The Treaty of the Bogue (Chinese: 虎門條約) was a treaty between China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of Nanking. The treaty's key provisions granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status to Britain.
Treaty of the Bogue
Supplementary Treaty Signed By Their Excellencies Sir Henry Pottinger and Ki Ying Respectively, On The Part Of the Sovereigns of Great Britain and China, At the Bogue, 8th October 1843.
In order to conclude the First Opium War, imperial commissioner Qiying and Henry Pottinger concluded the Treaty of Nanjing aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in 1842 in Nanjing on the behalf of Britain and the Chinese Qing dynasty. The treaty became the first of a series of commercial treaties, often referred to as "unequal treaties", which China concluded against its wishes with Western powers.
Terms
During the negotiations in Nanjing, China and Britain had agreed that a supplementary treaty be concluded, and on 22July 1843 the two parties promulgated the "General Regulations of Trade with Britain and China" in Canton (Guangzhou). These regulations were included in the "Treaty of the Bogue," which Qiying and Pottinger signed on 8October 1843 on the Bogue outside Canton.
The treaty laid down detailed regulations for Sino-British trade and specified terms under which Britons could reside in the newly opened ports of Shanghai, Ningbo, Xiamen (Amoy), Fuzhou, and Canton. While Britons were allowed to buy property in the treaty ports and reside there with their families, they were not allowed to travel to the interior of China or trade there.
The treaty also granted extraterritorial privileges to British subjects and most Favored Nation status to Great Britain, which meant that the latter would enjoy any privilege granted to other powers.
Aftermath
In China, the treaty is widely regarded as an imperialist one, which paved the way for the subjugation of China to Western imperialism. The treaty consolidated the "opening" of China to foreign trade in the wake of the First Opium War and allowed Britons to reside in parts of China, which had not been opened to foreigners before. In 1845, local Qing authorities and the British authorities promulgated the Shanghai Land regulations, which paved the way for the foundation of the Shanghai International Settlement. Similar agreements were concluded in other treaty ports, which created a social divide between the Europeans and Chinese citizens in the cities.
Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953.
Hertslet, Edward, ed. Treaties, &C., between Great Britain and China; and between China and Foreign Powers; Orders in Council, Rules, Regulations, Acts of Parliament, Decrees, and Notifications Affecting British Interests in China, in Force on the 1st January, 1896. 2 vols. London: Homson, 1896.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of the Bogue
January 31, 2023
treaty, bogue, chinese, 虎門條約, treaty, between, china, united, kingdom, great, britain, ireland, concluded, october, 1843, supplement, previous, treaty, nanking, treaty, provisions, granted, extraterritoriality, most, favored, nation, status, britain, supplemen. The Treaty of the Bogue Chinese 虎門條約 was a treaty between China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of Nanking The treaty s key provisions granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status to Britain Treaty of the BogueSupplementary Treaty Signed By Their Excellencies Sir Henry Pottinger and Ki Ying Respectively On The Part Of the Sovereigns of Great Britain and China At the Bogue 8th October 1843 TypeBilateral UnequalSigned8 October 1843 1843 10 08 LocationBogue Humen GuangdongParties China United KingdomLanguagesEnglish and ChineseFull textTreaty of the Bogue at WikisourceTreaty of the BogueTraditional Chinese虎門條約Simplified Chinese虎门条约TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHǔmen tiaoyueWade GilesHu3 men2 t iao2 yueh1Yue CantoneseJyutpingfu2 mun4 tiu4 joek3 Contents 1 Background 2 Terms 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 ReferencesBackground EditIn order to conclude the First Opium War imperial commissioner Qiying and Henry Pottinger concluded the Treaty of Nanjing aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in 1842 in Nanjing on the behalf of Britain and the Chinese Qing dynasty The treaty became the first of a series of commercial treaties often referred to as unequal treaties which China concluded against its wishes with Western powers Terms EditDuring the negotiations in Nanjing China and Britain had agreed that a supplementary treaty be concluded and on 22 July 1843 the two parties promulgated the General Regulations of Trade with Britain and China in Canton Guangzhou These regulations were included in the Treaty of the Bogue which Qiying and Pottinger signed on 8 October 1843 on the Bogue outside Canton The treaty laid down detailed regulations for Sino British trade and specified terms under which Britons could reside in the newly opened ports of Shanghai Ningbo Xiamen Amoy Fuzhou and Canton While Britons were allowed to buy property in the treaty ports and reside there with their families they were not allowed to travel to the interior of China or trade there The treaty also granted extraterritorial privileges to British subjects and most Favored Nation status to Great Britain which meant that the latter would enjoy any privilege granted to other powers Aftermath EditIn China the treaty is widely regarded as an imperialist one which paved the way for the subjugation of China to Western imperialism The treaty consolidated the opening of China to foreign trade in the wake of the First Opium War and allowed Britons to reside in parts of China which had not been opened to foreigners before In 1845 local Qing authorities and the British authorities promulgated the Shanghai Land regulations which paved the way for the foundation of the Shanghai International Settlement Similar agreements were concluded in other treaty ports which created a social divide between the Europeans and Chinese citizens in the cities See also EditUnequal treaties First and Second Opium Wars Imperialism in Asia Anglo Chinese relationsReferences EditFairbank John King Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842 1854 2 vols Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1953 Hertslet Edward ed Treaties amp C between Great Britain and China and between China and Foreign Powers Orders in Council Rules Regulations Acts of Parliament Decrees and Notifications Affecting British Interests in China in Force on the 1st January 1896 2 vols London Homson 1896 Wikisource has original text related to this article Treaty of the Bogue Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of the Bogue amp oldid 1133705576, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
