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Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany

January 01, 1970

Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany took place during the occupation of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR, USSR, by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.[1]

Military parade in Stanislaviv

By September 1941, the German-occupied territory of Ukraine was divided between two new German administrative units, the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Some Ukrainians chose to resist and fight the German occupation forces and either joined the Red Army or the irregular partisan units conducting guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Most Ukrainians, especially in western Ukraine, had little to no loyalty toward the Soviet Union, which had been repressively occupying eastern Ukraine in the interwar years and had overseen a famine in the early 1930s called the Holodomor that killed millions of Ukrainians. Some who worked with or for the Nazis against the Allied forces[2][3] Ukrainian nationalists hoped that enthusiastic collaboration would enable them to re-establish an independent state. Many were involved in a series of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust in Ukraine and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.[4]

Ukrainians, including ethnic minorities like Russians, Tatars and others,[5] who collaborated with the Nazi Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police, Schutzmannschaft, in the German military, or as guards in the concentration camps.

Background edit

Stalin and Hitler both demanded territory from their immediate neighbour, Poland.[6] The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 brought together Ukrainians of the USSR and Ukrainians of what was then Eastern Poland (Kresy), under a single Soviet banner. In the territories of Poland invaded by Nazi Germany, the size of the Ukrainian minority became negligible and was gathered mostly around UCC (УЦК [uk]), formed in Kraków.[7]

Less than two years later, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. The German Operation Barbarossa began on June 22, 1941. Operation Barbarossa brought together native Ukrainians of the USSR and the prewar territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. By September the occupied territory was divided between two new German administrative units: to the southwest, the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government, and the northeast, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, which stretched all the way to Donbas by 1943.[6]

 
"Hitler the Liberator" poster in Ukrainian

Reinhard Heydrich noted in a report dated July 9, 1941 "a fundamental difference between the former Polish and Russian [Soviet] territories. In the former Polish region, the Soviet regime was seen as enemy rule... Hence the German troops were greeted by the Polish as well as the White Ruthenian population [meaning Ukrainian and Belarusian] for the most part, at least, as liberators or with friendly neutrality... The situation in the current occupied White Ruthenian areas of the [pre-1939] USSR has a completely different basis."[8]

Ukrainian nationalist partisan leader Taras Bulba-Borovets gathered a force of 3,000 in summer 1941 to help the Wehrmacht fight the Red Army. In September 1942, Borovets entered into negotiations with the Soviet partisans of Dmitry Medvedev. They tried to attract him to the struggle against the Germans but could not reach an agreement. Borovets refused to obey the Soviet command structure and feared German retaliation against Ukrainian civilians. Still, until the spring of 1943 neutrality was maintained between the Borovets detachments and the Soviet partisans.[9] Parallel to the negotiations with the Soviets, Borovets continued to try to reach an agreement with the Germans. In November 1942, he met with Obersturmbannführer Puts, the head of the security service of Volhynia and Podolia general district.

In November 1943, during negotiations with the Germans, Borovets was arrested by the Gestapo in Warsaw and incarcerated in Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[10] In the autumn of 1944, the Nazis, looking for Ukrainian support in a war they were by then losing, freed Borovets.[11] He was forced to change his nom de guerre to Kononenko and under this name he led the formation of a Ukrainian special forces detachment of around 50 men under the Waffen-SS. This detachment was to be dropped in the rear of the Red Army for guerrilla warfare. Those plans never came to fruition.

At the end of the war Hitler's Ukrainian nationalist allies demanded transfers away from the Eastern Front so that they could surrender to Allies rather than Soviet forces. Borovets' detachment surrendered to the Allies on May 10, 1945, and was interned in Rimini Italy.[12][6] Because of the fluid nature of these allegiances, historian Alfred Rieber has emphasized that labels such as "collaborators" and "resistance" have been rendered useless in describing the actual loyalty of these groups.[6] However, in the newly annexed portions of western Ukraine, there was little to no loyalty towards The Soviet Union, whose Red Army had seized Ukraine during the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.

Occupation edit

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

Nationalists in western Ukraine hoped that their efforts would enable them to re-establish an independent state later on. For example, on the eve of Operation' Barbarossa, as many as 4,000 Ukrainians, operating under Wehrmacht orders, sought to cause disruption behind Soviet lines. After the capture of Lviv, a highly-contentious and strategically important city with a significant Ukrainian minority, OUN leaders proclaimed a new Ukrainian State on June 30, 1941, and encouraged loyalty to the new regime in the hope that the Germans would support it. In 1939, during the German-Polish War, the OUN was "a faithful German auxiliary".[13]

 
Ukrainian women dressed in national costumes salute German high command during the parade in Stanislaviv

Despite an initial warm reaction to the idea of an independent Ukraine (see Ukrainian national government (1941)), the Nazi administration had other ideas, particularly the Lebensraum programme and the total 'Aryanisation' of the population. It played the Slavic nations against one another. OUN initially carried out attacks on Polish villages to try to exterminate Polish populations or expel Polish enclaves from what the OUN fighters perceived as Ukrainian territory.[13] This culminated in the mass killings of Polish families in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.

