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Wikipedia

Tom Devine

May 13, 2023

For persons of a similar name, see Thomas Devine (disambiguation).

Sir Thomas Martin Devine OBE FRHistS FRSE FBA (born 30 July 1945) is a Scottish academic and author, who specializes in the history of Scotland. He is known for his overviews of modern Scottish history.[1] He is an advocate of the total history approach to the history of Scotland. Before his retirement, he was a professor at the University of Strathclyde, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh.[1]

Life

Early and personal life

Thomas Martin Devine was born on 30 July 1945 in Motherwell, Scotland.[2][3] His family is Scots-Irish from Irish Catholic roots.[4] His four grandparents had migrated from British-ruled Ireland in 1890.[4] His father benefited from what savings they accrued from working in the steel and coal industries, and went to university, going on to become a life-long schoolteacher.[4] Tom Devine himself has five children.[4]

He attended Our Lady's High school in Motherwell, where, he has recounted, he gave up history in his second year because the way that history was taught at the time was "endlessly boring", choosing geography instead.[5]

Before his academic career commenced, Devine has also recounted, he had several vacation jobs as variously a grave-digger, a Butlins Bluecoat (a clerical role, as opposed to a Butlins Redcoat[6]) in the Holiday Camp at Filey, and an uncertified French language teacher in schools in Lanarkshire.[7]

Academic career

Devine graduated from the University of Strathclyde in 1968 with First Class Honours in economic and social history.[2][8][3] In 1969, a few months after commencing doctoral research, Devine was hired at the University of Strathclyde,[9] where he was appointed assistant lecturer in history and eventually rose to head of the history department.[2] In 1981 he and T. C. Smout were the founding editors of the periodical Scottish Economic and Social History, which was later to become the Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, Devine editing it until 1984.[10][11]

He was appointed professor of Scottish history in 1988, and later became dean of the faculty of arts and social sciences, and then deputy principal of the university from 1994 to 1998.[12] In 1991, Devine was awarded higher degree of DLitt (Doctor of Letters) by the university in recognition of the quality of his published research to that date.[2]

In 1998, he moved to the University of Aberdeen and became the founding director of the Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies (RIISS), later the UK Arts and Humanities Research Centre (AHRC) in I&SS.[12][4] He was also appointed to the externally-funded Glucksman Professorship of Irish and Scottish Studies.[13]

From 2006 to 2011 Devine was the Sir William Fraser Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography at the University of Edinburgh,[12][4] retaining the title as Emeritus Professor afterwards.[4][14] From 2008 he was also the first director there of the Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies[12][4] (now integrated into the Edinburgh Centre for Global History).[citation needed]He retired from Edinburgh in 2011 but returned by invitation of the Principal of the University for a further period as Senior Research Professor of History.[citation needed]His retirement celebration focused on a discussion of his career with former Prime Minister Gordon Brown in the University's McEwan Hall. Messages of congratulation were received from the Prime Minister of the UK and the First Minister of Scotland.[citation needed]

Devine was listed #16 in 2014 in "Scotland's Power 100: The 100 most powerful people in Scotland" by The Herald, which described him as "the country's pre-eminent historian.[15] He was ranked seventh most influential Catholic in Britain by The Tablet in 2015 which described him as "widely seen as the intellectual heavyweight behind Scottish nationalism".[16]

Politics

Devine tried to avoid politics in his writing, stating in a 2010 interview with the Scottish Review of Books that he hoped that people could not tell his politics from his writings, in support of which he observed that the blogosphere had had him down as a Scottish Nationalist in the 1990s and yet as an obvious Unionist a decade later.[3] He noted that he had often told people that "the future is not my period" when asked about current events,[3] a statement that he had initially also made when asked about the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.[17]

He was, however, later to take a public stance on the referendum, voting "Yes" for independence.[4] He presented a public statement explaining his reasoning for this to reporters in a Glasgow restaurant on 2014-08-15, stating that he had himself never been a member of any political party, although members of his family, grandparents and parents, had supported the Labour Party.[18][19][20] After giving his views on the Scottish Parliament, Scottish history and arts, the economy and education system of Scotland, and Irish Catholic Scots, he explained why he rejected "devolution max" as "just a sticking plaster" and came to the conclusion that he would be voting "Yes".[18][19][20] He is now among Scots who have changed their mind on Independence, and wants a united front to evict the Conservatives from Downing Street. [21]

