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Avenue (landscape)

February 15, 2024

In landscaping, an avenue (from the French), alameda (from the Portuguese and Spanish), or allée (from the French), is traditionally a straight path or road with a line of trees or large shrubs running along each side, which is used, as its Latin source venire ("to come") indicates, to emphasize the "coming to," or arrival at a landscape or architectural feature. In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the same species or cultivar, so as to give uniform appearance along the full length of the avenue.

Tree avenue in Normandy, France
An avenue at Alexandra Park, London

The French term allée is used for avenues planted in parks and landscape gardens, as well as boulevards such as the Grande Allée in Quebec City, Canada, and Karl-Marx-Allee in Berlin.

History edit

The avenue is one of the oldest ideas in the history of gardens. An Avenue of Sphinxes still leads to the tomb of the pharaoh Hatshepsut. Avenues similarly defined by guardian stone lions lead to the Ming tombs in China. British archaeologists have adopted highly specific criteria for "avenues" within the context of British archaeology.

 
Hobbema's The Avenue at Middelharnis, 1689
 
Avenues around and radiating from, Ragley Hall, 1710s, by Johannes Kip

In French formal garden Baroque landscape design style, avenues of trees that were centered upon the dwelling radiated across the landscape. See the avenues in the Gardens of Versailles or Het Loo. Other late 17th-century French and Dutch landscapes,[1] in that intensely ordered and flat terrain, fell naturally into avenues; Meindert Hobbema, in The Avenue at Middelharnis (1689) presents such an avenue in farming country, neatly flanked at regular intervals by rows of young trees that have been rigorously limbed up; his central vanishing point mimics the avenue's propensity to draw the spectator forwards along it.[2]

In Austria-Hungary, the fashion for establishing representative avenues appeared as early as the Renaissance and reached its peak in the Baroque period. Avenues lined the access roads to chateaus and manors, as well as pilgrimage routes and Stations of the Cross. The manorial landscape architecture was followed by "folk landscaping" with wayside chapels, crosses and shrines accompanied by trees. Later, Maria Theresa decreed in 1752 to plant trees along the new imperial roads for economic, aesthetic, orientation and safety reasons. Most avenues were created during the reigns of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, new landscaping came from England, and formal aesthetics were replaced by the aesthetics of the natural landscape. During Napoleonic wars, pyramidal poplars became a new element, popular due their fast growth and distinctive shape. Also in the middle of the 19th century, when the construction of imperial roads continued, but at the same time a network of non-state side roads was created, the law ordered the planting of avenues along them, especially fruit trees and mulberries. Many baroque alleys have aged and been felled, and fruit tree alleys have become increasingly popular. At the time of the development of motoring, the oldest avenues often hinder the widening and modernization of rural roads and are the subject of dispute between conservationists and traffic safety requirements.[3]

Design edit

 
An avenue of hoop pines in Sydney, Australia

To enhance the approach to mansions or manor houses, avenues were planted along the entrance drive. Sometimes the avenues are in double rows on each side of a road. Trees preferred for avenues were selected for their height and speed of growth, such as poplar, beech, lime, and horse chestnut.[4] In the American antebellum era South, the southern live oak was typically used, because the trees created a beautiful shade canopy.

Sometimes tree avenues were designed to direct the eye toward some distinctive architectural building or feature, such as a chapels, gazebos, or architectural follies.[5]

Street name edit

 
Alameda Dom Afonso Henriques in Lisbon, Portugal

Origin edit

Avenue as a street name in French, Spanish (avenida) and other languages implies a large straight street in a city, often created as part of a large scheme of urban planning such as Baron Haussmann's remodelling of Paris or the L'Enfant Plan for Washington D.C.; "avenues" will typically be the main roads. This pattern is very often followed in the United States, indeed all the Americas, but in the United Kingdom this sense is less strong and the name is used more randomly, mostly for suburban streets developed in the 20th century, though Western and Eastern Avenues in London are main traffic arteries out of the city, if not very straight.

