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Trouvère

April 07, 2024

Trouvère (/truːˈvɛər/, French: [tʁuvɛʁ]), sometimes spelled trouveur (/truːˈvɜːr/, French: [tʁuvœʁ]), is the Northern French (langue d'oïl) form of the langue d'oc (Occitan) word trobador, the precursor of the modern French word troubadour. Trouvère refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the trobadors, both composing and performing lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages, but while the trobadors composed and performed in Old Occitan, the trouvères used the northern dialects of France. One of the first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160s–1180s)[1] and the trouvères continued to flourish until about 1300. Some 2130 trouvère poems have survived; of these, at least two-thirds have melodies.

Trouvère song in the 13th century Chansonnier du Roi, BnF fr. 844, fol. 5r. The trouvère depicted is Count Theobald II of Bar.

Etymology edit

The etymology of the word troubadour and its cognates in other languages is disputed, but may be related to trobar, "to compose, to discuss, to invent", cognate with Old French trover, "to compose something in verses". (For a discussion of the etymology of the word troubadour and its cognates, see troubadour - etymology.)

History edit

The modern popular image of the troubadour or trouvère is that of the itinerant musician wandering from town to town, lute on his back. Itinerant singers and performers existed, but they were called jongleurs and minstrels—professional entertainers, usually of somewhat lower social status. Troubadours and trouvères, on the other hand, were often of higher social class and did not typically rely on music making as a trade. They were either poets and composers who were supported by the aristocracy or, just as often, were aristocrats themselves, for whom the creation and performance of music was part of the courtly tradition. However, these distinctions were not always clear, and varied by community[2]

The texts of these songs are a natural reflection of the society that created them. They often revolve around idealized treatments of courtly love ("fine amors", see grand chant) and religious devotion, although many can be found that take a more frank, earthy look at love. Other genres well represented in the surviving works by trouvères are debate songs known as jeu-partis, pastourelles, dance songs, and chansons de femme (songs with a female perspective).[2]

Johannes de Grocheio, a Parisian musical theorist of the early 14th century, believed that the most elevated trouvère songs, known as grand chants, inspired kings and noblemen to do great things: "This kind of song is customarily composed by kings and nobles and sung in the presence of kings and princes of the land so that it may move their minds to boldness and fortitude, magnanimity and liberality...".[3]

The surviving music by trouvères is vocal music that is monophonic and mostly syllabic, meaning that only a single melodic line was notated, and the text is presented simply with only one or a few notes per syllable of text. Rhythm is not recorded for most songs, and no instrumentation is specified. Because narrative and visual evidence tells us that instruments were widely used, it is likely that instruments were used in some cases, but trouvère songs were likely also performed unaccompanied.[4] Modern scholars and performers take a variety of approaches to rhythmic interpretation, including using a free rhythmic approach or relatively equal note values throughout, deriving rhythmic ideas from the text, or applying rhythmic modes found in contemporary polyphonic music.[5]

Most trouvère music is strophic, with a single verse of music repeated with multiple verses of text. In some, a repeated one- or two-line refrain is used in each stanza. Some trouvere refrains were also used across multiple different songs and other literary works, creating a network of references.[6]

Women trouvères edit

There are no extant trouvère songs "in which a woman explicitly claims authorship by naming herself".[7] There are, however, poems in which a woman is named as the author in a rubric or table of contents in a manuscript and others in which a female voice, named or unnamed, participates in a jeu parti (debate poem). Many others are written from a woman's point of view and may have been written by women authors.[7] While early scholars often denied the existence of women trouvères, since the 1980s their existence has been generally accepted and an effort has been made to identify anonymous songs composed by women on the basis of lyrics and contextual clues.[8] The latest monograph on women trouvères identifies eight known by name or title, plus a further six named women who judged jeux partis.[9]

The term troveresse has sometimes been used for women trouvères.[9] The lexicographer Frédéric Godefroy defined the Old French word trouverresse as "she who composes, invents", citing a manuscript of a continuation of Robert of Auxerre's Chronicle. The spelling troverresse also appears in the late 14th-century French–Latin dictionary Aalma, where it corresponds to Latin inuentrix (inventor).[10]