He has also spoken out on other political issues, such as objecting to the campaign to remove the statue of Henry Dundas (the Melville Monument) from St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, stating that it was based upon bad history, a simplistic view that gave Dundas sole responsibility for something where larger forces were in fact at play, an argument that brought him into conflict with Geoff Palmer.[4] Another issue on which he has publicly commented was the removal of David Hume's name from a tower in George Square, Edinburgh.[4] He has expressed the opinion that "[t]argetting statues is a largely meaningless gesture" that "does little to address the very real and ongoing issue of racial prejudice".[22] Addressing a petition in 2020 to remove the names of the Tobacco Lords from streets in Glasgow, he stated that they should be retained "as a reminder of [our] past, warts and all" and that "Scotland and slavery should be embedded firmly in the school curriculum".[23]

Works

Devine is a leading proponent of Scottish-Irish historical studies, and has authored five monographs and edited over a dozen collections.[24] He is a proponent of "total" history, which seeks to incorporate all aspects of history, from economic through social to cultural.[24][25]

He has written on a wide range of subjects in 18th and 19th century Scottish history, from the colonial trade through agriculture to migration, with works dealing with both Highland and Lowland Scotland.[26]

Early: The Tobacco Lords

Devine's 1975 book The Tobacco Lords about the Tobacco Lords originated in work that he had done for his doctoral thesis on the period after 1775.[27] It followed in the footsteps of Jacob Myron Price and dealt with the "golden age" of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow, dealing with who the merchants were, their trading methods, what they did with their profits, and how the American Revolution affected them.[28] Divided into four parts, the book addresses the investment of profits in part 1, trading methods in part 2, the period after the American Revolution in part 3, and the period after 1783 in part 4; and is structured as a set of questions and answers around specific points.[29][30][31][27] In it, Devine propounded the traditional view about how a consumer goods industry in Glasgow arose in part in order to exchange for tobacco from Virginia and Maryland, and has detailed accounts of merchants like William Cunninghame and Company.[32] James H. Soltow of Michigan State University observed that Devine's account contained "few surprises".[33]

Professor of history Joseph Clarke Robert of the University of Richmond called it "an excellent book", providing just the one quibble that the map facing page 12 had Jamestown on south of the James River rather than in its correct position to the north.[34] Jacob M. Price of the University of Michigan (and author of France and the Chesapeake[35]) observed "a fair number of petty errors" in American geography (Fredericksburg and Falmouth being incorrectly located on the Potomac River and a non-existent "Berkshire County" in Maryland).[27] Devine had only addressed America incidentally, focussing upon Scotland.[35] Price also observed some confusion resulting from the same words meaning different things in English and Scottish business terminology.[27]

T. C. Smout called it "a useful and thought-provoking volume" that "does not entirely satisfy" because it left unanswered questions about what happened to the tobacco trade and did not go into enough detail on an (in Smout's words) "important conclusion" that the American Revolution in fact did not fundamentally alter the tobacco trade, and that merchants in Glasgow largely picked up where they had left off after the war had finished.[36] Devine had pointed out that the diversification into sugar processing, leather tanning, boot and shoe manufacturing, and the iron, glass and coal industries, extension to Caribbean and European markets, and involvement in banking and land investments all preceded the American Revolution, rather than followed it.[30][31] William J. Hausman of the University of North Carolina agreed with Smout that in a "generally of high quality" book it was "disappointing and annoying" that although Devine had documented the pre-war investment pattern well, explanation of exactly how the Glasgow merchants reestablished their businesses remained "vague", Price concurring on the last point.[30][37]

Devine was, in later life, to acknowledge the omission of the context of its entanglement with overseas slave-based economies as a blind spot in his early work on the Tobacco Lords.[38]

1980s: The Great Highland Famine

His 1988 The Great Highland Famine is an analysis of the impact of the late 1840s failure of the potato upon the Western Highlands of Scotland.[26] It covers a longer period than its title might suggest, dealing with the 1840s and 1850s.[39] Based upon in-depth research using a wide range of historical records from the government, charitable institutions, censuses, local parishes, and the great estates of the period, it both in places reinforced earlier conclusions that had been made upon less evidence and elsewhere refuted some (at the time) accepted ideas.[39][40][41]

Devine divided the Highlands into east and west, and his conclusion about the western Highlands exemplified this.[42] His conclusion that the western Highlands were at risk was not a novel one, but his further conclusion that there was no real famine mortality was characterized by L. M. Cullen of Trinity College Dublin as "quite surprising".[41]

One of its revisions to (then) accepted ideas was to ascribe the population fall after the famine not to altered sex ratios, simply the fact that young men emigrated, but rather to a deliberate inhibition by Scottish estates on family formation without adequate land, in (in T. C. Smout's words) "an openly Malthusian way".[43] Another point discussed in the book was the hidden involvement of Charles Trevelyan in various nominally private sector charitable famine relief projects.[43][41]