Cities edit

In cities which have a grid-based naming system, such as the borough of Manhattan in New York City, there may be a convention that the streets called avenues run parallel in one direction – roughly north–south in the case of Manhattan – while "streets" run at 90 degrees to them across the avenues; roughly east–west in Manhattan. In Washington, DC the avenues radiate from the centre running diagonally across the grid of streets, which follows typical French usage of the name (in France "boulevards" are often main roads running round the city centre). In Phoenix, Arizona, "the avenues" can colloquially mean "the west side of town", due to the numbered north–south-running roads being called "Avenues" in the western part of the city, separated from the eastern "Streets" by a "Central Avenue". Similarly, "the avenues" in San Francisco, California refers to the Richmond District and the Sunset District, the two neighborhoods on the Pacific coast, north and south of Golden Gate Park, respectively.

In Anglophone urban or suburban settings, "avenue" is one of the usual suite of words used in street names, along with "boulevard", "circle", "court", "drive", "lane", "place", "road", "street", "terrace", "way", "gate" and so on, any of which may carry connotations as to the street's size, importance, or function. Avenues were usually lined with trees when first built, although many avenues have lost their trees to make way for overhead wiring, parking or to allow light into properties.

Notable avenues edit

Gallery edit

  •  
    An avenue at Weissenbach an der Triesting, Austria
  •  
    A park avenue in the old town of Naantali, Finland
  •  
    Old Avenue Steinfurter Bagno leading to the local castle in the background, used as twofold bicycle path
  •  
    Fig avenue in Hyde Park, Sydney
  •  
    Country road as an avenue in Germany
  •  
    Country road as an avenue in Germany

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ E. De Jong, Erik Jong, Ann Langenakens Dutch Garden and Landscape Architecture, 1650-1740. University of Pennsylvania Press pages 228. 2000 ISBN 9780812235432
  2. ^ Painting of the Month. "Special Feature: The Long Road Home". National Gallery, London.
  3. ^ Historie alejí, Arnika
  4. ^ Muir, Richard (2004). Landscape Encyclopedia. London: Windgather Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9545575-1-5.
  5. ^ Muir 2004, p.7.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Avenue".
  •   Media related to Avenues (streets) at Wikimedia Commons