According to Timothy Snyder, "something that is never said, because it's inconvenient for precisely everyone, is that more Ukrainian Communists collaborated with the Germans, than did Ukrainian nationalists." Snyder also points out that very many of those who collaborated with the German occupation also collaborated with the Soviet policies in the 1930s.[14]

Holocaust edit

Main article: The Holocaust in Ukraine
 
Holocaust in Reichskommissariat Ukraine: the map

The elimination of Jews during the Holocaust in Ukraine started within a few days of the beginning of the Nazi occupation. The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, which formed mid August 1941,[15] assisted by Einsatzgruppen C, and Police battalions rounded up Jews and undesirables for the Babi Yar massacre,[16] as well as other later massacres in cities and towns of modern-day Ukraine, such as Kolky,[17][18] Stepan,[19][20] Lviv, Lutsk, and Zhytomyr.[21]

During this period, on 1 September 1941, the Nazi-sponsored Ukrainian newspaper Volhyn wrote, in an article titled Zavoiovuimo misto" (Let's Conquer the City):

“All elements that reside in our land, whether they are Jews or Poles, must be eradicated. We are at this very moment resolving the Jewish question, and this resolution is part of the plan for the Reich’s total reorganization of Europe.”,[22][23][24] "The empty space that will be created, must immediately and irrevocable be filled by the real owners and masters of this land, the Ukrainian people".[25]

 
The Ukrainian clergy's address to the Ukrainians, calling them to pledge allegiance to Germany

Reinforced by religious prejudice, antisemitism turned violent in the first days of the German attack on the Soviet Union. Some Ukrainians derived nationalist resentment from the belief that the Jews had worked for Polish landlords.[26] The NKVD prisoner massacres by the Soviet secret police while they retreated eastward were blamed on Jews. The antisemitic canard of Jewish Bolshevism provided justification for the revenge killings by the ultranationalist Ukrainian People's Militia, which accompanied German Einsatzgruppen moving east.[26] In Boryslav (prewar Borysław, Poland, population 41,500), the SS commander gave an enraged crowd, which had seen bodies of men murdered by NKVD and laid out in the town square, 24 hours to act as they wished against Polish Jews, who were forced to clean the dead bodies and to dance and then were killed by beating with axes, pipes etc. The same type of mass murders took place in Brzezany. During Lviv pogroms, 7,000 Jews were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists, led by the Ukrainian People's Militia.[26][27][28] As late as 1945, Ukrainian militants were still rounding up and murdering Jews.[29]

While some of the collaborators were civilians, others were given a choice to enlist for paramilitary service beginning in September 1941 from the Soviet prisoner-of-war camps because of ongoing close relations with the Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung.[30] In total, over 5,000 native Ukrainian soldiers of the Red Army signed up for training with the SS at a special Trawniki training camp to assist with the Final Solution.[31] Another 1,000 defected during field operations.[31] Trawniki men took a major part in the Nazi plan to exterminate European Jews during Operation Reinhard. They served at all extermination camps and played an important role in the annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (see the Stroop Report) and the Białystok Ghetto Uprising among other ghetto insurgencies.[32] The men who were dispatched to death camps and Jewish ghettos as guards were never fully trusted and so were always overseen by Volksdeutsche.[33] Occasionally, along with the prisoners they were guarding, they would kill their commanders in the process of attempting to defect.[34][35]

 
Ukrainian women greet advancing German Army, sign in the background says "Herzlich Willkommen, Heil Hitler"

In May 2006, the Ukrainian newspaper Ukraine Christian News commented, "Carrying out the massacre was the Einsatzgruppe C, supported by members of a Waffen-SS battalion and units of the Ukrainian auxiliary police, under the general command of Friedrich Jeckeln. The participation of Ukrainian collaborators in these events, now documented and proven, is a matter of painful public debate in Ukraine".[36]

Collaborating organizations, political movements, individuals and military volunteers edit

In total, the Germans enlisted 250,000 native Ukrainians for duty in five separate formations including the Nationalist Military Detachments (VVN), the Brotherhoods of Ukrainian Nationalists (DUN), the SS Division Galicia, the Ukrainian Liberation Army (UVV) and the Ukrainian National Army (Ukrainische Nationalarmee, UNA).[6][37] By the end of 1942, in Reichskommissariat Ukraine alone, the SS employed 238,000 native Ukrainian police and 15,000 Germans, a ratio of 1 to 16.[38]

Auxiliary police edit

 
German officers visiting the Schutzmannschaft unit in Zarig, near Kiev
Main article: Ukrainian Auxiliary Police

The 109th, 114th, 115th, 116th, 117th, 118th, 201st Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft-battalions participated in anti-partisan operations in Ukraine and Belarus. In February and March 1943, the 50th Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft Battalion participated in the large anti-guerrilla action «Operation Winterzauber» (Winter magic) in Belarus, cooperating with several Latvian and the 2nd Lithuanian battalion. Schuma-battalions burned down villages suspected of supporting Soviet partisans.[39] On March 22, 1943, all inhabitants of the village of Khatyn in Belarus were burned alive by the Nazis in what became known as the Khatyn massacre, with the participation of the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion.[40][41]

According to Paul R. Magocsi, "Ukrainian auxiliary police and militia, or simply "Ukrainians" (a generic term that in fact included persons of non-Ukrainian as well as Ukrainian national background) participated in the overall process as policemen and camp guards".[42]

Ukrainian volunteers in the German armed forces edit

SS Division Galicia edit

Main article: 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian)
 
Contemporary Ukrainian newspaper with slogans such as "God with Us!" and "Glory to Ukraine!". The headlines read: "From Peter the Great to Stalin – the Eastern Menace" and "Japan declares war on the United States of America and England"

On 28 April 1943, the German Governor of the District of Galicia, Otto Wächter, and the local Ukrainian administration officially declared the creation of the SS Division Galicia. Volunteers signed for service as of 3 June 1943 and numbered 80,000.[43] On 27 July 1944, the division was formed into the Waffen-SS as 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian).[44]

Sol Litman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center states that there are many proven and documented incidents of atrocities and massacres committed by the unit against Poles and Jews during World War II.[45] Official SS records show that the 4, 5, 6 and 7 SS-Freiwilligen regiments were under Ordnungspolizei command during the accusations.[44][46] See 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of SS, the 1st Galician: Atrocities and war crimes.

