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Trichonephila

January 01, 1970

Trichonephila is a genus of golden orb-weaver spiders that was first described by Friedrich Dahl in 1911, as a subgenus of Nephila.[2] Trichonephila was elevated to the level of genus (new rank) by Kuntner et al. in 2019.[3] The genus Trichonephila belongs to the Nephilidae family.

Trichonephila
Female Trichonephila clavipes
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Nephilidae
Genus: Trichonephila
Dahl, 1911[1]
Type species
T. clavipes
(Linnaeus, 1767)
Species

12, see text

Distribution and habitat edit

Regions and seasons edit

The genus Trichonephila can be found living in Africa, Oceania, Asia, Central America, the West Indies, South America, and the southeastern region as well as the gulf states in the United States.[4][5] This genus of spiders like to make its web where prey is fruitful, often in open wooded areas, between tree branches, shrubs, tall grasses, and around light fixtures.  The two sexes can be found more actively in different parts of the year, with the males being more abundant in the months of July to September, while the females are most abundant late into fall. [5]

Species edit

As of August 2019 it contains twelve species and fourteen subspecies, found in Africa, Oceania, Asia, and over all the Americas:[1]

Body edit

External anatomy edit

The Orb Weavers body is composed of two separate regions: Prosoma (anterior end) and Opisthosoma (posterior end).[5] Both regions are responsible for their own functions and are linked together by a narrow stalk called a pedicil.[5] The prosoma of the spider is segmented and protected by the sternum, carapace, and a plate on both the dorsal and ventral side.[6]  The prosoma is the location of the central nervous system, and it oversees nervous integration, movement and food uptake.[4] Also connected are the eyes, chelicerae, maxilla, sternum, fangs and four pairs of legs.[4] Its unsegmented soft counterpart, the opisthosoma, contains the spinnerets while also being held accountable for digestion, circulation, respiration, reproduction, and silk production.[4][6]

Behavior edit

Sexual dimorphism edit

When comparing the sizes of genders of the genus Trichonephila, you will find that the female spiders have the size advantage and are the dominant sex.[7] One reason for the size difference amongst the genus is that following their mating sequence, the females will sometimes perform cannibalistic actions towards their mating partner and kill them.[8] Male spiders will fight over a female partner, leaving the dominant spider to successfully mate and potentially be killed by the female afterwards. Over the past few decades, its believed that female spiders have selectively and actively chosen to have a small male counterpart.[8][7]

Courtship dance edit

The courtship dance is a mating dance males enact, attempting to be accepted by the females as a mate.[7] [8]This dance provides multiple functions for the spider rather than just for reproduction. To begin the courtship, a male must find a female’s web and make vibrations to let her know he’s not prey, it is very common for the male to be mistook as prey and eaten alive by the females before or after they mate.[7] The vibrating of the web reduces the risk of aggravating the female.[9]

Environmental adaptations edit

The genus Trichonephila must be able to adapt to environmental conditions in order to thrive in their environments. The males being the sex that leave their web and traverse for a female, have more competition when it comes to reproduction, food, and shelter.[10] The trichonephila genus of spiders has a yellow-colored web and this is due to the Xanthurenic acid content in the web, believed to assist the spider in attracting its prey.[11] The genus also has its own adaptation when it comes to heavy rain, unlike its relatives. Spiders will hang off its web from only its fourth pair of legs, which in turn reduces rain impact damage and helps with draining the water off the web.[12] A new recent enemy introduced to the genus that has considerably shrunk the size of the spiders, are pesticides, as spiders have been reported smaller in size when living in areas present.[13]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Gen. Trichonephila Dahl, 1911". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  2. ^ Dahl, F. (1911). "Die Verbreitung der Spinnen spricht gegen eine frühere Landverbindung der Südspitzen unsrer Kontinente". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 37: 270–282.
  3. ^ Kuntner, Matjaž; Hamilton, Chris A.; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Gregorič, Matjaž; Lupše, Nik; Lokovšek, Tjaša; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Bond, Jason E. (2019). "Golden orbweavers ignore biological rules: phylogenomic and comparative analyses unravel a complex evolution of sexual size dimorphism". Systematic Biology. 68 (4): 555–72. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy082. PMC 6568015. PMID 30517732. S2CID 54562033.
  4. ^ a b c d Bartlett, Troy (2013). "Family Araneidae - Orb Weavers". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  5. ^ a b c d Weems, Jr., H.V. (2001). "golden silk spider". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  6. ^ a b Foelix, Rainer F. (2011). Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–49 – via Academia.edu.
  7. ^ a b c d Silva, Amanda Vieira da (2020-02-19). "Web wars: males of the golden orb-web spider Trichonephila clavipes escalate more in contests for mated females and when access to females is easier". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Vollrath, Fritz; Parker, Geoff A. (1992). "Sexual dimorphism and distorted sex ratios in spiders". Nature. 360 (6400): 156–159. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..156V. doi:10.1038/360156a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4320130.
  9. ^ wignall, anne (2021). "Male courtship reduces the risk of female aggression in web-building spiders but varies in structure". Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  10. ^ Vollrath, Fritz; Selden, Paul (2007-12-01). "The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders, Silks, and Webs". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 38 (1): 819–846. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221. ISSN 1543-592X.
  11. ^ Fujiwara, Masayuki; Kono, Nobuaki; Hirayama, Akiyoshi; Malay, Ali D.; Nakamura, Hiroyuki; Ohtoshi, Rintaro; Numata, Keiji; Tomita, Masaru; Arakawa, Kazuharu (2021). "Xanthurenic Acid Is the Main Pigment of Trichonephila clavata Gold Dragline Silk". Biomolecules. 11 (4): 563. doi:10.3390/biom11040563. ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 8070366. PMID 33921320.
  12. ^ Barrantes, Gilbert; Masis, Denisse Sanchez (2021). "Spiders hanging out in the rain". Arachnology. 18 (7): 778–781. doi:10.13156/arac.2020.18.7.778. ISSN 2050-9928. S2CID 232210498.
  13. ^ jung, jong-kook (2020). ":: Korean Journal of Applied Entomology ::". entomology2.or.kr. 59 (3). doi:10.5656/KSAE.2020.07.0.034. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
 

