Tyrfing
Tyrfing, also rendered as Tirfing or Tyrving, was a magic sword in Norse mythology, which features in the Tyrfing Cycle, which includes a poem from the Poetic Edda called Hervararkviða, and the Hervarar saga. The name is also used in the saga to denote the Goths.
Description edit
As described in its legends, Tyrfing was
the keenest of all blades; every time it was drawn a light shone from it like a ray of the sun. It could never be held unsheathed without being the death of a man, and it had always to be sheathed with blood still warm upon it. There was no living thing, neither man nor beast, that could live to see another day if it were wounded by Tyrfing, whether the wound were big or little; never had it failed in a stroke or been stayed before it plunged into the earth, and the man who bore it in battle would always be victorious, if blows were struck with it.[1]
Certain stories seem to imply that Tyrfing is capable of deicide, as shown when King Heidrek recognizes the god Odin in a disguise and strikes at him, forcing Odin to transform into a hawk to escape the blow.[2]
The Tyrfing Cycle edit
Svafrlami was the king of Gardariki, and Odin's grandson. He managed to trap the dwarfs Dvalinn and Durinn when they had left the rock where they dwelt. Then he forced them to forge a sword with a golden hilt that would never miss a stroke, would never rust and would cut through stone and iron as easily as through clothes.
The dwarfs made the sword, and it shone and gleamed like fire. However, in revenge they cursed it so that it would kill a man every time it was drawn and that it would be the cause of three great evils. They finally cursed it so that it would also kill Svafrlami himself.
When Svafrlami heard the curses he tried to slay Dvalinn, but the dwarf disappeared into the rock and the sword was driven deep into it, though missing its intended victim.
Svafrlami was killed by the berserker Arngrim, who took the sword in his turn. After Arngrim, it was worn by Angantyr and his eleven brothers. They were all slain at Samsø, by the Swedish champion Hjalmar, and his Norwegian sworn brother Orvar-Odd; but Hjalmar, being wounded by Tyrfing (its first evil deed), has only time to sing his death-song before he dies, and asks Orvar-Odd to bring his body to his beloved Ingeborg, daughter of Yngvi, at Uppsala.
Angantyr's daughter, Hervor (by his wife Tófa) was brought up as a bond-servant and remained ignorant of her parentage. Upon learning it, she armed herself as a shieldmaiden, and travelled to Munarvoe in Samsø in an attempt to recover her father's weapon. There she visited her father's burial mound and spoke with the dead man, who warned her Tyrfing would bring ill-fortune to her descendants. She then counters her father by threatening him with the "curse of annihilation" if he keeps the sword, saying that he and his brothers "shall waste away as in an anthill," and that it was "not fitting that the dead should hold such a precious weapon."[3] At this, Angantyr relents and gives Hervor his sword willingly, wishing luck and valor upon her. Hervor went on to marry King Gudmund's son, Höfund. Together they had two sons, Heidrek and Angantyr (the second). Hervor gave Heidrek the sword Tyrfing in secret. While Angantyr and Heidrek walked, Heidrek showed Angantyr the sword. Since he had unsheathed it, the curse the dwarfs had put on the sword made Heidrek kill his brother Angantyr. This was the second of Tyrfing's three evil deeds.
Heidrek became king of the Goths. During a voyage, Heidrek camped at the Carpathians (Harvaða fjöllum, cf. Grimm's law). He was accompanied by eight mounted thralls, who eventually entered his tent and slew him in his sleep, the third and final of Tyrfing's evil deeds. Heidrek's son, also named Angantyr (the third), caught and killed the thralls and reclaimed the magic sword, finally satisfying the dwarfs' curse.
Angantyr was the next king of the Goths, but his illegitimate half-Hun brother Hlod (or Hlöd, Hlöðr) wanted half of the kingdom. Angantýr refused, and Gizur called Hlod a bastard and his mother a slave-girl. Hlod and 343,200 mounted Huns invaded the Goths (See The Battle of the Goths and Huns). The Huns greatly outnumbered the Goths. The Goths won because Angantyr used Tyrfing to kill his brother Hlod on the battleground. The bodies of the numerous warriors choked the rivers, causing a flood which filled the valleys with dead men and horses.
The curse on Tyrfing is comparable to that placed on the ring Andvaranaut in the Völsung Cycle.
For links to source text in English translation and Old Norse and for general commentary see Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks.
Etymology edit
Scholars have not come to a definitive conclusion as to the origins of the name Tyrfing, but there are several theories. One maintains that it is possibly connected to the Thervingi (or Tervingi), a Gothic tribe recorded by Roman sources in the 4th century. Another reads the name as a combination of Tyr, Norse god of war, and fingr, an Old Norse spelling of the word finger, to literally mean "the finger of the war god."[4] A third theory instead poses the suffix -ing as denoting a sense of ownership, in the vein of other Scandanavian sword names such as Hoeking ("sword owned by Hoekr") or Hunlafing ("sword owned by Hunlaf"), which would thus render the name "sword of Torfi," though who "Torfi" is in this context is not clear.[5]
Influence on modern Fantasy edit
The theme of a cursed sword which causes evil deeds whenever drawn was taken up by several modern writers of Fantasy – notably Michael Moorcock's Stormbringer, the magic sword wielded by the doomed albino emperor Elric of Melniboné. Science fiction author Poul Anderson included Tyrfing in his medieval fantasy novel The Broken Sword. In a more lighthearted tone, the theme was also taken up by Lawrence Watt-Evans in The Misenchanted Sword. The sword also appears in the novel The Quickleys and the Keeper of Balance by M. J. Packham.
In popular culture edit
Tyrfing has been referenced in a variety of modern contexts that reference Norse mythology. Tyrfing has been used as the name of a hot sauce on Hot Ones,[6] the name of a "demon sword" in High School DxD,[citation needed] a holy weapon in Fire Emblem: Genealogy of the Holy War,[7] and a cursed sword in Castlevania: Symphony of the Night.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Tolkien, Christopher (1960). The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 9780007416967.
- ^ Puhvel, Martin (1972). "The Deicidal Otherworld Weapon in Celtic and Germanic Mythic Tradition". Folklore. 83 (3): 218. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1972.9716470. JSTOR 1259546 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1960). "The Sword at the Wedding". Folklore. 71 (1): 14–15. JSTOR 1258785 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Föll, Helmut. "Swords with Names".
- ^ Malone, Kemp (1928). "Hunlafing". Modern Language Notes. 43 (5): 303. doi:10.2307/2914137. JSTOR 2914137 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Todd, Annie (2022-06-22). "First South Dakota hot sauce to be featured on popular YouTube talk show 'Hot Ones'". Sioux Falls Argus Leader. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ Kaliroff, Marc (2021-06-25). "Fire Emblem Armory Collection gets new products, including Awakening's Binding Shield". Nintendo Wire. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ Fontes, Renan (2019-11-29). "Castlevania: 10 Worst Weapons In The Series, Ranked". TheGamer. Retrieved 2022-08-04.