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Twardogóra

January 01, 1970

Twardogóra (pronounced Tfardo-goorah [tfardɔˈɡura], German: Festenberg) is a historic town in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Twardogóra. It lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Oleśnica, and 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

Twardogóra
Town Hall
Flag
Coat of arms
Twardogóra
Twardogóra
Coordinates: 51°21′53″N 17°28′11″E / 51.36472°N 17.46972°E / 51.36472; 17.46972
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lower Silesian
CountyOleśnica
GminaTwardogóra
Town rights1293
Area
 • Total8.29 km2 (3.20 sq mi)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total6,692
 • Density810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
56-416
Car platesDOL
Websitehttp://www.twardogora.pl

As of 2019, the town has a population of 6,692. It is part of the larger Wrocław metropolitan area.

History edit

Middle Ages edit

The beginnings of Twardogóra go back to the times of Polish rule under the first Piast dynasty. It was then a trade settlement connected to the trade route from Wrocław to Poznań. It was inhabited by Poles, descendants of the Silesians tribe, and from the 12th century also settlers from other countries, especially from the German states, came to Twardogóra.[2] The modern name of the town is said to have been created during the First Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241. The inhabitants of the settlement gave the Mongols a hard resistance and hence the name, which means in Polish "Hard Mountain".[3] Its name also covers terrain topography (Twarda Góra).[3] Town rights were given to Twardogóra by Henry III, Duke of Głogów on August 1, 1293. Although Polish, the town was first mentioned as Vestenberg in 1293. From the beginning of the 14th century, Twardogóra was part of the Duchy of Oleśnica, which remained under the rule of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1492, although as a fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia.

Early modern period edit

Residents of the city remembered the unpleasant experiences of the Hussite Wars in the late 15th century building a defensive structure. A hundred years later a castle was built there.[2]

 
Twardogóra Palace

In 1526, Twardogóra and the Duchy of Oleśnica (Oels) came under the suzerainty of the Habsburg monarchy. At that time, duke John, from the Czech noble Podiebrad family, introduced Lutheranism in 1538. It is presumed that at that time there was already a church (lower) in the city, which was thoroughly renovated in 1587.[4] The Duchy of Oels from 1647 was under the rule of dukes of Württemberg. During its rule, Twardogóra flourished. Change in Twardogóra was foremost contributed to by Dutches Eleonora Karolina Wirtemberska (1676–1712). She rebuilt and expanded the town's castle into a Baroque palace. She also took care of the health of the people, the development of the craft, trade and education, as well as the development of charities.[2]

In the years 1729–1738 the church was rebuilt giving it its present shape. In 1742 Silesia became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and the town came under Prussian suzerainty, remaining part of the Duchy of Oleśnica. In 1743 Henryk L. von Reichenbach brought the town hardwood, and the town joined the newly created state country in Goszcz a year later. In 1786 the town was inhabited by 1175 people, among whom the most prosperous at the time were the weavers.

19th and 20th centuries edit

At the beginning of the 19th century, two new cemeteries were set up outside the city, separate for Protestants and Catholics, and the old church cemetery was demolished. Catholics built a church in 1869 near the new market. In 1873, a fire destroyed the evangelical church, which was rebuilt three years later in Gothic Revival style.[4] From the middle of the 19th century Twardogóra began to acquire industrial character. Henryk Piirschel founded a mechanical weaving factory in 1852, and Henry Lichtenberg began industrial furniture production. Until 1945 the town was part of Germany.

The demographic development of the town in the 19th century (in 1885 – 2202 people, and after the merger with the Old Twardogóra in 1910 – 3351 people) caused an increase in the town's infrastructure. Before the World War I, a credit bank (1901), a printing house (1907), a court and detention center (1902), a town hall, a cemetery chapel (1906), a town hall (1912) and a new water supply (1901) and electrification of the city was conducted (1910).[2] In 1944, the town was home to 4500 people, who primarily engaged in craft, trade and services. The town had, among other things, an agricultural and general school, two cinemas, a hospital, a child's home and extensive gastronomy. German rule ended in Twardogóra on January 23, 1945, when it came under Polish administration. As a result of Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the town was transferred to Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.

Notable people edit

Gallery edit

  •  
    Old townhouses at the Market Square
  •  
    Palace Gate
  •  
    Statue of Hercules
  •  
    Half-timbered Church of the Holy Trinity and Mary Immaculate
  •  
    Holy Trinity Church; Jakinosin family sandstone epitaph, dating back to the late 17th century
  •  
    Basilica of Our Lady of Support of the Faithful
  •  
    Train station
  •  
    Fire Station
  •  
    Post Office
  •  
    Church of the Ascension of Christ
  •  
    Roundabout in Twardogóra

References edit

  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c d "Twardogóra - oficjalna strona miasta i gminy - Historia". pl.twardogora.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  3. ^ a b Knie, Johann (1830). Alpabetisch, Statistisch, Topographische Uebersicht aller Dorfer, Flecken, Stadt und andern Orte der Konigl. Preus. Provinz Schliesen: Barth und Comp. p. 922.
  4. ^ a b Register of immovable monuments of the province. Lower Silesian. National Institute of Heritage. 2012-01-11. p. 132.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twardogóra.
  • Official website
  • Old postcard of Festenberg
  • Jewish Community in Twardogóra on Virtual Shtetl


