores by a benthic suspension feeder." Limnology and Oceanography 49: 2292-2296.
  13. ^ Roditi, H. A., Fisher, N.S., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. (2002). "Uptake of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements by zebra mussels." Nature 407: 78-80.
  14. ^ Baines, S. B., Fisher, N.S., Cole, J.J. (2005). "Uptake of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its importance to metabolic requirements of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha." Limnology and Oceanography 50: 36-47.
  15. ^ Yeager, M. M., Cherry, D.S., Neves, R.J. (1994). "Feeding and burrowing behaviors of juvenile rainbow mussels, Villosa iris (Bivalvia, Unionidae)." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 133: 217-222.
  16. ^ Nichols, S. J., Silverman, H. Dietx, T.H., Lynn, J.W., Garling, D.L. (2005). "Pathways of food uptake in native (Unionidae) and introduced (Corbiculidae and Dreissenidae) freshwater bivalves." Journal of Great Lakes Research 31: 87-96.
  17. ^ Cohen, R. R. H., Dresler, P.V., Phillips, E.P.J., Cory, R.L. (1984). "The effects of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, on phytoplankton of the Potomac River, Maryland." Limnology and Oceanography 29: 170-180.
  18. ^ Phelps, H. L. (1994). "The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea): invasion and system-level ecological change in the Potomac River estuary near Washington, D.C." Estuaries 17: 614-621.
  19. ^ Downing, J. A., Amyot, J.P., Pérusse, M., Rochon, Y. (1989). "Visceral sex, hermaphroditism, and protandry in a population of the freshwater bivalve Elliptio complanata." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8(1): 92-99.
  20. ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
  21. ^ Breton, S., Stewart, Donald T., Shepardson, Sally, Trdan, Richard J., Bogan, Arthur E., Chapman, Eric G., Ruminas, Adrew J., Piontkivska, Helen, Hoeh, Walter R. (2011). "Novel Protein Genes in Animal mtDNA: A New Sex Determination System in Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida)?" Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(5): 1645-1659.
  22. ^ "MUSSELpdb | family Unionidae". mussel-project.uwsp.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  23. ^ "Molluscabase - Unionidae Rafinesque, 1820". www.molluscabase.org. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  24. ^ a b c d e Tanke, D.H. and Brett-Surman, M.K. 2001. Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia:Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada. pp. 206-218. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life—New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Edited by D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Indiana University Press: Bloomington. xviii + 577 pp.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unionidae.
  • Ohio State University: Division of Molluscs - Freshwater Mussel Collection - Unionidae

February 16, 2024
unionidae, family, freshwater, mussels, largest, order, unionida, bivalve, molluscs, sometimes, known, river, mussels, simply, unionids, temporal, range, middle, jurassic, present, preꞒ, nsix, endangered, species, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakin. The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels the largest in the order Unionida the bivalve molluscs sometimes known as river mussels or simply as unionids 1 2 UnionidaeTemporal range Middle Jurassic present 177 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NSix endangered species of UnionidaeScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass BivalviaOrder UnionidaSuperfamily UnionoideaFamily UnionidaeFleming 1828GeneraSee textThe range of distribution for this family is world wide It is at its most diverse in North America with about 297 recognised taxa 3 4 5 but China and Southeast Asia also support very diverse faunas Freshwater mussels occupy a wide range of habitats but most often occupy lotic waters i e flowing water such as rivers streams and creeks Contents 1 Origin and early diversification 2 Life history 3 Reproduction 4 Taxonomy 4 1 Genera by taxonomic order 4 2 Genera by alphabetic order and region 5 Fossilization and taphonomic implications 6 References 7 External linksOrigin and early diversification editThe recent phylogenetic study reveals that the Unionidae most likely originated in Southeast and East Asia in the Jurassic with the earliest expansions into North America and Africa since the mid Cretaceous followed by the colonization of Europe and India since the Paleocene 