David Dickson of Trinity College Dublin observed that this "remarkably comprehensive account" was possible because of the small size of the Scottish famine in comparison to the Irish one, with under 290,000 people in the Highlands of Scotland in 1841, which Ireland equalled with just the population of County Clare alone.[44] Dickinson observed that to an Irish reader Devine, whilst not setting out to explicitly compare the two famines but having "made notable efforts to have an Irish angle", had provided "a fascinating combination of the familiar and the alien" showing both parallels and differences, although that Devine had not explored such differentiating factors as population density; and that Devine had indicated several ways in which future differential analyses of the Irish famine could be made, to note whether factors present in Devine's analysis of the Scottish famine could explain unevenness in the Irish one, that led to milder impacts in some counties such as County Donegal (an observation with which Cullen concurred).[45][46]

1990s: Edited collections at Strathclyde and Clanship to Crofters' War

The 1989 Improvement and Enlightenment, the 1990 Conflict and Stability in Scottish Society, the 1992 Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society, and the 1994 Scottish Elites are the proceedings of 1987, 1988, 1990, and 1991 seminars (respectively) at the University of Strathclyde, all edited by Devine.[47][48][49][50] The first has a paper by Devine discussing changing landholdings in the 19th century in Higland Scotland, with an appendix of data.[50] The second has a paper by Devine presenting Lowland Scotland as a society regulated by the landowning class with emigration as a release valve for the discontented, preventing civil unrest and violence.[48] The third includes an introduction by Devine, discussing the paradoxical nature of Scottish emigration, why skilled urban residents emigrated despite the growing domestic demand for skilled labour during Scotland's industrialization, and a paper by Devine highlighting the roles of landlords in the Highland emigrations since 1760 and of the 1840s and 1850s in particular.[51][47] The fourth has a paper by Devine challenging the (then) accepted history of "lowland clearances".[49]

The 1995 Glasgow, Volume I: Beginnings to 1830 is the first volume in what was a projected 3-volume work on the city, by primarily the staff of the University of Strathclyde and co-edited by Devine, who contributed the chapter on the tobacco trade and provided introduction and conclusion.[52]

His 1995 Clanship to Crofters' War is a digest of his work to date on the Highlands updated by drawing on (then) recent work by Allan Macinness of the University of Aberdeen, Ewen Cameron, and others.[26] Alaistair J. Durie of the University of Glasgow called it a "deeply informed and authoritative" survey of the history of the Highlands.[26] Comprising 16 chapters in total, chronicling the economic and social history of the Highlands until the beginnings of the Crofters' War, it is a historical synthesis rather than a research-based text and is not footnoted as academic monographs are, containing just a few notes and a selection of further reading per chapter, and containing maps, contemporary photographs, and drawings.[53][54][55] Historian Andrew MacKillop characterized this style as "consciously user-friendly" and called the work overall "an effective and cogent synthesis".[56]

The book's key themes are the character, conduct, and changing composition of the landowning elite of the Highlands, including such things as the forced sale of clan lands held for centuries as a result of economic collapse following the Napoleonic Wars, which Durie noted to be "particularly strong" when it comes to analysis of who came to buy the land and why.[57] MacKillop observed that Devine's synthesis of work to date served to highlight a deficiency in historical research into the economic transformation of the region, well studied in the North-West but understudied in the South-East.[54]

The pivotal chapter, for Durie, was the one where Devine explained the late 18th century to early 19th century transformation of the Highlands from (in Durie's words) a "barren wilderness inhabited only by savages to a romantic landscape", in a process that Devine named "The Making of Highlandism".[58] MacKillop considered that while it dealt with Highlandism as a reaction of Lowland Scotland to cultural pressures from England, it could have dealt more with the role of the elite of the Highlands, and their deliberate adoption of distinctive Highland symbols in order to compete for patronage in the military against the gentry of other parts of the Kingdom.[59] Other chapters deal with the impacts of immigration, emigration, and Protestant evangelicalism, the decline of the Gaelic language, and with the experiences of urbanised Gaels.[54][60]

Scottish Nation

In the view of Richard J. Finlay, Devine's (1999) Scottish Nation 1700–2000, whose publication coincided with the opening of the Scottish Parliament, is "the most comprehensive account of modern Scottish history".[61] Brian Bonnyman, Honorary Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, called it "unsurpassed as a history of modern Scotland".[62] William Walker Knox, history professor at the University of St Andrews, observed that a generalist approach in such a book "lays Devine open to attacks from specialists, who will no doubt find fault with his treatment of a particular event, period, or personality", and described the book as "surpass[ing] in knowledge and scope" M. Lynch's 1991 Scotland: A New History and T.C. Smout's 1986 A Century of the Scottish People, 1830–1950 and would be "the standard work on modern Scotland for the general reader and the undergraduate for some time ahead".[63]

