The National Union Convention (also known as the Loyalist Convention, the Southern Loyalist Convention, the National Loyalists' Loyal Union Convention, or the Arm-In-Arm Convention) was held on August 14–16, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1]
Meeting of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia, August 14, 1866—Sketched by C. H. Wells (Harper's Weekly, September 1, 1866)
The convention was called in Philadelphia before the midterm elections of 1866, in an attempt to encourage political support for US PresidentAndrew Johnson, who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans. Johnson's friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro-South Reconstruction policies. Some hoped to create a new political party, but that goal was not realized.[2] For their part, Republican-aligned newspapers called it the Rebel–Johnson convention, insinuating Johnson's true loyalty was to the Confederacy.[3]
Delegates gathered at a hastily built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend. Formally called "the Wigwam," the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets, across from Philadelphia's Girard College.[2]
The convention voted on a resolution supporting black suffrage. Governor Arthur I. Boreman argued against it as "we did not come here to commit suicide" and that passing the resolution would have them "damned to all eternity". Frederick Douglass, attending the convention despite pleas from Oliver P. Morton, was one of two black delegates to the convention and argued for passing the resolution.[4]
About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention. At its opening, representatives from Massachusetts (General Darius Nash Couch) and South Carolina (Governor James Lawrence Orr) paraded arm-in-arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity. The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall. General (and former New York Governor and Senator) John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle served as permanent convention president.
In the end, the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson. He launched a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") hoping to regain public and political support. On the speaking tour, Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink. Ultimately, the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868.[2]
Notable attendeesedit
Notable attendees of the National Union Convention include:
McKitrick, Eric (1960). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. University of Chicago Press. pp. 394–420. LCCN 60005467. OCLC 1476846.
Wagstaff, Thomas (1968). "The Arm-in-Arm Convention". Civil War History. 14 (2): 101–119. doi:10.1353/cwh.1968.0036. S2CID 144301855.
Further readingedit
The proceedings of the National union convention, held at Philadelphia, August 14, 1866 at Internet Archive. primary sources
External linksedit
Address to President, by Hon. Reverdy Johnson, Aug. 18, 1866, communicating proceedings National Union Convention entered into the record of Johnson's impeachment trial.
January 01, 1970
1866, national, union, convention, national, union, convention, also, known, loyalist, convention, southern, loyalist, convention, national, loyalists, loyal, union, convention, convention, held, august, 1866, philadelphia, pennsylvania, meeting, national, uni. The National Union Convention also known as the Loyalist Convention the Southern Loyalist Convention the National Loyalists Loyal Union Convention or the Arm In Arm Convention was held on August 14 16 1866 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1 Meeting of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia August 14 1866 Sketched by C H Wells Harper s Weekly September 1 1866 Contents 1 Convention 2 Notable attendees 3 See also 4 References 5 Works cited 6 Further reading 7 External linksConvention editThe convention was called in Philadelphia before the midterm elections of 1866 in an attempt to encourage political support for US President Andrew Johnson who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans Johnson s friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro South Reconstruction policies Some hoped to create a new political party but that goal was not realized 2 For their part Republican aligned newspapers called it the Rebel Johnson convention insinuating Johnson s true loyalty was to the Confederacy 3 Delegates gathered at a hastily built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend Formally called the Wigwam the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue between 19th and 20th Streets across from Philadelphia s Girard College 2 The convention voted on a resolution supporting black suffrage Governor Arthur I Boreman argued against it as we did not come here to commit suicide and that passing the resolution would have them damned to all eternity Frederick Douglass attending the convention despite pleas from Oliver P Morton was one of two black delegates to the convention and argued for passing the resolution 4 About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention At its opening representatives from Massachusetts General Darius Nash Couch and South Carolina Governor James Lawrence Orr paraded arm in arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall General and former New York Governor and Senator John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R Doolittle served as permanent convention president In the end the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson He launched a speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle hoping to regain public and political support On the speaking tour Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink Ultimately the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868 2 Notable attendees editNotable attendees of the National Union Convention include Augustus C Baldwin U S Representative from Michigan John Minor Botts U S Representative from Virginia Augustus Brandegee U S Representative from Connecticut George Briggs U S Representative from New York Ralph P Buckland U S Representative from Ohio Darius Couch U S Army General John Covode U S Representative from Pennsylvania Edgar Cowan U S Senator from Pennsylvania James A Cravens U S Representative from Indiana William Earl Dodge U S Representative from New York James Rood Doolittle U S Senator from Wisconsin William McKee Dunn U S Representative from Indiana Joseph Barton Elam U S Representative from Louisiana James Edward English U S Representative and U S Senator from Connecticut Nathan A Farwell U S Senator from Maine Thomas W Ferry U S Representative and U S Senator from Michigan Horace Greeley publisher and U S Representative from New York William S Groesbeck state legislator from Ohio Andrew Jackson Hamilton U S Representative from Texas Aaron Harding U S Representative from Kentucky James Harlan U S Senator from Iowa James K Holland state legislator from Texas Samuel Hooper U S Representative from Massachusetts George S Houston U S Representative from Alabama Jacob Merritt Howard U S Senator from Michigan Reverdy Johnson U S Senator from Maryland William Lawrence U S Representative from Ohio John Wesley Longyear U S Representative from Michigan Samuel S Marshall U S Representative from Illinois Horace Maynard U S Representative from Tennessee Robert Mallory U S Representative from Kentucky Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson U S Representative from Tennessee Richard Oglesby Governor of Illinois James Lawrence Orr Governor of South Carolina Halbert E Paine U S Representative from Wisconsin George Hunt Pendleton U S Senator from Ohio Cyrus L Pershing jurist and later candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania Thomas G Pratt Governor and U S Senator from Maryland Henry Jarvis Raymond U S Representative from New York James S Rollins U S Representative from Missouri Robert Cumming Schenck U S Representative from Ohio James Speed U S Attorney General John Dodson Stiles U S Representative from Pennsylvania Byron Gray Stout U S Representative from Michigan John L N Stratton U S Representative from New Jersey Lorenzo D M Sweat U S Representative from Maine William Barrett Washburn U S Representative from Massachusetts Peter Godwin Van Winkle U S Senator from West Virginia Fernando Wood copperhead Mayor of New York City Clement Vallandigham a copperhead from Ohio was elected to the convention but withdrew to avoid disturbing the harmony of the convention nbsp Thomas Nast s rendition of news reports about the conventionSee also editNational Union Party United States 1864 National Union National ConventionReferences edit McKitrick 1960 pp 394 420 a b c Wagstaff 1968 Johnson argues post Civil War Congress is unrepresentative The Franklin Repository 1866 08 29 p 2 Retrieved 2023 07 22 via Newspapers com Abbott 1986 p 68 71 Works cited editAbbott Richard 1986 The Republican Party and the South 1855 1877 The First Southern Strategy University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0807816809 McKitrick Eric 1960 Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction University of Chicago Press pp 394 420 LCCN 60005467 OCLC 1476846 Wagstaff Thomas 1968 The Arm in Arm Convention Civil War History 14 2 101 119 doi 10 1353 cwh 1968 0036 S2CID 144301855 Further reading editThe proceedings of the National union convention held at Philadelphia August 14 1866 at Internet Archive primary sourcesExternal links editAddress to President by Hon Reverdy Johnson Aug 18 1866 communicating proceedings National Union Convention entered into the record of Johnson s impeachment trial Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1866 National Union Convention amp oldid 1208861120, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