Ukrainian National Committee edit

Main article: Ukrainian National Committee

In March 1945, the Ukrainian National Committee was set up after a series of negotiations with the Germans. The Committee represented and had command over all Ukrainian units fighting for the Third Reich, such as the Ukrainian National Army. However, it was too late, and the committee and the army were disbanded at the end of the war.

Ukrainian Central Committee edit

Pavlo Shandruk became the head of the National Committee, while Volodymyr Kubijovyč, the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee [pl; ru; uk], became his deputy. The Central Committee was the officially recognized Ukrainian community and quasi-political organization under the Nazi occupation of Poland.

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists edit

Heads of local Ukrainian administration and public figures under the German occupation edit

  • Oleksander Ohloblyn (1899–1992) in the fall of 1941, Ohloblyn was appointed the Mayor of Kiev at the behest of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. He held the post from September 21 to October 25.[47]
  • Volodymyr Bahaziy (Kiev mayor, 1941–1942,[48]
  • Leontii Forostivsky (Kiev mayor, 1942–1943)[49]
  • Fedir Bohatyrchuk (head of the Ukrainian Red Cross, 1941–1942)
  • Oleksii Kramarenko (Kharkov mayor, 1941–1942, executed by Germans in 1943)
  • Oleksander Semenenko (Kharkov mayor, 1942–1943)
  • Paul Kozakevich (Kharkov mayor, 1943)
  • Aleksandr Sevastianov (Vinnytsia mayor, 1941 – ?)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Markiewicz, Paweł (2021). Unlikely Allies: Nazi German and Ukrainian Nationalist Collaboration in the General Government During World War II. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-61249-679-5.
  2. ^ Perks, Robert (1993). "Ukraine's Forbidden History: Memory and Nationalism". Oral History. 21 (1): 43–53. ISSN 0143-0955. JSTOR 40179315. Both occupying regimes [Poland and the USSR] imposed their own language and government... For the majority of Ukrainians in the east, Soviet rule was even more repressive
  3. ^ Paul H. Rosenberg (28 March 2014). "Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration: America's Dirty Little Ukraine Secret (An interview with Russ Bellant)". The Nation.
  4. ^ Torvey, Colin. "Means, Ends, and Perpetrators: Connections Between the Holocaust and the Genocide of Ethnic Poles in Volhynia and Galicia".
  5. ^ "Historian Timothy Snyder: Babi Yar A Tragedy For All Ukrainians". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2023-05-02. However, from the very beginning, and that is true, some local residents, Ukrainians -- not only ethnic Ukrainians but also Russians, Tatars, and others -- collaborated. Some people from each ethnic group collaborated.
  6. ^ a b c d e Alfred J. Rieber (2003). "Civil Wars in the Soviet Union" (PDF). Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 4 (1). Project Muse: 133, 145–147. doi:10.1353/kri.2003.0012. S2CID 159755578. Slavica Publishers.
  7. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). "1. Soviet terror". Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4.
  8. ^ Thurston, Robert (1996). Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941.
  9. ^ Dziobak, V. V. (2002). Тарас Бульба-Боровець і його військові підрозділи в українському русі Опору (1941—1944) [Taras Bulba-Borovets and his military units in the Ukrainian Resistance movement (1941—1944)] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Institute of History of Ukraine. pp. 111–119.
  10. ^ Dziobak 2002, p. 108.
  11. ^ Dziobak 2002, p. 172.
  12. ^ Dziobak 2002, pp. 176–177.
  13. ^ a b John A. Armstrong, Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), p. 409.
  14. ^ Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine – for their own sake, Eurozine (7 July 2017)
  15. ^ Jürgen Matthäus (18 April 2013). Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1941–1942. AltaMira Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-7591-2259-8.
  16. ^ Spector, Shmuel (1990). "Extracts from the Babi Yar article". In Israel Gutman (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem, Sifriat Hapoalim, Macmillan Publishing Company. from the original on 30 December 2012. The implementation of the decision to kill all the Jews of Kiev was entrusted to Sonderkommando 4a. The unit consisted of SD men (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) and Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; Sipo); the third company of the Special Duties Waffen-SS battalion; and a platoon of the No. 9 police battalion. The unit was reinforced by police battalions Nos. 45 and 305 and by units of the Ukrainian auxiliary police.
  17. ^ Kac, Daniel (1983). "Perl Tine Reports". Fun ash aroysgerufn (Summoned from the Ashes) (in Yiddish). Warsaw, Poland: Czytelnik. pp. 135–158.
  18. ^ "Kołki". Yad Vachem.
  19. ^ Ganuz, I.; Peri, J. (28 May 2006). "The Generations of Stepan: The History of Stepan and Its Jewish Population". jewishgen.org. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  20. ^ "Stepan". Faina Petryakova Science Center for Judaica and Jewish Art.