The book launch, held in the New Museum of Scotland included a telegram of congratulations from Gordon Brown, an introduction by Donald Dewar, and the attendance of most of Scotland's senior politicians.[61] Finlay described the book as "the first major work that is unselfconsciously Scottish" about its subject, and also observed that it had the fortunate timing of being able to view the past from a post-Scottish Devolution viewpoint, a view not available to earlier historians such as Michael Lynch.[64] He attributed the book's success to a "new mood of [Scottish] cultural confidence" and serendipitous timing.[24]

Roger L. Emerson of the University of Western Ontario observed that Devine had "succeeded remarkably well" in his announced (in the book) purpose of "present[ing] a coherent account of the last 300 years of Scotland's past with the hope of developing a better understanding of the present" and incorporating the work of the most recent generation of Scottish historians.[65] Being built on the work of Devine himself and others such as Smout and Michael Flynn, in conference papers and in articles in the aforementioned Scottish Economic and Social History, Emerson observed that the book "could not possibly have been written thirty years ago or even ten years ago".[10]

Like The Great Highland Famine, the book is not footnoted in academic style, cites only books and not journal articles in its bibliography, and in Emerson's view was "clearly not designed as a textbook", since students will be unable to easily connect its various theses and data to their sources.[10] It has five maps, which Emerson criticized for being "rather inadequate since the topography is only roughly indicated".[10]

Finlay observed that as Scotland is a small nation, the "total" history approach is feasible for a work like Scottish Nation.[24] The book furthermore approaches the problem of entanglement of Scottish history with British history by simply ignoring Britain, England, and the British Empire except where they are relevant to Scotland, which Finlay characterized as the same "standard historical technique of British history" when written from "an English metropolitan perspective".[24] Emerson commented that in order to find political history of Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament concerning Scotland one would still benefit from consulting William Ferguson's Scotland 1689 to the Present[a] in addition to Devine's book.[10]

Drawing upon his own extensive research, something that not many other authors of histories for the popular market were able to do, in the book Devine presented Scottish history of the late 18th and 19th centuries as far more revolutionary in nature than the history of England in the same period — in fact faster, in its speed of urbanization, than anywhere else in Europe.[66] He painted a picture of Scotland as well positioned, from roots in its mercantile and military practices from the 15th century, to take advantage, with the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, of what was then the largest free trade zone in all of Europe, and the British Empire that was to follow.[67]

The book also incorporated areas of Scottish historiography that had theretofore been under-represented or neglected; including a chapter on "Scottish Women: Family, Work, and Politics", discussion of the "silent revolution" of the rural Lowlands, a chapter on the "New Scots" who immigrated from Ireland, Lithuania, Italy, and other countries including ethnic Jewish and Asian groups, and a chapter on "Emigrants" dealing with Scotland's high emigration rates during the period.[62]

Devine soundly rejected the thesis that there had been a "crisis in Scottish nationhood" in the second half of the 19th century, as the result of assimilation, Anglicization, and cultural collapse.[67] Instead he argued that the lack of a strong political nationalist movement did not prevent "a strong and coherent sense of identity to exist within the [U]nion and provide a solid foundation for cultural achievement".[62] Bonnyman observed that this is, however, a seeming contradiction with his chapter on "Highlandism and Scottish Identity", which posits the very sense of cultural disintegration and loss of identity — Scottish society "searching for an identity amid unprecedented economic and social change and under threat of cultural conquest by a much more powerful neighbour" — that he had dismissed in an earlier chapter.[62]

Devine's treatment of cultural history, as opposed to economic history, tended towards a simpler synopsis of established work on the subject.[62] Emerson observed that it was somewhat lacking in both political and intellectual history, with little on the Glasgow Boys, Hugh MacDiarmid and contemporaries, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh and associates.[10] Knox observed that cultural history was weaker in the book, with youth culture seemingly ended with Elvis Presley, women's political activity becoming (in Knox's words) "no more than a footnote in a political narrative dominated by male concerns and interests" following the Glasgow Women's Housing Association and the rent strikes of 1915, and Asian immigrants referred to as "coloured".[68] Knox ascribed this in part to a more general weakness in the book's coverage of the period after World War Two, which he suggested was not necessarily solely because of Devine's focus on the period from the late 18th century to the advent of World War One, the core of the book, but also simply because of there being less historical scholarship to work from for that period.[68] The book's chapter on education passes over such things as debates over the curriculum and privatisation in the 1980s and 1990s, tailing off with things like the introduction of comprehensive schools in the 1960s; and its chapter on religion does not address things like the decline in church attendance from the 1960s onwards.[68] Furthermore, whilst the cultural topics of education, immigration, religion, and women get their own chapters, other topics such as leisure and work do not.[68]