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January 01, 1970
trichonephila, genus, golden, weaver, spiders, that, first, described, friedrich, dahl, 1911, subgenus, nephila, elevated, level, genus, rank, kuntner, 2019, genus, belongs, nephilidae, family, female, clavipes, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, k. Trichonephila is a genus of golden orb weaver spiders that was first described by Friedrich Dahl in 1911 as a subgenus of Nephila 2 Trichonephila was elevated to the level of genus new rank by Kuntner et al in 2019 3 The genus Trichonephila belongs to the Nephilidae family Trichonephila Female Trichonephila clavipes Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Order Araneae Infraorder Araneomorphae Family Nephilidae Genus TrichonephilaDahl 1911 1 Type species T clavipes Linnaeus 1767 Species 12 see text Contents 1 Distribution and habitat 1 1 Regions and seasons 2 Species 3 Body 3 1 External anatomy 4 Behavior 4 1 Sexual dimorphism 4 2 Courtship dance 4 3 Environmental adaptations 5 ReferencesDistribution and habitat editRegions and seasons edit The genus Trichonephila can be found living in Africa Oceania Asia Central America the West Indies South America and the southeastern region as well as the gulf states in the United States 4 5 This genus of spiders like to make its web where prey is fruitful often in open wooded areas between tree branches shrubs tall grasses and around light fixtures The two sexes can be found more actively in different parts of the year with the males being more abundant in the months of July to September while the females are most abundant late into fall 5 Species editAs of August 2019 update it contains twelve species and fourteen subspecies found in Africa Oceania Asia and over all the Americas 1 Trichonephila antipodiana Walckenaer 1841 China Philippines to New Guinea Solomon Is Australia Queensland Trichonephila clavata L Koch 1878 India to Japan Introduced to Georgia USA Trichonephila c caerulescens Ono 2011 Japan Trichonephila clavipes Linnaeus 1767 type USA to Argentina Introduced to Sao Tome and Principe Trichonephila c fasciculata De Geer 1778 USA to Argentina Trichonephila c vespucea Walckenaer 1841 Argentina Trichonephila edulis Labillardiere 1799 Australia New Guinea New Caledonia New Zealand Trichonephila fenestrata Thorell 1859 South Africa Trichonephila f fuelleborni Dahl 1912 East Africa Trichonephila f venusta Blackwall 1865 West Central Africa Trichonephila inaurata Walckenaer 1841 Mauritius Reunion Trichonephila i madagascariensis Vinson 1863 South Africa to Seychelles Trichonephila komaci Kuntner amp Coddington 2009 South Africa Madagascar Trichonephila plumipes Latreille 1804 Indonesia New Guinea Australia New Caledonia Vanuatu Solomon Is New Ireland Trichonephila senegalensis Walckenaer 1841 West Africa to Ethiopia Trichonephila s annulata Thorell 1859 Namibia South Africa Trichonephila s bragantina Brito Capello 1867 Central Africa Trichonephila s hildebrandti Dahl 1912 Madagascar Trichonephila s huebneri Dahl 1912 East Africa Trichonephila s keyserlingi Blackwall 1865 Congo East Africa Trichonephila s nyikae Pocock 1898 East Africa Trichonephila s schweinfurthi Simon 1890 Yemen Trichonephila sexpunctata Giebel 1867 Brazil Paraguay Argentina Trichonephila sumptuosa Gerstacker 1873 East Africa Yemen Socotra Trichonephila turneri Blackwall 1833 West Central Africa Trichonephila t orientalis Benoit 1964 Central East AfricaBody editExternal anatomy edit The Orb Weavers body is composed of two separate regions Prosoma anterior end and Opisthosoma posterior end 5 Both regions are responsible for their own functions and are linked together by a narrow stalk called a pedicil 5 The prosoma of the spider is segmented and protected by the sternum carapace and a plate on both the dorsal and ventral side 6 The prosoma is the location of the central nervous system and it oversees nervous integration movement and food uptake 4 Also connected are the eyes chelicerae maxilla sternum fangs and four pairs of legs 4 Its unsegmented soft counterpart the opisthosoma contains the spinnerets while also being held accountable for digestion circulation respiration reproduction and silk production 4 6 Behavior editSexual dimorphism edit When comparing the sizes of genders of the genus Trichonephila you will find that the female spiders have the size advantage and are the dominant sex 7 One reason for the size difference amongst the