The eight named women trouvères are:[9]

List of trouvères edit

This is only a partial list. There are 256 named male trouvères known.[9]

List of chansonniers edit

The following is a list of chansonniers containing trouvère texts and/or music listed by sigla (usually a letter). It is not complete. The same manuscripts may be signified by different sigla in different contexts (i.e., trouabdours or motets) if it contains works of different kinds. These sigla are standard in trouvère studies.[11]

  • A — Arras, Bibliothèque municipale, 657, the Chansonnier d'Arras
  • B — Bern, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, 231
  • C — Bern, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, 389
  • D — Frankfurt, Universitätsbibliothek, lat. fol. 7
  • E — London, British Library, Egerton 274
  • F — Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Pluteus 29.1
  • G — London, Lambeth Palace, Misc. Rolls 1435
  • H — Modena, Biblioteca Estense, α.R.4.4
  • I — Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 308
  • K — Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, 5198, the Chansonnier de l'Arsenal
  • L — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 765
  • M — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 844, the Chansonnier du Roi
  • N — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 845
  • O — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 846, the Chansonnier Cangé [fr]
  • P — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 847
  • Q — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1109
  • R — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1591
  • S — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 12581
  • T — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 12615, the Chansonnier de Noailles
  • U — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 20050, the Chansonnier St-Germain-des-Prés
  • V — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 24406
  • W — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25566
  • X — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, nouv. acq. fr. 1050, the Chansonnier de Clairambault
  • Z — Siena, Biblioteca Comunale, H.X.36
  • a — Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1490
  • b — Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1522
  • c — Bern, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, A. 95
  • d — Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 450
  • f — Montpellier, Faculté de Médecine, 236
  • g — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1593
  • i — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 12483
  • j — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, nouv. acq. fr. 21677
  • k — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 12786
  • l — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 22495
  • m — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 11412
  • n — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 11724
  • o — London, British Library, Harley 1717
  • p — Pavia, Biblioteca Universitaria, CXXX.E.5
  • u — Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1725
  • v — Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1553
  • za — Zagreb, Metropolitan Library, MR 92
  • α — Madrid, Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial, S.I.3

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Butterfield 1997.
  2. ^ a b Stevens, John; Butterfield, Ardis (20 January 2001). "Troubadours, trouvères: Trouvère poetry". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28468. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  3. ^ Page 1997.
  4. ^ McGee, Timothy (1985). Medieval and Renaissance Music: A Performer's Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 0802025315.
  5. ^ Corrigan, Vincent. "Modal rhythm and the intrepretation of trouvère song." in The cultural milieu of the troubadours and trouvères. Musicological studies/Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, No. 62:1. Institute of Mediæval Music, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1994; Pages: 125-132.
  6. ^ Saltzstein, Jennifer (2013). The refrain and the rise of the vernacular in medieval French music and poetry. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: D.S. Brewer. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-84384-349-8. OCLC 812067579.
  7. ^ a b Doss-Quinby et al. 2001, p. 6.
  8. ^ Doss-Quinby et al. 2001, pp. 1–14.
  9. ^ a b c d Doss-Quinby et al. 2001, p. 26.
  10. ^ Doss-Quinby et al. 2001, p. 70 n.17.
  11. ^ Based on Elizabeth Eva Leach, "The Wonders of Gallica: Some Troubadour and Trouvère Sources" (2012, retrieved 31 October 2022), who provides links to digitizations and this PDF.

Bibliography edit

  • Akehurst, F. R. P.; Davis, Judith M., eds. (1995). A Handbook of the Troubadours. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07976-0.
  • Butterfield, Ardis (1997). "Monophonic song: questions of category". Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816540-4.
  • Doss-Quinby, Eglal; Tasker Grimbert, Joan; Pfeffer, Wendy; Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). Songs of the Women Trouvères. New Haven: Yale UP. ISBN 978-0-300-08413-9.
  • Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères: An Anthology and a History. Translated by Goldin, Frederick. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith. 1983. ISBN 0-8446-5036-6..
  • Hasenohr, Geneviève; Zink, Michel, eds. (1992). Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age. Collection: La Pochothèque (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-253-05662-6.
  • O'Neill, Mary (2006). Courtly Love Songs of Medieval France: Transmission and Style in the Trouvère Repertoire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816547-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Page, Christopher (November 1997). "Listening to the trouvères". Early Music. 25 (4): 639–660. doi:10.1093/earlyj/XXV.4.639. JSTOR 3128410.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trouvères.