In Knox's view the chapter on women is incomplete, solely addressing the beginnings of the women's movements as suffrage issues and ignoring their origins in temperance movements and anti-slavery campaigns, not addressing late 20th century campaigns for greater numbers of women politicians, not addressing unionization and the "family wage", and not addressing darker aspects of female cultural history such as wife beating, for which Knox observed "extensive documentation exists", and the sometimes dark, drunken, and violent cultural landscapes of female life presented by things such William M. Walker's Juteopolis.[b][69]

Knox also pointed out that Devine's historical narrative of a long term trend in Scottish nationalism ignored the complexities of the Scottish Labour Party with its internal problems after the end of World War Two.[68] He ameliorated these criticisms by suggesting that a "more analytical, rigorous, and thematic survey of Scottish history that the historical profession" — as opposed to a popular readership — "might prefer is now beyond the capacity of a single author, however gifted".[70]

A revised edition in 2006 added three more chapters on post-Devolution topics, including politics.[5]

21st century: Unplanned Trilogy and The Scottish Clearances

In 2012, Devine's publisher Penguin Books retrospectively started marketing Scottish Nation along with his later Scotland's Empire and The Ends of the Earth as Devine's Scottish Trilogy.[71] Devine had not planned it this way.[72][25]

Scotland's Empire, 1600–1815 (2003) was roughly contemporary with Michael Fry's 2001 The Scottish Empire and Niall Ferguson's 2003 Empire: How Britain Changed the World.[73][74] It occasioned a public spat between Devine and Fry, each negatively reviewing the other's book in the press.[73][75] At 476 pages, 100 pages of which are footnotes and bibliography, it covers some of the same grounds as earlier works, including the chapter 4 "Trade and Profit" (first appearing in the aforementioned Glasgow and covering the same ground as The Tobacco Lords) and chapter 6 covering the marketization of the Highland economy in much the same way as Devine covered it in Scottish Nation.[76] The book is not as much about the influence of the Scots over the British Empire, as it is about the influence of the British Empire on Scotland, and draws occasional parallels between the north-west Highlands of the 19th century and the history of the West of Ireland.[74]

Christopher Harvie noted that its coverage of "Colonizing India" fails to mention the reforms of Cornwallis in India.[73]

To The Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Disapora (2011) was aimed at the popular history market, in thirteen chapters with accompanying pictures and photographs.[77][25] The book deals with Scottish trade with all parts of the planet, from the Hong Kong firm of Jardine, Matheson, and Company through markets in Latin and South America to the United States and the Middle East.[25] The book is structured such that each chapter is in the form of setting up an initial question about a particular aspect of the Diaspora, which is then answered with an overview of the (then) current state of historical research in the area.[78]

In the opinion of Geoffrey Plank of the University of East Anglia the most contentious chapter of the book discussed the relationship between slavery and the industrial revolution in Scotland, asserting that overseas connections formed in the era of slavery were an important factor in Scottish trade for long after slavery itself was abolished, and pointing out the intangible costs of Scotland's economic development.[77] Kyle Hughes of the University of Ulster called it "the book's most thought-provoking chapter" for pointing out that whilst the actual slave trade itself was higher in English ports like Liverpool and Bristol than it was in Scottish ports, the economy of Scotland, in its textile industry and otherwise, was more clearly and directly fuelled by the products of the slave-based economies overseas.[72]

Plank characterized the book as a collection of freestanding essays more than a continuous narrative, and that several themes explored in early chapters were not continued in later ones.[77] Plank gave the example of slavery and racism, discussed early in the book, and then entirely omitted from a later chapter that deals with Scottish influences on the American Civil War despite how Scottish symbols of clanship and burning crosses were warped into (in Plank's words) "a thoroughly racist" subculture.[77] Devine discussed some of the influences of Ulster Scots on the South of the United States, including how the obsessions of Scottish descendants in other countries with the likes of tartans, clans, and other Scottish symbols can seem "risible" or "offensive" to people in Scotland.[25]

Overall, Plank considered the book to be insufficient, as the subjects like Scottish participation in wars against the native peoples of Australia and North America, the fur trade, and the métis are complex moral issues where people and processes are not absolutely good nor bad.[79] Hughes pointed out that it omitted the "near disapora" of the approximately 670,000 Scots who simply migrated to other parts of the Kingdom between 1841 and 1921.[72]Angela McCarthy considered the account unbalanced, with its concentration on some of the ruthless actions of people in the Scottish Diaspora in need of a counterpoint with the more positive aspects, and covering recent studies of the Diaspora in New Zealand.[80] She praised it for giving more than a mere nod to the relationship between the Diaspora and people in Scotland as many other such histories do, and for its exposition of the several qualitative differences between the migrations of Scots and Catholic Irish.[81]