January 01, 1970
twardogóra, pronounced, tfardo, goorah, tfardɔˈɡura, german, festenberg, historic, town, oleśnica, county, lower, silesian, voivodeship, south, western, poland, seat, administrative, district, gmina, called, gmina, lies, approximately, kilometres, north, oleśn. Twardogora pronounced Tfardo goorah tfardɔˈɡura German Festenberg is a historic town in Olesnica County Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south western Poland It is the seat of the administrative district gmina called Gmina Twardogora It lies approximately 20 kilometres 12 mi north of Olesnica and 40 kilometres 25 mi north east of the regional capital Wroclaw TwardogoraTown HallFlagCoat of armsTwardogoraShow map of PolandTwardogoraShow map of Lower Silesian VoivodeshipCoordinates 51 21 53 N 17 28 11 E 51 36472 N 17 46972 E 51 36472 17 46972Country PolandVoivodeship Lower SilesianCountyOlesnicaGminaTwardogoraTown rights1293Area Total8 29 km2 3 20 sq mi Population 2019 06 30 1 Total6 692 Density810 km2 2 100 sq mi Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code56 416Car platesDOLWebsitehttp www twardogora pl As of 2019 the town has a population of 6 692 It is part of the larger Wroclaw metropolitan area Contents 1 History 1 1 Middle Ages 1 2 Early modern period 1 3 19th and 20th centuries 2 Notable people 3 Gallery 4 References 5 External linksHistory editMiddle Ages edit The beginnings of Twardogora go back to the times of Polish rule under the first Piast dynasty It was then a trade settlement connected to the trade route from Wroclaw to Poznan It was inhabited by Poles descendants of the Silesians tribe and from the 12th century also settlers from other countries especially from the German states came to Twardogora 2 The modern name of the town is said to have been created during the First Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241 The inhabitants of the settlement gave the Mongols a hard resistance and hence the name which means in Polish Hard Mountain 3 Its name also covers terrain topography Twarda Gora 3 Town rights were given to Twardogora by Henry III Duke of Glogow on August 1 1293 Although Polish the town was first mentioned as Vestenberg in 1293 From the beginning of the 14th century Twardogora was part of the Duchy of Olesnica which remained under the rule of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1492 although as a fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia Early modern period edit Residents of the city remembered the unpleasant experiences of the Hussite Wars in the late 15th century building a defensive structure A hundred years later a castle was built there 2 nbsp Twardogora Palace In 1526 Twardogora and the Duchy of Olesnica Oels came under the suzerainty of the Habsburg monarchy At that time duke John from the Czech noble Podiebrad family introduced Lutheranism in 1538 It is presumed that at that time there was already a church lower in the city which was thoroughly renovated in 1587 4 The Duchy of Oels from 1647 was under the rule of dukes of Wurttemberg During its rule Twardogora flourished Change in Twardogora was foremost contributed to by Dutches Eleonora Karolina Wirtemberska 1676 1712 She rebuilt and expanded the town s castle into a Baroque palace She also took care of the health of the people the development of the craft trade and education as well as the development of charities 2 In the years 1729 1738 the church was rebuilt giving it its present shape In 1742 Silesia became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and the town came under Prussian suzerainty remaining part of the Duchy of Olesnica In 1743 Henryk L von Reichenbach brought the town hardwood and the town joined the newly created state country in Goszcz a year later In 1786 the town was inhabited by 1175 people among whom the most prosperous at the time were the weavers 19th and 20th centuries edit At the beginning of the 19th century two new cemeteries were set up outside the city separate for Protestants and Catholics and the old church cemetery was demolished Catholics built a church in 1869 near the new market In 1873 a fire destroyed the evangelical church which was rebuilt three years later in Gothic Revival style 4 From the middle of the 19th century Twardogora began to acquire industrial character Henryk Piirschel founded a mechanical weaving factory in 1852 and Henry Lichtenberg began industrial furniture production Until 1945 the town was part of Germany The demographic development of the town in the 19th century in 1885 2202 people and after the merger with the Old Twardogora in 1910 3351 people caused an increase in the town s infrastructure Before the World War I a credit bank 1901 a printing house 1907 a court and detention center 1902 a town hall a cemetery chapel 1906 a town hall 1912 and a new water supply 1901 and electrification of the city was conducted 1910 2 In 1944 the town was home to 4500 people who primarily engaged in craft trade and services The town had among other things an agricultural and general school two cinemas a hospital a child s home and extensive gastronomy German rule ended in Twardogora on January 23 1945 when it came under Polish administration As a result of Nazi Germany s defeat in World War II the town was transferred to Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement Notable people editSalomon Plessner 1797 1883 German Jewish translator and preacher Ludwig Laqueur 1839 1909 German ophthalmologist Paul Grutzner 1847 1919 German physiologist Martin Pohl 1930 2007 German poet and playwright Hagen Kleinert born 1941 German physicistGallery edit nbsp Old townhouses at the Market Square nbsp Palace Gate nbsp Statue of Hercules nbsp Half timbered Church of the Holy Trinity and Mary Immaculate nbsp Holy Trinity Church Jakinosin family sandstone epitaph dating back to the late 17th century nbsp Basilica of Our Lady of Support of the Faithful nbsp Train station nbsp Fire Station nbsp Post Office nbsp Church of the Ascension of Christ nbsp Roundabout in TwardogoraReferences edit Population Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019 As of 30th June stat gov pl Statistics Poland 2019 10 15 Retrieved 2020 02 14 a b c d Twardogora oficjalna strona miasta i gminy Historia pl twardogora pl in Polish Retrieved 2017 03 30 a b Knie Johann 1830 Alpabetisch Statistisch Topographische Uebersicht aller Dorfer Flecken Stadt und andern Orte der Konigl Preus Provinz Schliesen Barth und Comp p 922 a b Register of immovable monuments of the province Lower Silesian National Institute of Heritage 2012 01 11 p 132 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twardogora Official website Old postcard of Festenberg Jewish Community in Twardogora on Virtual Shtetl Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Twardogora amp oldid 1142939446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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