April 07, 2024
trouvère, ɛər, french, tʁuvɛʁ, sometimes, spelled, trouveur, ɜːr, french, tʁuvœʁ, northern, french, langue, oïl, form, langue, occitan, word, trobador, precursor, modern, french, word, troubadour, refers, poet, composers, were, roughly, contemporary, with, inf. Trouvere t r uː ˈ v ɛer French tʁuvɛʁ sometimes spelled trouveur t r uː ˈ v ɜːr French tʁuvœʁ is the Northern French langue d oil form of the langue d oc Occitan word trobador the precursor of the modern French word troubadour Trouvere refers to poet composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the trobadors both composing and performing lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages but while the trobadors composed and performed in Old Occitan the trouveres used the northern dialects of France One of the first known trouvere was Chretien de Troyes fl 1160s 1180s 1 and the trouveres continued to flourish until about 1300 Some 2130 trouvere poems have survived of these at least two thirds have melodies Trouvere song in the 13th century Chansonnier du Roi BnF fr 844 fol 5r The trouvere depicted is Count Theobald II of Bar Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Women trouveres 4 List of trouveres 5 List of chansonniers 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksEtymology editThe etymology of the word troubadour and its cognates in other languages is disputed but may be related to trobar to compose to discuss to invent cognate with Old French trover to compose something in verses For a discussion of the etymology of the word troubadour and its cognates see troubadour etymology History editThe modern popular image of the troubadour or trouvere is that of the itinerant musician wandering from town to town lute on his back Itinerant singers and performers existed but they were called jongleurs and minstrels professional entertainers usually of somewhat lower social status Troubadours and trouveres on the other hand were often of higher social class and did not typically rely on music making as a trade They were either poets and composers who were supported by the aristocracy or just as often were aristocrats themselves for whom the creation and performance of music was part of the courtly tradition However these distinctions were not always clear and varied by community 2 The texts of these songs are a natural reflection of the society that created them They often revolve around idealized treatments of courtly love fine amors see grand chant and religious devotion although many can be found that take a more frank earthy look at love Other genres well represented in the surviving works by trouveres are debate songs known as jeu partis pastourelles dance songs and chansons de femme songs with a female perspective 2 Johannes de Grocheio a Parisian musical theorist of the early 14th century believed that the most elevated trouvere songs known as grand chants inspired kings and noblemen to do great things This kind of song is customarily composed by kings and nobles and sung in the presence of kings and princes of the land so that it may move their minds to boldness and fortitude magnanimity and liberality 3 The surviving music by trouveres is vocal music that is monophonic and mostly syllabic meaning that only a single melodic line was notated and the text is presented simply with only one or a few notes per syllable of text Rhythm is not recorded for most songs and no instrumentation is specified Because narrative and visual evidence tells us that instruments were widely used it is likely that instruments were used in some cases but trouvere songs were likely also performed unaccompanied 4 Modern scholars and performers take a variety of approaches to rhythmic interpretation including using a free rhythmic approach or relatively equal note values throughout deriving rhythmic ideas from the text or applying rhythmic modes found in contemporary polyphonic music 5 Most trouvere music is strophic with a single verse of music repeated with multiple verses of text In some a repeated one or two line refrain is used in each stanza Some trouvere refrains were also used across multiple different songs and other literary works creating a network of references 6 Women trouveres editThere are no extant trouvere songs in which a woman explicitly claims authorship by naming herself 7 There are however poems in which a woman is named as the author in a rubric or table of contents in a manuscript and others in which a female voice