The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed 1600-1900 (2018), as the use of the word "Scottish" in its title was intended to indicate, addresses not only the Highland Clearances, well known in Scottish history from the middle 20th century onwards because of the works of John Prebble but also (in the view of academic historians) somewhat distorted by the same, but also the less well known (outside of academic circles, before the publication of Devine's book) Lowland Clearances.[82][83][38][84] Devine had already visited the subject in his 2006 Clearance and Improvement: Land, Power and People in Scotland 1700–1900, but in the opinion of Brian Morton that "excellent and thoughtful" book in light of Devine's later book "now looks like a preliminary skirmish", with Devine having pushed back the start of the account by a full century.[85]

Devine dedicated the book to Malcolm Gray, author of The Highland Economy 1750–1850.[38] He structured it into three parts, the first an introduction (in which Devine emphasises that pre-Clearance rural Scotland was not a romanticized primitive static culture), the second part examining the Lowland Clearances, and the third part addressing the Highland ones.[86]

Ewen A. Cameron, Devine's successor as the Sir William Fraser Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography, described Devine has having "la[id] out this history with admirable lucidity" in "a comprehensive account".[82] In both Morton's and Cameron's views, Devine introduced one (in Cameron's words) "very important point" that Prebble lacked, an account of the people who were dispossessed, and their resistance to the clearances.[85][82]

Devine's book also challenged the theretofore established popular view that the sole cause of the Clearances was landlordism, ascribing it instead to many causes: the majority of Scottish emigrants to the Americas being from the Lowlands rather than from the Highlands, who emigrated in search of better prospects than they had in Scotland; bankruptcies of land-owners and a new more absentee land-owning class that lived beyond their means; a rising population in areas of subsistence agriculture; decreases in available arable land thanks to increased sheep farming; insufficient responses to the potato famine; increased enforcement by authorities on the untaxed distillation of whisky; racist ideas about Celts and Gaels; and victim-blaming by the Church of Scotland telling people that their present circumstances in life were punishment for their own sins.[87][38][84][88] In the book Devine also pointed out that landlords were not wholly callous and wicked with no redeeming features, as they had been painted, with some worried about their duties as feudal chiefs, others generous in both investing in job creation and funding relief efforts, and even the infamous Countess of Sutherland creating a new village on the coast for her tenants.[38]

To reviewer Alan Taylor of the Scottish Review of Books, Devine had told a story where the industrial revolution had been "infinitely more effective in clearing land than ever the likes of Patrick Sellar managed".[38]

In answering his own question in the closing chapter of the book, Devine ascribed the more widespread identification of loss of land in Scotland with only the Highland Clearances to the fact that they, in contrast to the Lowland ones, took place in an age of steam railways, the telegraph, and 19th century Christian movements for drawing attention to the plight of the poor.[38]

Other works

  • Scotland and Ireland, 1600 to 1850 (joint editor and contributor, John Donald, 1983)
  • The Transformation of Rural Scotland: Social Change and the Agrarian Economy, 1660–1815 (Edinburgh University Press, 1994, reprinted 1998)
  • Exploring the Scottish Past (John Donald, 1995)
  • Independence or Union: Scotland's Past and Scotland's Present (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2016)
  • Tea and Empire: James Taylor in Victorian Ceylon (joint author, Manchester University Press, 2017)

In addition, 104 articles which have been published in academic journals and chapters in book collections since 1971.[citation needed]

Awards and honours

Devine was awarded the Senior Hume Brown Prize for the Best First Book in Scottish history (1976); the Saltire Society Prize for Best Book on Scottish History (1988-1991); and the Royal Society of Edinburgh Henry Duncan Prize and Lectureship in Scottish Studies (1993).[89]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) in 1992,[89] of the British Academy in 1994,[89] an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 2001,[90] and to the Academy of Europe in 2021.[91][92] He is also a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society,[93] the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and the Royal Society of Arts.[citation needed]

Devine was awarded the RSE's Royal Medal in 2001,[94] the RSE's inaugural Sir Walter Scott Prize in 2012,[95] the American-Scottish Foundation's Wallace Award in 2016,[14] the Lifetime Achievement Award of the UK all-party parliamentary group on Archives and History of the House of Commons and House of Lords in July 2018,[96] and Honorary Membership of Scottish PEN in 2020.[97]

He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to Scottish history,[98] and was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for "services to the study of Scottish history".[99]