February 15, 2024
avenue, landscape, landscaping, avenue, from, french, alameda, from, portuguese, spanish, allée, from, french, traditionally, straight, path, road, with, line, trees, large, shrubs, running, along, each, side, which, used, latin, source, venire, come, indicate. In landscaping an avenue from the French alameda from the Portuguese and Spanish or allee from the French is traditionally a straight path or road with a line of trees or large shrubs running along each side which is used as its Latin source venire to come indicates to emphasize the coming to or arrival at a landscape or architectural feature In most cases the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the same species or cultivar so as to give uniform appearance along the full length of the avenue Tree avenue in Normandy FranceAn avenue at Alexandra Park LondonThe French term allee is used for avenues planted in parks and landscape gardens as well as boulevards such as the Grande Allee in Quebec City Canada and Karl Marx Allee in Berlin Contents 1 History 2 Design 3 Street name 3 1 Origin 3 2 Cities 4 Notable avenues 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editThe avenue is one of the oldest ideas in the history of gardens An Avenue of Sphinxes still leads to the tomb of the pharaoh Hatshepsut Avenues similarly defined by guardian stone lions lead to the Ming tombs in China British archaeologists have adopted highly specific criteria for avenues within the context of British archaeology nbsp Hobbema s The Avenue at Middelharnis 1689 nbsp Avenues around and radiating from Ragley Hall 1710s by Johannes KipIn French formal garden Baroque landscape design style avenues of trees that were centered upon the dwelling radiated across the landscape See the avenues in the Gardens of Versailles or Het Loo Other late 17th century French and Dutch landscapes 1 in that intensely ordered and flat terrain fell naturally into avenues Meindert Hobbema in The Avenue at Middelharnis 1689 presents such an avenue in farming country neatly flanked at regular intervals by rows of young trees that have been rigorously limbed up his central vanishing point mimics the avenue s propensity to draw the spectator forwards along it 2 In Austria Hungary the fashion for establishing representative avenues appeared as early as the Renaissance and reached its peak in the Baroque period Avenues lined the access roads to chateaus and manors as well as pilgrimage routes and Stations of the Cross The manorial landscape architecture was followed by folk landscaping with wayside chapels crosses and shrines accompanied by trees Later Maria Theresa decreed in 1752 to plant trees along the new imperial roads for economic aesthetic orientation and safety reasons Most avenues were created during the reigns of Maria Theresa and Joseph II At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries new landscaping came from England and formal aesthetics were replaced by the aesthetics of the natural landscape During Napoleonic wars pyramidal poplars became a new element popular due their fast growth and distinctive shape Also in the middle of the 19th century when the construction of imperial roads continued but at the same time a network of non state side roads was created the law ordered the planting of avenues along them especially fruit trees and mulberries Many baroque alleys have aged and been felled and fruit tree alleys have become increasingly popular At the time of the development of motoring the oldest avenues often hinder the widening and modernization of rural roads and are the subject of dispute between conservationists and traffic safety requirements 3 Design edit nbsp An avenue of hoop pines in Sydney AustraliaTo enhance the approach to mansions or manor houses avenues were planted along the entrance drive Sometimes the avenues are in double rows on each side of a road Trees preferred for avenues were selected for their height and speed of growth such as poplar beech lime and horse chestnut 4 In the American antebellum era South the southern live oak was typically used because the trees created a beautiful shade canopy Sometimes tree avenues were designed to direct the eye toward some distinctive architectural building or feature such as a chapels gazebos or architectural follies 5 Street name edit nbsp Alameda Dom Afonso Henriques in Lisbon PortugalOrigin edit Avenue as a street name in French Spanish avenida and other languages implies a large straight street in a city often created as part of a large scheme of urban planning such as Baron Haussmann s remodelling of Paris or the L Enfant Plan for Washington D C avenues will typically be the main roads This pattern is very often followed in the United States indeed all the Americas but in the United Kingdom this sense is less strong and the name is used more randomly mostly for suburban streets developed in the 20th century though Western and Eastern Avenues in London are main traffic arteries out of the city if not very straight Cities edit In cities which have a grid based naming system such as the borough of Manhattan in New York City there may be a convention that the streets called avenues run parallel in one direction roughly north south in the case of Manhattan while streets run at 90 degrees to them across the avenues roughly east west in Manhattan In Washington DC the avenues radiate from the centre running diagonally across the grid of streets which follows typical French usage of the name in France boulevards are often main roads running round the city centre In Phoenix Arizona the avenues can colloquially mean the west side of town due to the numbered north south running roads being called Avenues in the western part of the city separated from the eastern Streets by a Central Avenue Similarly the avenues in San Francisco California refers to the Richmond District and the Sunset District the two neighborhoods on the Pacific coast north and south of Golden Gate Park respectively In Anglophone urban or suburban settings avenue is one of the usual suite of words used in street names along with boulevard circle court drive lane place road street terrace way gate and so on any of which may carry connotations as to the street s size importance or function Avenues were usually lined with trees when first built although many avenues have lost their trees to make way for overhead wiring parking or to allow light into properties Notable avenues editPaseo del Prado Madrid Spain Avenue des Champs Elysees Paris France Avenida da Liberdade Lisbon Portugal Paseo de la Reforma Mexico City Mexico Fifth Avenue Manhattan New York City United States Madison Avenue Manhattan New York City United States Michigan Avenue Chicago Illinois United States La Brea Avenue Los Angeles California United States Holland Park Avenue London United Kingdom 9 de Julio Avenue Buenos Aires Argentina Paulista Avenue Sao Paulo Brazil Kurfurstendamm Ku Damm Berlin GermanyGallery edit nbsp An avenue at Weissenbach an der Triesting Austria nbsp A park avenue in the old town of Naantali Finland nbsp Old Avenue Steinfurter Bagno leading to the local castle in the background used as twofold bicycle path nbsp Fig avenue in Hyde Park Sydney nbsp Country road as an avenue in Germany nbsp Country road as an avenue in GermanySee also edit nbsp Trees portalAlley a narrow lane or path Alameda Avenue of honour Garden design Garden features Hedges Landscape design history Shade tree Southern live oakReferences edit E De Jong Erik Jong Ann Langenakens Dutch Garden and Landscape Architecture 1650 1740 University of Pennsylvania Press pages 228 2000 ISBN 9780812235432 Painting of the Month Special Feature The Long Road Home National Gallery London Historie aleji Arnika Muir Richard 2004 Landscape Encyclopedia London Windgather Press p 7 ISBN 978 0 9545575 1 5 Muir 2004 p 7 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Avenue nbsp Media related to Avenues streets at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Avenue landscape amp oldid 1187107835, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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