Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation-related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat (the umbrella effect). Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine the status of many species. The umbrella species is often either a flagship species whose conservation benefits other species[1]: 280 or a keystone species which may be targeted for conservation due to its impact on an ecosystem. Umbrella species can be used to help select the locations of potential reserves, find the minimum size of these conservation areas or reserves, and to determine the composition, structure, and processes of ecosystems.[2]
"A wide-ranging species whose requirements include those of many other species"[3]
A species with large area requirements for which protection of the species offers protection to other species that share the same habitat[4][5]
Other descriptions include:
"Traditional umbrella species, relatively large-bodied and wide-ranging species of higher vertebrates"[6]
Animals may also be considered umbrella species if they are charismatic. The hope is that species that appeal to popular audiences, such as pandas, will attract support for habitat conservation in general.[7]
In land use managementedit
The use of umbrella species as a conservation tool is highly debated. The term was first used by Bruce Wilcox in 1984,[8] who defined an umbrella species as one whose minimum area requirements are at least as comprehensive of the rest of the community for which protection is sought through the establishment and management of a protected area.
Some scientists[who?] have found that the umbrella effect provides a simpler way to manage ecological communities. Others[who?] feel that a combination of other tools establish better land management reserves to help protect more species than just using umbrella species alone. Individual invertebrate species can be good umbrella species because they can protect older, unique ecosystems. There have been cases where umbrella species have protected a large amount of area which has been beneficial to surrounding species. Dunk, Zielinski and Welsh (2006) reported that the reserves in Northern California (the Klamath-Siskiyou forests), set aside for the northern spotted owl, also protect mollusks and salamanders within that habitat. They found that the reserves set aside for the northern spotted owl "serve as a reasonable coarse-filter umbrella species for the taxa evaluated", which were mollusks and salamanders.[9]
Wildlife corridorsedit
The concept of an umbrella species is further utilized to create wildlife corridors with what are termed focal species. These focal species are chosen for a number of reasons and fall into several types, generally measured by their potential for an umbrella effect. By carefully choosing species based on this criterion, a linked or networked habitat can be created from single-species corridors.[10] These criteria are determined with the assistance of geographic information systems on the larger scale. Regardless of the location or scale of conservation, the umbrella effect is a measurement of a species' impact on others and is an important part of determining an approach.
In the Endangered Species Act (US)edit
The bay checkerspot butterfly has been on the Endangered Species List since 1987. Launer and Murphy (1994) tried to determine whether this butterfly could be considered an umbrella species in protecting the native grassland it inhabits. They discovered that the Endangered Species Act has a loophole excluding federally protected plants on private property. However, the California Environmental Quality Act reinforces state conservation regulations.[6] Using the Endangered Species Act to protect termed umbrella species and their habitats can be controversial because they are not as well enforced in some states as others (such as California) to protect overall biodiversity.
Protecting a species like the canebrake has practical applications, as protection measures would have broad environmental value because of an umbrella effect. That is, protecting the rattlesnakes would ensure protection of other wildlife species that use the same habitats but are less sensitive to development or require fewer resources.[14]
^Sherman, David M. 2002. Tending animals in the global village: A guide to international veterinary medicine. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN978-0-683-18051-0
^Roberge, Jean-Michel; Angelstam, Per (2004). "Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation Tool". Conservation Biology. 18 (1): 76–85. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x. S2CID 73650330.
^ abLauner, Alan E.; Murphy, Dennis D. (1994). "Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: A case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystem". Biological Conservation. 69 (2): 145–153. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90054-x.
^Nuwer, Rachel (2021-02-25). "For Shielding Endangered Neighbors, Pandas Make Flimsy Umbrellas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
^Wilcox, Bruce A. 1984. "In situ conservation of genetic resources: Determinants of minimum area requirements." In National Parks, Conservation and Development, Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks. J.A. McNeely and K.R. Miller, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 18–30.
^Dunk, Jeffrey R., William J. Zielinkski and Hartwell H. Walsh, Jr. 2006. "Evaluating reserves for species richness and representation in northern California." Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 12, 434–442.
^Majka, Dan. September 18, 2007. Selecting focal species. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
^. nationalzoo.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
^On the Right Way to Right Whale: Protections in the Gulf of Maine—Case Study (pdf)
^Gibbons, Whit. March 4, 2007. Preserve wildlife before it is lost to us forever. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
Further readingedit
Caro, Tim (2010). Conservation by proxy: indicator, umbrella, keystone, flagship, and other surrogate species. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN9781597261920.