He received the John Aikenhead Medal from the Institute of Contemporary Scotland for services to Education in Scotland (2006)(2016).[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ^ Ferguson 1968 in further reading
  2. ^ Walker 1979 in further reading

References

Cross-reference

  1. ^ a b McCall 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Otago 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d SRB 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lloyd 2021.
  5. ^ a b TH 2006.
  6. ^ Woodward 1985, p. 33.
  7. ^ Devine 2013, p. 23.
  8. ^ TS 2007.
  9. ^ Taylor 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Emerson 2001, p. 179.
  11. ^ Autobiography 2021b, p. 3.
  12. ^ a b c d EEN 2014.
  13. ^ "Phase 1 (2000-05) Staff | Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies(RIISS).| The University of Aberdeen". University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  14. ^ a b PressRelease 2016.
  15. ^ TH 2014a.
  16. ^ Lamb 2015.
  17. ^ Armitage 2014.
  18. ^ a b McKenna 2014.
  19. ^ a b Devine 2014.
  20. ^ a b TS 2014.
  21. ^ "Support for Union grows following the death of the Queen". The Times. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  22. ^ McKenna 2020.
  23. ^ Campsie 2020.
  24. ^ a b c d e Finlay 2001, p. 392.
  25. ^ a b c d e McCarthy 2012, p. 370.
  26. ^ a b c d Durie 1995, p. 103.
  27. ^ a b c d Price 1977, pp. 185–186.
  28. ^ Robert 1976, pp. 100–101.
  29. ^ Smout 1976, pp. 87–88.
  30. ^ a b c Hausman 1976, p. 415.
  31. ^ a b Clemens 1976, p. 597.
  32. ^ Robert 1976, p. 101.
  33. ^ Soltow 1977, p. 496.
  34. ^ Robert 1976, p. 102.
  35. ^ a b Checkland 1977, p. 507.
  36. ^ Smout 1976, p. 88.
  37. ^ Price 1977, p. 186.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor 2018b.
  39. ^ a b Smout 1989, p. 413.
  40. ^ Kiesling 1993, p. 559.
  41. ^ a b c Cullen 1989, p. 689.
  42. ^ Cullen 1989, pp. 688–689.
  43. ^ a b Smout 1989, p. 414.
  44. ^ Dickson 1992, p. 142.
  45. ^ Dickson 1992, pp. 142–143.
  46. ^ Cullen 1989, p. 690.
  47. ^ a b Aspinwall 1993, p. 368.
  48. ^ a b Richards 1991, pp. 176–177.
  49. ^ a b Sunter 1995, p. 548.
  50. ^ a b Donovan 1990, p. 560.
  51. ^ Harper 1994, p. 259.
  52. ^ Smith 1996, pp. 369–370.
  53. ^ Durie 1995, pp. 103, 105.
  54. ^ a b c MacKillop 1997, p. 288.
  55. ^ Withers 1995, p. 363.
  56. ^ MacKillop 1997, p. 290.
  57. ^ Durie 1995, pp. 103–104.
  58. ^ Durie 1995, p. 104.
  59. ^ MacKillop 1997, p. 289.
  60. ^ Clarkson 1996, p. 833.
  61. ^ a b Finlay 2001, p. 391.
  62. ^ a b c d e Bonnyman 2001, p. 144.
  63. ^ Knox 2001, pp. 139, 141.
  64. ^ Finlay 2001, pp. 391–392.
  65. ^ Emerson 2001, pp. 178–179.
  66. ^ Bonnyman 2001, p. 142–143.
  67. ^ a b Bonnyman 2001, p. 143.
  68. ^ a b c d e Knox 2001, p. 140.
  69. ^ Knox 2001, pp. 140–141.
  70. ^ Knox 2001, p. 141.
  71. ^ Gourtsoyannis 2012.
  72. ^ a b c Hughes 2013, p. 294.
  73. ^ a b c Harvie 2004, p. 156.
  74. ^ a b Lenman 2005, p. 365.
  75. ^ Boztas 2003.
  76. ^ Harvie 2004, pp. 157–158.
  77. ^ a b c d Plank 2012, p. 1547.
  78. ^ Richards 2013, p. 659.
  79. ^ Plank 2012, p. 1548.
  80. ^ McCarthy 2012, p. 371.
  81. ^ McCarthy 2012, pp. 370–371.
  82. ^ a b c Cameron 2018.
  83. ^ Taylor 2018a.
  84. ^ a b Jamie 2019.
  85. ^ a b Morton 2018.
  86. ^ Tindley 2021, pp. 186–187.
  87. ^ Sheehan 2019.
  88. ^ Alexander 2019.
  89. ^ a b c "Prizes | Research | School of History, Classics and Archaeology | University of Edinburgh". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  90. ^ Autobiography 2021a.
  91. ^ AE 2021a.
  92. ^ AE 2021b.
  93. ^ RHS 2021, p. 3.
  94. ^ Ross 2014.
  95. ^ PressRelease 2015.
  96. ^ TS 2018.
  97. ^ PressRelease 2020.
  98. ^ THE 2005.
  99. ^ TH 2014b.