  21. ^ . yadvashem.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  22. ^ Burds, Jeffrey (2013). Holocaust in Rovno. Palgrave McMillan. p. 39. ISBN 9781137388391.
  23. ^ Messina, Adele Valeria (2017). American Sociology and Holocaust Studies The Alleged Silence and the Creation of the Sociological Delay. Academic Studies Press. pp. 176, 177. ISBN 9781618115478.
    • Spector, Shmuel. The Jews of Volynia and their reaction to extermination. Yad Vashem. p. 160.
  24. ^ Basic Historical Narrative of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. Kyiv Ukraine. 2018. p. 114.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Shkandrij, Myroslav (2015). "10". Ukrainian Nationalism. Yale University Press. p. 242. ISBN 9780300206289.
    • Gilbert, Martin (1985). The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy. RosettaBooks LLC. p. 199. ISBN 9780795337192.
  26. ^ a b c Richard J. Evans (2009). The Third Reich at War: 1939-1945. London: Penguin Books. pp. 203–223. ISBN 978-1-101-02230-6.
  27. ^ Jakob Weiss, Lemberg Mosaic, p. 173. ISBN 0-9831091-1-7.
  28. ^ Lucy S. Dawidowicz (1975), The War Against the Jews 1933-1945, Bantam Books Inc., New York, p. 171.
  29. ^ The Holocaust Chronicle, A History in Words and Pictures, Edited by David J. Hogan, Publications International Ltd, Lincolnwood, Illinois, p.592
  30. ^ Markus Eikel (2013). "The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944". The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives (PDF). Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 110–122 in PDF. Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi-occupied Soviet Union, whereas the local administrators have formed the Hilfsverwaltung in support of extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, and in providing assistance for the deportations to camps in Germany, mainly in 1942 and 1943.
  31. ^ a b Peter R. Black (2006). "Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard". In David Bankir (ed.). Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. ISBN 1-929631-60-X – via Google Books.
  32. ^ Yitzhak Arad (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-253-34293-7.
  33. ^ Gregory Procknow (2011). Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers. Francis & Bernard Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9868374-0-1.
  34. ^ Himka, John-Paul (1998). "Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews During World War II: Sorting out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors". In Jonathan Frankel (ed.). . Vol. XIII. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–190. ISBN 978-0-19-511931-2. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012.
  35. ^ "Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide, Chapter 4 – cont". JewishGen, Inc. February 13, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  36. ^ Holocaust Victims Honored in Babi Yar (Ukraine Christian News, May 3, 2006) Accessed January 14, 2006.
  37. ^ Motyka, Grzegorz (February 2001). [SS Division 'Galicia']. Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość (in Polish). 1. Biuletyn IPN. Archived from the original on 3 January 2003.
  38. ^ Jeffrey Burds (2013). Holocaust in Rovno: The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941. Springer. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-137-38840-7.
  39. ^ Gerlach, C. "Kalkulierte Morde" Hamburger Edition, Hamburg, 1999.
  40. ^ State Memorial Complex "Khatyn" official web-page https://khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/ - The destruction of the village of Khatyn is a tragic and vivid example. The village was annihilated by the thugs from the 118th Police Battalion, which was stationed in a small town of Pleschinitsy, and by the thugs from the SS battalion "Dirlewanger", which was stationed in Logoisk.
  41. ^ В.И. Адамушко "Хатынь. Трагедия и память НАРБ 2009 ISBN 978-985-6372-62-2
  42. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
  43. ^ K.G. Klietmann Die Waffen SS; eine Dokumentation Osnabruck Der Freiwillige, 1965 p.194
  44. ^ a b GEORG TESSIN Verbande und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945 DRITTER BAND: Die Landstreitkrafte 6—14 VERLAG E. S. MITTLER & SOHN GMBH. • FRANKFURT/MAIN ISBN 3-7648-0942-6 page 313
  45. ^ Litman, Sol (2003). Pure Soldiers or Bloodthirsty Murderers?: The Ukrainian 14th Waffen-SS Galicia Division (Hardcover ed.). Black Rose Books. ISBN 1-55164-219-0.
  46. ^ Tessin, Georg / Kannapin, Norbert. Waffen-SS und Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939-1945.ISBN 3-7648-2471-9 p.52.
  47. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2012). The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-1-13953-673-8.
  48. ^ David Fanning, Erik Levi, ed. (2019). The Routledge Handbook to Music under German Occupation, 1938-1945: Propaganda, Myth and Reality. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-86258-5.
  49. ^ Berkhoff, Karel C. (2008). Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. Harvard University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-674-02078-8.