External linksedit
NOAA
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Bay checkerspot butterfly
Northern Spotted Owl
April 09, 2024
umbrella, species, species, selected, making, conservation, related, decisions, typically, because, protecting, these, species, indirectly, protects, many, other, species, that, make, ecological, community, habitat, umbrella, effect, species, conservation, sub. Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation related decisions typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat the umbrella effect Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine the status of many species The umbrella species is often either a flagship species whose conservation benefits other species 1 280 or a keystone species which may be targeted for conservation due to its impact on an ecosystem Umbrella species can be used to help select the locations of potential reserves find the minimum size of these conservation areas or reserves and to determine the composition structure and processes of ecosystems 2 Giant pandas are considered an umbrella species Contents 1 Definitions 2 In land use management 3 Wildlife corridors 4 In the Endangered Species Act US 5 Examples 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDefinitions editTwo commonly used definitions are A wide ranging species whose requirements include those of many other species 3 A species with large area requirements for which protection of the species offers protection to other species that share the same habitat 4 5 Other descriptions include Traditional umbrella species relatively large bodied and wide ranging species of higher vertebrates 6 Animals may also be considered umbrella species if they are charismatic The hope is that species that appeal to popular audiences such as pandas will attract support for habitat conservation in general 7 In land use management editThe use of umbrella species as a conservation tool is highly debated The term was first used by Bruce Wilcox in 1984 8 who defined an umbrella species as one whose minimum area requirements are at least as comprehensive of the rest of the community for which protection is sought through the establishment and management of a protected area Some scientists who have found that the umbrella effect provides a simpler way to manage ecological communities Others who feel that a combination of other tools establish better land management reserves to help protect more species than just using umbrella species alone Individual invertebrate species can be good umbrella species because they can protect older unique ecosystems There have been cases where umbrella species have protected a large amount of area which has been beneficial to surrounding species Dunk Zielinski and Welsh 2006 reported that the reserves in Northern California the Klamath Siskiyou forests set aside for the northern spotted owl also protect mollusks and salamanders within that habitat They found that the reserves set aside for the northern spotted owl serve as a reasonable coarse filter umbrella species for the taxa evaluated which were mollusks and salamanders 9 Wildlife corridors editThe concept of an umbrella species is further utilized to create wildlife corridors with what are termed focal species These focal species are chosen for a number of reasons and fall into several types generally measured by their potential for an umbrella effect By carefully choosing species based on this criterion a linked or networked habitat can be created from single species corridors 10 These criteria are determined with the assistance of geographic information systems on the larger scale Regardless of the location or scale of conservation the umbrella effect is a measurement of a species impact on others and is an important part of determining an approach In the Endangered Species Act US editThe bay checkerspot butterfly has been on the Endangered Species List since 1987 Launer and Murphy 1994 tried to determine whether this butterfly could be considered an umbrella species in protecting the native grassland it inhabits They discovered that the Endangered Species Act has a loophole excluding federally protected plants on private property However the California Environmental Quality Act reinforces state conservation regulations 6 Using the Endangered Species Act to protect termed umbrella species and their habitats can be controversial because they are not as well enforced in some states as others such as California to protect overall biodiversity Examples editNorthern spotted owls and old growth forest Molluscs and salamanders are within the protective boundaries of the northern spotted owl Bay checkerspot butterfly and grasslands Red cockaded woodpeckers and Southeastern pine grasslands Amur tigers in the Russian Far East are considered umbrella keystone species due to their impact on the deer and boar in their ecosystem 11 Right whales 12 Sharks 13 Giant pandas and mountain ranges in China Canebrake and other speciesProtecting a species like the canebrake has practical applications as protection measures would have broad environmental value because of an umbrella effect That is protecting the rattlesnakes would ensure protection of other wildlife species that use the same habitats but are less sensitive to development or require fewer resources 14 Kimberly AndrewsSee also editConservation biology Dominant species Ecological network Ecosystem engineer Foundation species Green corridors Flagship species Indigenous Indicator species Introduced species Keystone species Landscape ecologyReferences edit Sherman David M 2002 Tending animals in the global village A guide to international veterinary medicine Blackwell Publishing ISBN 978 0 683 18051 0 Roberge Jean Michel Angelstam Per 2004 Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation Tool Conservation Biology 18 1 76 85 doi 10 1111 j 1523 1739 2004 00450 x S2CID 73650330 Groom Martha 2006 Principles of conservation biology Sinauer Associates ISBN 978 0 87893 597 0 OCLC 70686894 Ozaki Kenichi Isono Masahiro Kawahara Takayuki Iida Shigeo Kudo Takuma Fukuyama Kenji 2006 A Mechanistic Approach to Evaluation of Umbrella Species as Conservation Surrogates Conservation Biology 20 5 1507 1515 doi 10 1111 j 1523 1739 2006 00444 x PMID 17002768 S2CID 8383041 Glossary NOAA 2007 Retrieved 22 April 2018 a b Launer Alan E Murphy Dennis D 1994 Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments A case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystem Biological Conservation 69 2 145 153 doi 10 1016 0006 3207 94 90054 x Nuwer Rachel 2021 02 25 For Shielding Endangered Neighbors Pandas Make Flimsy Umbrellas The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 02 28 Wilcox Bruce A 1984 In situ conservation of genetic resources Determinants of minimum area requirements In National Parks Conservation and Development Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks J A McNeely and K R Miller Smithsonian Institution Press pp 18 30 Dunk Jeffrey R William J Zielinkski and Hartwell H Walsh Jr 2006 Evaluating reserves for species richness and representation in northern California Diversity and Distributions Vol 12 434 442 Majka Dan September 18 2007 Selecting focal species Retrieved April 15 2008 Russia s Tough Tigers National Zoo FONZ nationalzoo si edu Archived from the original on 2016 02 20 Retrieved 2016 02 03 On the Right Way to Right Whale Protections in the Gulf of Maine Case Study pdf National Geographic 27 juillet 2021 The surprising ways sharks keep the ocean healthy Gibbons Whit March 4 2007 Preserve wildlife before it is lost to us forever Retrieved April 14 2008 Further reading editCaro Tim 2010 Conservation by proxy indicator umbrella keystone flagship and other surrogate species Washington DC Island Press ISBN 9781597261920 External links editNOAA The Endangered Species Act of 1973 U S Fish and Wildlife Service Bay checkerspot butterfly Northern Spotted Owl Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umbrella species amp oldid 1187625702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