6 Life history editUnionidae burrow into the substrate with their posterior margins exposed They pump water through the incurrent aperture obtaining oxygen and food They remove phytoplankton and zooplankton as well as suspended bacteria fungal spores and dissolved organic matter 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Despite extensive laboratory studies which of these filtrates unionoids actually process remains uncertain In high densities they have the ability to influence water clarity 17 18 but filtration rates are dependent on water temperature current velocity and particle size and concentration In addition gill morphology can determine particle size filtered as well as the rate 11 Reproduction editUnionidae are distinguished by a unique and complex lifecycle Most unionids are of separate sex although some species such as Elliptio complanata are known to be hermaphroditic 19 The sperm is ejected from the mantle cavity through the male s excurrent aperture and taken into the female s mantle cavity through the incurrent aperture Fertilised eggs move from the gonads to the gills marsupia where they further ripen and metamorph into glochidia the first larval stage Mature glochidia are released by the female and then attach to the gills fins or skin of a host fish A cyst is quickly formed around the glochidia and they stay on the fish for several weeks or months before they fall off as juvenile mussels which then bury themselves in the sediment Some of the species in the Unionidae commonly known as pocketbook mussels have evolved a remarkable reproductive strategy The edge of the female s body that protrudes from the valves of the shell develops into an imitation of a small fish complete with markings and false eyes This decoy moves in the current and attracts the attention of real fish Some fish see the decoy as prey while others see a conspecific i e a member of their own species Whatever they see they approach for a closer look and the mussel releases huge numbers of larvae from her gills dousing the inquisitive fish with her tiny parasitic young These glochidial larvae are drawn into the fish s gills where they attach and trigger a tissue response that forms a small cyst in which the young mussel resides It feeds by breaking down and digesting the tissue of the fish within the cyst 20 Sex is determined by a region located on the mitochondrial DNA the male open reading frame M ORF and female open reading frame F ORF Hermaphroditic mussels lack these regions and contain a female like open reading frame dubbed hermaphroditic open reading frame H ORF In many mussels the hermaphroditic state is ancestral and the male sex evolved later This region of the mitochondria also may be responsible for the evolution of doubly uniparental inheritance seen in freshwater mussels 21 Taxonomy editGenera by taxonomic order edit The following classification is based on MolluscaBase and the MUSSEL Project database 22 23 Subfamily Ambleminae Tribe Lampsilini Genus Epioblasma Genus Lampsilis Genus Potamilus Genus Actinonaias Genus Cambarunio Genus Obovaria Genus Toxolasma Genus Medionidus Genus Ptychobranchus Genus Disconaias Genus Leaunio Genus Venustaconcha Genus Cyrtonaias Genus Hamiota Genus Sagittunio Genus Truncilla Genus Villosa Genus Arotonaias Genus Cyprogenia Genus Delphinonaias Genus Ortmanniana Genus Pachynaias Genus Atlanticoncha Genus Dromus Genus Ellipsaria Genus Friersonia Genus Glebula Genus Lemiox Genus Ligumia Genus Obliquaria Genus Paetulunio Tribe Pleurobemini Genus Elliptio Genus Pleurobema Genus Fusconaia Genus Plethobasus Genus Pleuronaia Genus Parvaspina Genus Elliptoideus Genus Eurynia Genus Hemistena Tribe Popenaiadini Genus Nephronaias Genus Psoronaias Genus Barynaias Genus Popenaias Genus Sphenonaias Genus Micronaias Genus Nephritica Genus Reticulatus Genus Martensnaias Tribe Quadrulini Genus Cyclonaias Genus Theliderma Genus Uniomerus Genus Quadrula Genus Megalonaias Genus Tritogonia Tribe Amblemini Genus Amblema Genus Reginaia Genus Plectomerus Subfamily Unioninae Tribe Anodontini Subtribe Alasmidontina Genus Alasmidonta Genus Lasmigona Genus Pyganodon Genus Utterbackiana Genus Strophitus Genus Utterbackia Genus Anodontoides Genus Arcidens Genus Pseudodontoideus Genus Pegias Genus Simpsonaias Subtribe Cristariina Genus Sinanodonta Genus Buldowskia Genus Cristaria Genus Anemina Genus Beringiana Genus Pletholophus Genus Simpsonella Genus Amuranodonta Subtribe Anodontina Genus Anodonta Genus Pseudanodonta Tribe Unionini Genus Unio Genus Nodularia Genus Aculamprotula Genus