Further reading edit

See also: Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II and Bibliography of Ukrainian history § World War II
  • Armstrong, J. A. (1968). Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe. The Journal of Modern History, 40(3), pp. 396–410.
  • Dean, M. (31 December 1999). Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22056-3.
  • Gilbert Martin (1987). The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (Reprint ed.). Owl Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-0348-2.
  • Gilbert Martin (1986). The Holocaust: The Jewish tragedy (Unknown Binding ed.). Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216305-7.
  • Goldenshteyn, M. (12 December 2021). So They Remember: A Jewish Family's Story of Surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine. Oxford University Press.
  • Lower, W. (19 September 2005). Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine. The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Mordecai Paldiel (1993). The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House in association with the ADL. ISBN 0-88125-376-6. [1]
  • Mordecai Paldiel and Elie Wiesel (2007). The Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-115112-5.
  • Дзьобак, Володимир (1995). . З архівів ВУЧК-ГПУ-НКВД-КГБ. 1/2(2/3). Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. LCC JN6635.A55 I679
  • Steinhart, E. C. (9 February 2015). The Holocaust and the Germanization of Ukraine. Cambridge University Press.
  • Zabarko, B., ed. (30 November 2004). Holocaust in the Ukraine. Vallentine Mitchell.

January 01, 1970
ukrainian, collaboration, with, nazi, germany, took, place, during, occupation, poland, ukrainian, ussr, nazi, germany, during, second, world, military, parade, stanislaviv, september, 1941, german, occupied, territory, ukraine, divided, between, german, admin. Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany took place during the occupation of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR USSR by Nazi Germany during the Second World War 1 Military parade in Stanislaviv By September 1941 the German occupied territory of Ukraine was divided between two new German administrative units the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine Some Ukrainians chose to resist and fight the German occupation forces and either joined the Red Army or the irregular partisan units conducting guerrilla warfare against the Germans Most Ukrainians especially in western Ukraine had little to no loyalty toward the Soviet Union which had been repressively occupying eastern Ukraine in the interwar years and had overseen a famine in the early 1930s called the Holodomor that killed millions of Ukrainians Some who worked with or for the Nazis against the Allied forces 2 3 Ukrainian nationalists hoped that enthusiastic collaboration would enable them to re establish an independent state Many were involved in a series of war crimes and crimes against humanity including the Holocaust in Ukraine and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 4 Ukrainians including ethnic minorities like Russians Tatars and others 5 who collaborated with the Nazi Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration in German supervised auxiliary police Schutzmannschaft in the German military or as guards in the concentration camps Contents 1 Background 2 Occupation 3 Holocaust 4 Collaborating organizations political movements individuals and military volunteers 4 1 Auxiliary police 4 2 Ukrainian volunteers in the German armed forces 4 3 SS Division Galicia 4 4 Ukrainian National Committee 4 5 Ukrainian Central Committee 4 6 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 4 7 Heads of local Ukrainian administration and public figures under the German occupation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingBackground editStalin and Hitler both demanded territory from their immediate neighbour Poland 6 The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 brought together Ukrainians of the USSR and Ukrainians of what was then Eastern Poland Kresy under a single Soviet banner In the territories of Poland invaded by Nazi Germany the size of the Ukrainian minority became negligible and was gathered mostly around UCC UCK uk formed in Krakow 7 Less than two years later Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union The German Operation Barbarossa began on June 22 1941 Operation Barbarossa brought together native Ukrainians of the USSR and the prewar territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union By September the occupied territory was divided between two new German administrative units to the southwest the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government and the northeast Reichskommissariat Ukraine which stretched all the way to Donbas by 1943 6 nbsp Hitler the Liberator poster in Ukrainian Reinhard Heydrich noted in a report dated July 9 1941 a fundamental difference between the former Polish and Russian Soviet territories In the former Polish region the Soviet regime was seen as enemy rule Hence the German troops were greeted by the Polish as well as the White Ruthenian population meaning Ukrainian and Belarusian for the most part at least as liberators or with friendly neutrality The situation in the current occupied White Ruthenian areas of the pre 1939 USSR has a completely different basis 8 Ukrainian nationalist partisan leader Taras Bulba Borovets gathered a force of 3 000 in summer 1941 to help the Wehrmacht fight the Red Army In September 1942 Borovets entered into negotiations with the Soviet partisans of Dmitry Medvedev They tried to attract him to the struggle against the Germans but could not reach an agreement Borovets refused to obey the Soviet command structure and feared German retaliation against Ukrainian civilians Still until the spring of 1943 neutrality was maintained between the Borovets detachments and the Soviet partisans 9 Parallel to the negotiations with the Soviets Borovets continued to try to reach an agreement with the Germans In November 1942 he met with Obersturmbannfuhrer Puts the head of the security service of Volhynia and Podolia general district In November 1943 during negotiations with the Germans Borovets was arrested by the Gestapo in Warsaw and incarcerated in Sachsenhausen concentration camp 10 In the autumn of 1944 the Nazis looking for Ukrainian support in a war they were by then losing freed Borovets 11 He was forced to change his nom de guerre to Kononenko and under this name he led the formation of a Ukrainian special forces detachment of around 50 men under the Waffen SS This detachment was to be dropped in the rear of the Red Army for guerrilla warfare Those plans never came to fruition At the end of the war Hitler s Ukrainian nationalist allies demanded transfers away from the Eastern Front so that they could surrender to Allies rather than Soviet forces Borovets detachment surrendered to the Allies