named or unnamed participates in a jeu parti debate poem Many others are written from a woman s point of view and may have been written by women authors 7 While early scholars often denied the existence of women trouveres since the 1980s their existence has been generally accepted and an effort has been made to identify anonymous songs composed by women on the basis of lyrics and contextual clues 8 The latest monograph on women trouveres identifies eight known by name or title plus a further six named women who judged jeux partis 9 The term troveresse has sometimes been used for women trouveres 9 The lexicographer Frederic Godefroy defined the Old French word trouverresse as she who composes invents citing a manuscript of a continuation of Robert of Auxerre s Chronicle The spelling troverresse also appears in the late 14th century French Latin dictionary Aalma where it corresponds to Latin inuentrix inventor 10 The eight named women trouveres are 9 Blanche of Castile 1188 1252 Dame de la Chaucie Dame de Gosnai Gertrude Duchess of Lorraine 1205 1225 Lorete Margot Maroie de Diergnau Sainte des PrezList of trouveres editThis is only a partial list There are 256 named male trouveres known 9 Adam de Givenchi Adam de la Halle c 1240 88 Adenet Le Roi c 1240 c 1300 Andrieu Contredit d Arras c 1248 Aubertin d Airaines Aubin de Sezanne Audefroi le Bastart fl c 1200 1230 Baudouin des Auteus Benoit de Sainte Maure Bestournes Blondel de Nesle fl c 1175 1210 Carasaus Chastelain de Couci fl c 1170 1203 1203 Chardon de Croisilles Charles d Anjou Chatelain d Arras Chretien de Troyes fl 1160s 80s Colart le Boutellier Colart le Changeur Colin Muset fl c 1200 50 Conon de Bethune fl c 1180 c 1220 1220 Coupart Ernoul Caupain Ernoul le Vieux Etienne de Meaux Eustache le Peintre de Reims Gace Brule c 1159 after 1212 Gaidifer d Avion Gautier de Coincy 1177 8 1236 Gautier de Dargies c 1170 after 1236 Gautier d Espinal before July 1272 Gillebert de Berneville fl c 1255 Gilles de Beaumont Gilles de Vieux Maisons Gilles le Vinier Gobin de Reims Gontier de Soignies fl c 1180 1220 Guibert Kaukesel Guillaume d Amiens Guillaume de Ferrieres recorded as the Vidame de Chartres Guillaume le Vinier fl c 1220 45 1245 Guillaume Veau Guiot de Dijon fl c 1200 30 Guiot de Provins Henry Amion Henry le Debonnaire Henri de Lacy 1249 1311 Hue de la Ferte Hugues de Berze fl c 1150 1220 Huon d Oisi Huon de Saint Quentin Jaque de Dampierre Jacques Bretel Jacques de Cambrai Jacques de Cysoing Jacques le Vinier Jean Bodel Jean Renaut Jehan de Braine Jehan Bretel c 1200 1272 Jehan le Cuvelier d Arras fl c 1240 70 Jehan Erart c 1259 Jehan Fremaux Jehan de Grieviler Jehan de Louvois Jean le Roux Jehan de Nuevile Jehan de Trie Jocelin de Dijon Lambert Ferri Lorris Acot Mahieu de Gant Mahieu le Juif Moniot d Arras fl c 1250 75 Moniot de Paris fl c 1250 1278 Oede de la Couroierie Othon de Grandson Perrin d Angicourt fl c 1245 50 Perrot de Neele Philippe de Nanteuil Philippe de Remy c 1205 c 1265 Pierre de Corbie Pierre de Molins Pierrekin de la Coupele Raoul de Beauvais Raoul de Ferier Raoul de Soissons c 1215 1272 Richard de Fournival 1201 c 1260 Richart de Semilli Richard I of England Robert de Blois Robert de Castel Robert de Reims Robert de la Piere Rutebeuf Simon d Authie Sauvage d Arraz Thibaut de Bar Thibaut de Blazon Thibaut le Chansonnier 1201 53 Thierri de Soissons Thomas de Herier Vielart de Corbie Walter of BibbesworthList of chansonniers editThe following is a list of chansonniers containing trouvere texts and or music listed by sigla usually a letter It is not complete The same manuscripts may be signified by different sigla in different contexts i e trouabdours or motets if it contains works of different kinds These sigla are standard in trouvere studies 11 A Arras Bibliotheque municipale 657 the Chansonnier d Arras B Bern Stadt und Universitatsbibliothek 231 C Bern Stadt und Universitatsbibliothek 389 D Frankfurt Universitatsbibliothek lat fol 7 E London British Library Egerton 274 F Florence Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Pluteus 29 1 G London Lambeth Palace Misc Rolls 1435 H Modena Biblioteca Estense a R 4 4 I Oxford Bodleian Library Douce 308 K Paris Bibliotheque de l Arsenal 5198 the Chansonnier de l Arsenal L Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 765 M Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 844 the Chansonnier du Roi N Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 845 O Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 