genus is that following their mating sequence the females will sometimes perform cannibalistic actions towards their mating partner and kill them 8 Male spiders will fight over a female partner leaving the dominant spider to successfully mate and potentially be killed by the female afterwards Over the past few decades its believed that female spiders have selectively and actively chosen to have a small male counterpart 8 7 Courtship dance edit The courtship dance is a mating dance males enact attempting to be accepted by the females as a mate 7 8 This dance provides multiple functions for the spider rather than just for reproduction To begin the courtship a male must find a female s web and make vibrations to let her know he s not prey it is very common for the male to be mistook as prey and eaten alive by the females before or after they mate 7 The vibrating of the web reduces the risk of aggravating the female 9 Environmental adaptations edit The genus Trichonephila must be able to adapt to environmental conditions in order to thrive in their environments The males being the sex that leave their web and traverse for a female have more competition when it comes to reproduction food and shelter 10 The trichonephila genus of spiders has a yellow colored web and this is due to the Xanthurenic acid content in the web believed to assist the spider in attracting its prey 11 The genus also has its own adaptation when it comes to heavy rain unlike its relatives Spiders will hang off its web from only its fourth pair of legs which in turn reduces rain impact damage and helps with draining the water off the web 12 A new recent enemy introduced to the genus that has considerably shrunk the size of the spiders are pesticides as spiders have been reported smaller in size when living in areas present 13 References edit a b Gen Trichonephila Dahl 1911 World Spider Catalog Version 20 0 Natural History Museum Bern 2019 doi 10 24436 2 Retrieved 2019 09 06 Dahl F 1911 Die Verbreitung der Spinnen spricht gegen eine fruhere Landverbindung der Sudspitzen unsrer Kontinente Zoologischer Anzeiger 37 270 282 Kuntner Matjaz Hamilton Chris A Cheng Ren Chung Gregoric Matjaz Lupse Nik Lokovsek Tjasa Lemmon Emily Moriarty Lemmon Alan R Agnarsson Ingi Coddington Jonathan A Bond Jason E 2019 Golden orbweavers ignore biological rules phylogenomic and comparative analyses unravel a complex evolution of sexual size dimorphism Systematic Biology 68 4 555 72 doi 10 1093 sysbio syy082 PMC 6568015 PMID 30517732 S2CID 54562033 a b c d Bartlett Troy 2013 Family Araneidae Orb Weavers bugguide net Retrieved 2022 04 05 a b c d Weems Jr H V 2001 golden silk spider entnemdept ufl edu Retrieved 2022 04 22 a b Foelix Rainer F 2011 Biology of Spiders Oxford University Press pp 1 49 via Academia edu a b c d Silva Amanda Vieira da 2020 02 19 Web wars males of the golden orb web spider Trichonephila clavipes escalate more in contests for mated females and when access to females is easier a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Vollrath Fritz Parker Geoff A 1992 Sexual dimorphism and distorted sex ratios in spiders Nature 360 6400 156 159 Bibcode 1992Natur 360 156V doi 10 1038 360156a0 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 4320130 wignall anne 2021 Male courtship reduces the risk of female aggression in web building spiders but varies in structure Retrieved 2022 04 05 Vollrath Fritz Selden Paul 2007 12 01 The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders Silks and Webs Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 38 1 819 846 doi 10 1146 annurev ecolsys 37 091305 110221 ISSN 1543 592X Fujiwara Masayuki Kono Nobuaki Hirayama Akiyoshi Malay Ali D Nakamura Hiroyuki Ohtoshi Rintaro Numata Keiji Tomita Masaru Arakawa Kazuharu 2021 Xanthurenic Acid Is the Main Pigment of Trichonephila clavata Gold Dragline Silk Biomolecules 11 4 563 doi 10 3390 biom11040563 ISSN 2218 273X PMC 8070366 PMID 33921320 Barrantes Gilbert Masis Denisse Sanchez 2021 Spiders hanging out in the rain Arachnology 18 7 778 781 doi 10 13156 arac 2020 18 7 778 ISSN 2050 9928 S2CID 232210498 jung jong kook 2020 Korean Journal of Applied Entomology entomology2 or kr 59 3 doi 10 5656 KSAE 2020 07 0 034 Retrieved 2022 04 05 nbsp This spider related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trichonephila amp oldid 1190076715, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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