on May 10 1945 and was interned in Rimini Italy 12 6 Because of the fluid nature of these allegiances historian Alfred Rieber has emphasized that labels such as collaborators and resistance have been rendered useless in describing the actual loyalty of these groups 6 However in the newly annexed portions of western Ukraine there was little to no loyalty towards The Soviet Union whose Red Army had seized Ukraine during the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 Occupation editMain article Reichskommissariat Ukraine Nationalists in western Ukraine hoped that their efforts would enable them to re establish an independent state later on For example on the eve of Operation Barbarossa as many as 4 000 Ukrainians operating under Wehrmacht orders sought to cause disruption behind Soviet lines After the capture of Lviv a highly contentious and strategically important city with a significant Ukrainian minority OUN leaders proclaimed a new Ukrainian State on June 30 1941 and encouraged loyalty to the new regime in the hope that the Germans would support it In 1939 during the German Polish War the OUN was a faithful German auxiliary 13 nbsp Ukrainian women dressed in national costumes salute German high command during the parade in Stanislaviv Despite an initial warm reaction to the idea of an independent Ukraine see Ukrainian national government 1941 the Nazi administration had other ideas particularly the Lebensraum programme and the total Aryanisation of the population It played the Slavic nations against one another OUN initially carried out attacks on Polish villages to try to exterminate Polish populations or expel Polish enclaves from what the OUN fighters perceived as Ukrainian territory 13 This culminated in the mass killings of Polish families in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia According to Timothy Snyder something that is never said because it s inconvenient for precisely everyone is that more Ukrainian Communists collaborated with the Germans than did Ukrainian nationalists Snyder also points out that very many of those who collaborated with the German occupation also collaborated with the Soviet policies in the 1930s 14 Holocaust editMain article The Holocaust in Ukraine nbsp Holocaust in Reichskommissariat Ukraine the map The elimination of Jews during the Holocaust in Ukraine started within a few days of the beginning of the Nazi occupation The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police which formed mid August 1941 15 assisted by Einsatzgruppen C and Police battalions rounded up Jews and undesirables for the Babi Yar massacre 16 as well as other later massacres in cities and towns of modern day Ukraine such as Kolky 17 18 Stepan 19 20 Lviv Lutsk and Zhytomyr 21 During this period on 1 September 1941 the Nazi sponsored Ukrainian newspaper Volhyn wrote in an article titled Zavoiovuimo misto Let s Conquer the City All elements that reside in our land whether they are Jews or Poles must be eradicated We are at this very moment resolving the Jewish question and this resolution is part of the plan for the Reich s total reorganization of Europe 22 23 24 The empty space that will be created must immediately and irrevocable be filled by the real owners and masters of this land the Ukrainian people 25 nbsp The Ukrainian clergy s address to the Ukrainians calling them to pledge allegiance to Germany Reinforced by religious prejudice antisemitism turned violent in the first days of the German attack on the Soviet Union Some Ukrainians derived nationalist resentment from the belief that the Jews had worked for Polish landlords 26 The NKVD prisoner massacres by the Soviet secret police while they retreated eastward were blamed on Jews The antisemitic canard of Jewish Bolshevism provided justification for the revenge killings by the ultranationalist Ukrainian People s Militia which accompanied German Einsatzgruppen moving east 26 In Boryslav prewar Boryslaw Poland population 41 500 the SS commander gave an enraged crowd which had seen bodies of men murdered by NKVD and laid out in the town square 24 hours to act as they wished against Polish Jews who were forced to clean the dead bodies and to dance and then were killed by beating with axes pipes etc The same type of mass murders took place in Brzezany During Lviv pogroms 7 000 Jews were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists led by the Ukrainian People s Militia 26 27 28 As late as 1945 Ukrainian militants were still rounding up and murdering Jews 29 While some of the collaborators were civilians others were given a choice to enlist for paramilitary service beginning in September 1941 from the Soviet prisoner of war camps because of ongoing close relations with the Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung 30 In total over 5 000 native Ukrainian soldiers of the Red Army signed up for training with the SS at a special Trawniki training camp to assist with the Final Solution 31 Another 1 000 defected during field operations 31 Trawniki men took a major part in the Nazi plan to exterminate European Jews during Operation Reinhard They served at all extermination camps and played an important role in the annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising see the Stroop Report and the Bialystok Ghetto Uprising among other ghetto insurgencies 32 The men who were dispatched to death camps and Jewish ghettos as guards were never fully trusted and so were always overseen by Volksdeutsche 33 Occasionally along with the prisoners they were guarding they would kill their commanders in the process of attempting to defect 34 35 nbsp Ukrainian women greet advancing German Army sign in the background says Herzlich Willkommen Heil Hitler In May 2006 the Ukrainian newspaper Ukraine Christian News commented Carrying out the massacre was the Einsatzgruppe C supported by members of a Waffen SS battalion and units of the Ukrainian auxiliary police under the general command of Friedrich Jeckeln The participation of Ukrainian collaborators in these events now documented and proven is a matter of painful public debate in Ukraine 36 Collaborating organizations political movements individuals and military volunteers editIn total the Germans enlisted 250 000 native Ukrainians for duty in five separate formations including the Nationalist Military Detachments VVN the Brotherhoods of Ukrainian Nationalists DUN the SS Division Galicia the Ukrainian Liberation Army UVV and the Ukrainian National Army Ukrainische Nationalarmee UNA 6 37 By the end of 1942 in Reichskommissariat Ukraine alone the SS employed 238 000 native Ukrainian police and 15 000 Germans a ratio of 1 to 16 38 Auxiliary police edit nbsp German officers visiting the Schutzmannschaft unit in Zarig near Kiev Main article Ukrainian Auxiliary Police The 109th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 201st Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft battalions participated in anti partisan