Acuticosta Genus Cuneopsis Genus Inversiunio Genus Pseudobaphia Genus Rhombuniopsis Genus Lepidodesma Genus Pseudocuneopsis Genus Schistodesmus Genus Arcuneopsis Genus Diaurora Genus Middendorffinaia Genus Protunio Tribe Lanceolariini Genus Lanceolaria Subfamily Gonideinae Tribe Pseudodontini Subtribe Pilsbryoconchina Genus Sundadontina Genus Monodontina Genus Pilsbryoconcha Genus Bineurus Genus Thaiconcha Genus Namkongnaia Genus Nyeinchanconcha Subtribe Pseudodontina Genus Pseudodon Tribe Contradentini Genus Lens Genus Yaukthwa Genus Physunio Genus Trapezoideus Genus Pressidens Genus Solenaia Tribe Lamprotulini Genus Lamprotula Genus Potomida Genus Schepmania Genus Discomya Genus Pronodularia Tribe Rectidentini Genus Hyriopsis Genus Ensidens Genus Ctenodesma Genus Elongaria Genus Khairuloconcha Genus Prohyriopsis Genus Rectidens Tribe Gonideni Genus Ptychorhynchus Genus Sinosolenaia Genus Inversidens Genus Leguminaia Genus Parvasolenaia Genus Gonidea Genus Koreosolenaia Genus Microcondylaea Genus Obovalis Genus Pseudodontopsis Tribe Chamberlainini Genus Sinohyriopsis Genus Chamberlainia Genus Caudiculatus Subfamily Parreysiinae Tribe Coelaturini Genus Coelatura Genus Nitia Genus Nyassunio Genus Prisodontopsis Genus Brazzaea Genus Grandidieria Genus Moncetia Genus Pseudospatha Tribe Indochinellini Genus Indonaia Genus Scabies Genus Radiatula Genus Harmandia Genus Indochinella Genus Scabiellus Genus Unionetta Tribe Lamellidentini Genus Lamellidens Genus Trapezidens Genus Arcidopsis Tribe Leoparreysiini Genus Leoparreysia Tribe Parreysiini Genus Parreysia Genus Balwantia Genus Haasodonta subfamily incertae sedis Genus Germainaia subfamily incertae sedis Subfamily Modellnaiinae Genus Modellnaia Genera by alphabetic order and region edit Widespread Anodonta Potomida UnioAfrica Brazzaea Coelatura Germainaia Grandidieria Mweruella Nitia Nyassunio Prisodontopsis PseudospathaCentral America and Mexico Arotonaias Barynaias Cyrtonaias Delphinonaias Disconaias Friersonia Martensnaias Micronaias Nephritica Nephronaias Pachynaias Popenaias Psoronaias Psorula Reticulatus Sphenonaias Eastern Asia Aculamprotula Acuticosta Anemina Arconaia BineurusC T Simpson 1900 Caudiculatus Chamberlainia Contradens Cristaria Ctenodesma Cuneopsis Discomya Elongaria Ensidens Harmandia Hyriopsis Inversidens Inversiunio Lamprotula Lanceolaria Lepidodesma Modellnaia Monodontina Conrad 1853 Nodularia Oxynaia Physunio Pilsbryoconcha Pressidens Prohyriopsis Pronodularia Protunio Pseudobaphia Pseudodon Ptychorhynchus Rectidens Rhombuniopsis Scabies Schepmania Schistodesmus Simpsonella Sinanodonta Solenaia Sundadontina Bolotov et al 2020 Thaiconcha Bolotov et al 2020 UnionettaEurope Microcondylaea PseudanodontaIndia Arcidopsis Lamellidens Parreysia Radiatula Trapezoideus YaukthwaMiddle East Leguminaia PseudodontopsisNew Guinea HaasodontaNorth America Actinonaias Alasmidonta Amblema Anodontoides Arcidens Cyprogenia Dromus Ellipsaria Elliptio Elliptoideus Epioblasma Fusconaia Glebula Gonidea Hamiota Hemistena Lampsilis Lasmigona Lemiox Leptodea Ligumia Medionidus Megalonaias Obliquaria Obovaria Pegias Plectomerus Plethobasus Pleurobema Pleuronaia Potamilus Psoronaias Crosse amp P Fischer 1894 Ptychobranchus Pyganodon Quadrula Reginaia Rotundaria Simpsonaias Strophitus Theliderma Toxolasma Truncilla Uniomerus Utterbackia Venustaconcha VillosaFossilization and taphonomic implications editIn large enough quantities unionid shells can have enough of an impact on environmental conditions to affect the ability of organic remains in the local environment to fossilize 24 For example in the Dinosaur Park Formation fossil hadrosaur eggshell is rare 24 because the breakdown of tannins from local coniferous vegetation would have caused the ancient waters to become acidic 24 Eggshell fragments are present in only two microfossil sites both of which are dominated by the preserved shells of invertebrate life including unionids 24 The slow dissolution of these shells releasing calcium carbonate into the water raised the water s pH high enough to prevent the eggshell fragments from dissolving before they could be fossilized 24 References edit Unionidae Retrieved through World Register of Marine Species on 4 January 2012 Huber Markus 2010 Compendium of Bivalves A Full color Guide to 3 300 of the World s Marine Bivalves A Status on Bivalvia after 250 Years of Research Hackenheim ConchBooks pp 901 pp CD ISBN 978 3 939767 28 2 Williams J D M L Warren K S Cummings J L Harris and R J Neves 1993 Conservation Status of Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada Fisheries 18 9 6 22 doi 10 1577 1548 8446 1993 018 lt 0006 CSOFMO gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1548 8446 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Burch John B 1975 Freshwater unionacean clams Mollusca Pelecypoda of North America Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems Identification Manual No 11 U S Gov Printing Office 114p Heard William H 1979 Identification Manual of the Freshwater Clams of Florida Fla Dept Environmental Regulation Technical Series 4 2 1 83 Bolotov I N Kondakov A V Vikhrev I V Aksenova O V Bespalaya Y V Gofarov M Y Kolosova Y S Konopleva E S Spitsyn V M Tanmuangpak K amp Tumpeesuwan S 2017 Ancient River Inference Explains Exceptional Oriental Freshwater Mussel Radiations Scientific Reports 7 2135 doi 10 1038 s41598 017 02312 z Allan W R 1914 The food and feeding habits of freshwater mussels Biological Bulletin 27 127 147 Coker R E Shira A F Clark H W Howard A D 1921 Natural history and propagation of fresh water mussels Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 37 77 181 Churchill E P Lewis S I 1924 Food and feeding in fresh water mussels Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 39 439 471 McMahon R F Bogan A E 2001 Mollusca Bivalvia Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates J H Thorp Covich A P San Diego Academic Press 331 429 a b Silverman H Nichols S J Cherry J S Archberger E Lynn J S Dietz T H 1997 Clearance of laboratory cultured bacteria by freshwater bivalves differences between lentic and lotic unionids Canadian Journal of Zoology 75 1857 1866 Barlocher F Brendelberger H 2004 Clearance of aquatic hyphomycete spores by a benthic suspension feeder Limnology and Oceanography 49 2292 2296 Roditi H A Fisher N S Sanudo Wilhelmy S A 2002 Uptake of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements by zebra mussels Nature 407 78 80 Baines S B Fisher N S Cole J J 2005 Uptake of dissolved organic matter DOM and its importance to metabolic requirements of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha Limnology and Oceanography 50 36 47 Yeager M M Cherry D S Neves R J 1994 Feeding and burrowing behaviors of juvenile rainbow mussels Villosa iris Bivalvia Unionidae Journal of the North American Benthological Society 133 217 222 Nichols S J Silverman H Dietx T H Lynn J W Garling D L 2005 Pathways of food uptake in native Unionidae and introduced Corbiculidae and Dreissenidae freshwater bivalves Journal of Great Lakes Research 31 87 96 Cohen R R H Dresler P V Phillips E P J Cory R L 1984 The effects of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea on phytoplankton of the Potomac River Maryland Limnology and Oceanography 29 170 180 Phelps H L 1994 The Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea invasion and system level ecological change in the Potomac River estuary near Washington D C Estuaries 17 614 621 Downing J A Amyot J P Perusse M Rochon Y 1989 Visceral sex hermaphroditism and protandry in a population of the freshwater bivalve Elliptio complanata Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8 1 92 99 Piper Ross 2007 Extraordinary Animals An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals Greenwood Press Breton S Stewart Donald T Shepardson Sally Trdan Richard J Bogan Arthur E Chapman Eric G Ruminas Adrew J Piontkivska Helen Hoeh Walter R 2011 Novel Protein Genes in Animal mtDNA A New Sex Determination System in Freshwater Mussels Bivalvia Unionoida Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 5 1645 1659 MUSSELpdb family Unionidae mussel project uwsp edu Retrieved 2022 10 28 Molluscabase Unionidae Rafinesque 1820 www molluscabase org Retrieved 2022 10 28 a b c d e Tanke D H and Brett Surman M K 2001 Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling Size Hadrosaurs Reptilia Ornithischia from Dinosaur Provincial Park Dinosaur Park Formation Campanian Alberta Canada pp 206 218 In Mesozoic Vertebrate Life New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J Currie Edited by D H Tanke and K Carpenter Indiana University Press Bloomington xviii 577 pp External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unionidae Missouri State Unio Gallery Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Ohio State University Division of Molluscs Freshwater Mussel Collection Unionidae Unionidae at The MUSSEL Project Web Site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Unionidae amp oldid 1192527324, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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