846 the Chansonnier Cange fr P Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 847 Q Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 1109 R Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 1591 S Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 12581 T Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 12615 the Chansonnier de Noailles U Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 20050 the Chansonnier St Germain des Pres V Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 24406 W Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 25566 X Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France nouv acq fr 1050 the Chansonnier de Clairambault Z Siena Biblioteca Comunale H X 36 a Rome Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Reg Lat 1490 b Rome Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Reg Lat 1522 c Bern Stadt und Universitatsbibliothek A 95 d Cambridge Corpus Christi College 450 f Montpellier Faculte de Medecine 236 g Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 1593 i Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 12483 j Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France nouv acq fr 21677 k Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 12786 l Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 22495 m Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France lat 11412 n Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France lat 11724 o London British Library Harley 1717 p Pavia Biblioteca Universitaria CXXX E 5 u Rome Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Reg Lat 1725 v Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France fr 1553 za Zagreb Metropolitan Library MR 92 a Madrid Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial S I 3See also editWilliam the TrouvereReferences edit Butterfield 1997 a b Stevens John Butterfield Ardis 20 January 2001 Troubadours trouveres Trouvere poetry Grove Music Online doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 28468 Retrieved October 27 2022 Page 1997 McGee Timothy 1985 Medieval and Renaissance Music A Performer s Guide Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 87 89 ISBN 0802025315 Corrigan Vincent Modal rhythm and the intrepretation of trouvere song in The cultural milieu of the troubadours and trouveres Musicological studies Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen No 62 1 Institute of Mediaeval Music Ottawa ON Canada 1994 Pages 125 132 Saltzstein Jennifer 2013 The refrain and the rise of the vernacular in medieval French music and poetry Woodbridge Suffolk UK D S Brewer p 1 ISBN 978 1 84384 349 8 OCLC 812067579 a b Doss Quinby et al 2001 p 6 Doss Quinby et al 2001 pp 1 14 a b c d Doss Quinby et al 2001 p 26 Doss Quinby et al 2001 p 70 n 17 Based on Elizabeth Eva Leach The Wonders of Gallica Some Troubadour and Trouvere Sources 2012 retrieved 31 October 2022 who provides links to digitizations and this PDF Bibliography editAkehurst F R P Davis Judith M eds 1995 A Handbook of the Troubadours Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 07976 0 Butterfield Ardis 1997 Monophonic song questions of category Companion to Medieval amp Renaissance Music Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 816540 4 Doss Quinby Eglal Tasker Grimbert Joan Pfeffer Wendy Aubrey Elizabeth 2001 Songs of the Women Trouveres New Haven Yale UP ISBN 978 0 300 08413 9 Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouveres An Anthology and a History Translated by Goldin Frederick Gloucester MA Peter Smith 1983 ISBN 0 8446 5036 6 Hasenohr Genevieve Zink Michel eds 1992 Dictionnaire des lettres francaises Le Moyen Age Collection La Pochotheque in French Paris Fayard ISBN 2 253 05662 6 O Neill Mary 2006 Courtly Love Songs of Medieval France Transmission and Style in the Trouvere Repertoire Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 816547 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Page Christopher November 1997 Listening to the trouveres Early Music 25 4 639 660 doi 10 1093 earlyj XXV 4 639 JSTOR 3128410 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trouveres Gosse Edmund William 1911 Trouvere Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed pp 312 313 Lirica Medievale Romanza letteraturaeuropea let uniroma1 it Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trouvere amp oldid 1200064387, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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