operations in Ukraine and Belarus In February and March 1943 the 50th Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft Battalion participated in the large anti guerrilla action Operation Winterzauber Winter magic in Belarus cooperating with several Latvian and the 2nd Lithuanian battalion Schuma battalions burned down villages suspected of supporting Soviet partisans 39 On March 22 1943 all inhabitants of the village of Khatyn in Belarus were burned alive by the Nazis in what became known as the Khatyn massacre with the participation of the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion 40 41 According to Paul R Magocsi Ukrainian auxiliary police and militia or simply Ukrainians a generic term that in fact included persons of non Ukrainian as well as Ukrainian national background participated in the overall process as policemen and camp guards 42 Ukrainian volunteers in the German armed forces edit Nachtigall Battalion Roland Battalion Freiwilligen Stamm Division 3 and 4 Russians and Ukrainians citation needed SS Division Galicia edit Main article 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Ukrainian nbsp Contemporary Ukrainian newspaper with slogans such as God with Us and Glory to Ukraine The headlines read From Peter the Great to Stalin the Eastern Menace and Japan declares war on the United States of America and England On 28 April 1943 the German Governor of the District of Galicia Otto Wachter and the local Ukrainian administration officially declared the creation of the SS Division Galicia Volunteers signed for service as of 3 June 1943 and numbered 80 000 43 On 27 July 1944 the division was formed into the Waffen SS as 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Ukrainian 44 Sol Litman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center states that there are many proven and documented incidents of atrocities and massacres committed by the unit against Poles and Jews during World War II 45 Official SS records show that the 4 5 6 and 7 SS Freiwilligen regiments were under Ordnungspolizei command during the accusations 44 46 See 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of SS the 1st Galician Atrocities and war crimes Ukrainian National Committee edit Main article Ukrainian National Committee In March 1945 the Ukrainian National Committee was set up after a series of negotiations with the Germans The Committee represented and had command over all Ukrainian units fighting for the Third Reich such as the Ukrainian National Army However it was too late and the committee and the army were disbanded at the end of the war Ukrainian Central Committee edit Pavlo Shandruk became the head of the National Committee while Volodymyr Kubijovyc the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee pl ru uk became his deputy The Central Committee was the officially recognized Ukrainian community and quasi political organization under the Nazi occupation of Poland Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists edit Ukrainian National Government of the Ukrainian State led by OUN B Suppressed by the Nazis shortly after its establishment Heads of local Ukrainian administration and public figures under the German occupation edit Oleksander Ohloblyn 1899 1992 in the fall of 1941 Ohloblyn was appointed the Mayor of Kiev at the behest of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists He held the post from September 21 to October 25 47 Volodymyr Bahaziy Kiev mayor 1941 1942 48 Leontii Forostivsky Kiev mayor 1942 1943 49 Fedir Bohatyrchuk head of the Ukrainian Red Cross 1941 1942 Oleksii Kramarenko Kharkov mayor 1941 1942 executed by Germans in 1943 Oleksander Semenenko Kharkov mayor 1942 1943 Paul Kozakevich Kharkov mayor 1943 Aleksandr Sevastianov Vinnytsia mayor 1941 See also editCollaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy History of the Jews in Ukraine List of Ukrainian Righteous Among the NationsReferences edit Markiewicz Pawel 2021 Unlikely Allies Nazi German and Ukrainian Nationalist Collaboration in the General Government During World War II Purdue University Press ISBN 978 1 61249 679 5 Perks Robert 1993 Ukraine s Forbidden History Memory and Nationalism Oral History 21 1 43 53 ISSN 0143 0955 JSTOR 40179315 Both occupying regimes Poland and the USSR imposed their own language and government For the majority of Ukrainians in the east Soviet rule was even more repressive Paul H Rosenberg 28 March 2014 Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration America s Dirty Little Ukraine Secret An interview with Russ Bellant The Nation Torvey Colin Means Ends and Perpetrators Connections Between the Holocaust and the Genocide of Ethnic Poles in Volhynia and Galicia Historian Timothy Snyder Babi Yar A Tragedy For All Ukrainians Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 2016 09 29 Retrieved 2023 05 02 However from the very beginning and that is true some local residents Ukrainians not only ethnic Ukrainians but also Russians Tatars and others collaborated Some people from each ethnic group collaborated a b c d e Alfred J Rieber 2003 Civil Wars in the Soviet Union PDF Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4 1 Project Muse 133 145 147 doi 10 1353 kri 2003 0012 S2CID 159755578 Slavica Publishers Tadeusz Piotrowski 1997 1 Soviet terror Poland s Holocaust Ethnic Strife Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic 1918 1947 McFarland pp 11 12 ISBN 978 0 7864 2913 4 Thurston Robert 1996 Life and Terror in Stalin s Russia 1934 1941 Dziobak V V 2002 Taras Bulba Borovec i jogo vijskovi pidrozdili v ukrayinskomu rusi Oporu 1941 1944 Taras Bulba Borovets and his military units in the Ukrainian Resistance movement 1941 1944 in Ukrainian Kiev Institute of History of Ukraine pp 111 119 Dziobak 2002 p 108 Dziobak 2002 p 172 Dziobak 2002 pp 176 177 a b John A Armstrong Collaborationism in World War II The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe The Journal of Modern History Vol 40 No 3 Sep 1968 p 409 Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine for their own sake Eurozine 7 July 2017 Jurgen Matthaus 18 April 2013 Jewish Responses to Persecution 1941 1942 AltaMira Press p 524 ISBN 978 0 7591 2259 8 Spector Shmuel 1990 Extracts from the Babi Yar article In Israel Gutman ed Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Yad Vashem Sifriat Hapoalim Macmillan Publishing Company Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 The implementation of the decision to kill all the Jews of Kiev was entrusted to Sonderkommando 4a The unit consisted of SD men Sicherheitsdienst Security Service and Sicherheitspolizei Security Police Sipo the third company of the Special Duties Waffen SS battalion and a platoon of the No 9 police battalion The unit was reinforced by police battalions Nos 45 and 305 and by units of the Ukrainian auxiliary police Kac Daniel 1983 Perl Tine Reports Fun ash aroysgerufn Summoned from the Ashes in Yiddish Warsaw Poland Czytelnik pp 135 158 Kolki Yad Vachem Ganuz I Peri J 28 May 2006 The Generations of Stepan The History of Stepan and Its Jewish Population jewishgen org Retrieved 25 May 2016 Stepan Faina Petryakova Science Center for Judaica and Jewish Art The Holocaust Timeline 1941 July 25 Pogrom in Lvov June 30 Germany occupies Lvov 4 000 Jews killed by July 3 June 30 Einsatzkommando 4a and local Ukrainians kill 300 Jews in Lutsk September 19 Zhitomir Ghetto liquidated 10 000 killed yadvashem org Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 Retrieved 26 May 2016 Burds Jeffrey 2013 Holocaust in Rovno Palgrave McMillan p 39 ISBN 9781137388391 Messina Adele Valeria 2017 American Sociology and Holocaust Studies The Alleged Silence and the Creation of the Sociological Delay Academic Studies Press pp 176 177 ISBN 9781618115478 Spector Shmuel The Jews of Volynia and their reaction to extermination Yad Vashem p 160 Basic Historical Narrative of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center Kyiv Ukraine 2018 p 114 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Shkandrij Myroslav 2015 10 Ukrainian Nationalism Yale University Press p 242 ISBN 9780300206289 Gilbert Martin 1985 The Holocaust The Human Tragedy RosettaBooks LLC p 199 ISBN 9780795337192 a b c Richard J Evans 2009 The Third Reich at War 1939 1945 London Penguin Books pp 203 223 ISBN 978 1 101 02230 6 Jakob Weiss Lemberg Mosaic p 173 ISBN 0 9831091 1 7 Lucy S Dawidowicz 1975 The War Against the Jews 1933 1945 Bantam Books Inc New York p 171 The Holocaust Chronicle A History in Words and Pictures Edited by David J Hogan Publications International Ltd Lincolnwood Illinois p 592 Markus Eikel 2013 The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine 1941 1944 The Holocaust in Ukraine New Sources and Perspectives PDF Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 110 122 in PDF Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi occupied Soviet Union whereas the local administrators have formed the Hilfsverwaltung in support of extermination policies in 1941 and 1942 and in providing assistance for the deportations to camps in Germany mainly in 1942 and 1943 a b Peter R Black 2006 Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard In David Bankir ed Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust Enigma Books pp 331 348 ISBN 1 929631 60 X via Google Books Yitzhak Arad 1987 Belzec Sobibor Treblinka The Operation Reinhard Death Camps Indiana University Press p 21 ISBN 0 253 34293 7 Gregory Procknow 2011 Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers Francis amp Bernard Publishing p 35 ISBN 978 0 9868374 0 1 Himka John Paul 1998 Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews During World War II Sorting out the Long Term and Conjunctural Factors In Jonathan Frankel ed Studies in Contemporary Jewry Volume XIII The Fate of the European Jews 1939 1945 Continuity or Contingency Vol XIII Oxford University Press pp 170 190 ISBN 978 0 19 511931 2 Archived from the original on January 6 2012 Belzec Stepping Stone to Genocide Chapter 4 cont JewishGen Inc February 13 2008 Retrieved May 7 2016 Holocaust Victims Honored in Babi Yar Ukraine Christian News May 3 2006 Accessed January 14 2006 Motyka Grzegorz February 2001 Dywizja SS Galizien SS Division Galicia Pamiec I Sprawiedliwosc in Polish 1 Biuletyn IPN Archived from the original on 3 January 2003 Jeffrey Burds 2013 Holocaust in Rovno The Massacre at Sosenki Forest November 1941 Springer pp 24 25 ISBN 978 1 137 38840 7 Gerlach C Kalkulierte Morde Hamburger Edition Hamburg 1999 State Memorial Complex Khatyn official web page https khatyn by en genocide expeditions The destruction of the village of Khatyn is a tragic and vivid example The village was annihilated by the thugs from the 118th Police Battalion which was stationed in a small town of Pleschinitsy and by the thugs from the SS battalion Dirlewanger which was stationed in Logoisk V I Adamushko Hatyn Tragediya i pamyat NARB 2009 ISBN 978 985 6372 62 2 Magocsi Paul Robert 2010 A History of Ukraine 2nd ed Toronto University of Toronto Press p 678 ISBN 978 0 8020 7820 9 K G Klietmann Die Waffen SS eine Dokumentation Osnabruck Der Freiwillige 1965 p 194 a b GEORG TESSIN Verbande und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939 1945 DRITTER BAND Die Landstreitkrafte 6 14 VERLAG E S MITTLER amp SOHN GMBH FRANKFURT MAIN ISBN 3 7648 0942 6 page 313 Litman Sol 2003 Pure Soldiers or Bloodthirsty Murderers The Ukrainian 14th Waffen SS Galicia Division Hardcover ed Black Rose Books ISBN 1 55164 219 0 Tessin Georg Kannapin Norbert Waffen SS und Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939 1945 ISBN 3 7648 2471 9 p 52 Plokhy Serhii 2012 The Cossack Myth History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires Cambridge University Press pp 110 111 ISBN 978 1 13953 673 8 David Fanning Erik Levi ed 2019 The Routledge Handbook to Music under German Occupation 1938 1945 Propaganda Myth and Reality Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 86258 5 Berkhoff Karel C 2008 Harvest of Despair Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule Harvard University Press p 151 ISBN 978 0 674 02078 8 Further reading editSee also Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II and Bibliography of Ukrainian history World War II Armstrong J A 1968 Collaborationism in World War II The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe The Journal of Modern History 40 3 pp 396 410 Dean M 31 December 1999 Collaboration in the Holocaust Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine 1941 44 Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 312 22056 3 Gilbert Martin 1987 The Holocaust A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War Reprint ed Owl Books ISBN 978 0 8050 0348 2 Gilbert Martin 1986 The Holocaust The Jewish tragedy Unknown Binding ed Collins ISBN 978 0 00 216305 7 Goldenshteyn M 12 December 2021 So They Remember A Jewish Family s Story of Surviving the Holocaust in Soviet Ukraine Oxford University Press Lower W 19 September 2005 Nazi Empire Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine The University of North Carolina Press Mordecai Paldiel 1993 The Path of the Righteous Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust KTAV Publishing House in association with the ADL ISBN 0 88125 376 6 1 Mordecai Paldiel and Elie Wiesel 2007 The Righteous Among the Nations Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 978 0 06 115112 5 Dzobak Volodimir 1995 Taras Borovec i Poliska Sich Z arhiviv VUChK GPU NKVD KGB 1 2 2 3 Archived from the original on March 11 2012 LCC JN6635 A55 I679 Steinhart E C 9 February 2015 The Holocaust and the Germanization of Ukraine Cambridge University Press Zabarko B ed 30 November 2004 Holocaust in the Ukraine Vallentine Mitchell Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany amp oldid 1221506865, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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