Sources

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  • Robert, Joseph C. (1976). "Review of The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities, C. 1740–90, by T. M. Devine". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 84 (1): 100–102. JSTOR 4248011.
  • Soltow, James H. (1977). "Review of The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities, c. 1740–1790, by T. M. Devine". The William and Mary Quarterly. 34 (3): 496–497. doi:10.2307/1923576. JSTOR 1923576.
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  • Hausman, William J. (1976). "Review of The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c. 1740–90, by T. M. Devine". The Business History Review. 50 (3): 415–416. doi:10.2307/3113021. JSTOR 3113021. S2CID 154762681.
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  • Price, Jacob M. (1977). "Review of The Tobacco Lords. A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities, c. 1740–90., by T. M. Devine". The Economic History Review. 30 (1): 185–186. doi:10.2307/2595510. JSTOR 2595510.
  • Checkland, S. G. (1977). "Review of The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c. 1740–90, by T. M. Devine". The Journal of Economic History. 37 (2): 507–508. JSTOR 2118791.
  • Durie, Alastair J. (1995). "Review of Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands, by T. M. Devine". Victorian Studies. 39 (1): 103–105. JSTOR 3829437.
  • MacKillop, Andrew (1997). "Review of Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands, by T. M. Devine". The Scottish Historical Review. 76 (202): 288–290. JSTOR 25530793.
  • Withers, Charles W. J. (1995). "Review of Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 27 (2): 362–363. doi:10.2307/4051583. JSTOR 4051583.
  • Clarkson, L. A. (1996). "Review of Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands., by T. M. Devine". The Economic History Review. 49 (4): 833–834. doi:10.2307/2597981. JSTOR 2597981.
  • Plank, Geoffrey (2012). "Review of To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750–2010, by T. M. Devine". The American Historical Review. 117 (5): 1547–1548. JSTOR 23426565.
  • McCarthy, Angela (2012). "Review of To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750–2010, by T. M. Devine". The Scottish Historical Review. 91 (232): 370–371. JSTOR 43773939.
  • Richards, Eric (2013). "Review of To the ends of the Earth: Scotland's global diaspora 1750-2010, by T. M. Devine". The Economic History Review. 66 (2): 659–660. JSTOR 42921581.
  • Hughes, Kyle (October 2013). "T. M. Devine, To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750–2010". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 33 (2): 293–294. doi:10.3366/jshs.2013.0085. ISSN 1755-1749.
  • Bonnyman, Brian (2001). "A Union for Good? [Review of The Scottish Nation 1700-2000, by T. M. Devine]". The Irish Review (28): 142–147. doi:10.2307/29736052. JSTOR 29736052.
  • Knox, William Walker (2001). "Review of The Scottish Nation, 1700-2000, by T. M. Devine". The Scottish Historical Review. 80 (209): 139–141. doi:10.3366/shr.2001.80.1.139. JSTOR 25531028.
  • Emerson, Roger L. (2001). "Review of The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700–2000, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 33 (1): 178–180. doi:10.2307/4053115. JSTOR 4053115.
  • Dickson, David (1992). "Review of The Great Highland Famine, by T. M. Devine". Irish Economic and Social History (19): 141–143. JSTOR 24341874.
  • Smout, T. C. (1989). "Review of The Great Highland Famine, by T. M. Devine". The Economic History Review. 42 (3): 413–414. doi:10.2307/2596451. JSTOR 2596451.
  • Kiesling, L. Lynne (1993). "Review of The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 25 (3): 558–559. doi:10.2307/4050937. JSTOR 4050937.
  • Cullen, L. M. (1989). "Review of The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 21 (4): 688–690. doi:10.2307/4049588. JSTOR 4049588.
  • Harper, Marjory (1994). "Review of Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1990–91, by T. M. Devine". The Scottish Historical Review. 73 (196): 257–260. JSTOR 25530649.
  • Aspinwall, Bernard (1993). "Review of Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde 1990–91, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 25 (2): 367–369. doi:10.2307/4051517. JSTOR 4051517.
  • Richards, Eric (1991). "Review of Conflict and Stability in Scottish Society. Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar. University of Strathclyde, 1988–89., by T. M. Devine". The Economic History Review. 44 (1): 176–177. doi:10.2307/2597495. JSTOR 2597495.
  • Smith, Annette M. (1996). "Review of Glasgow, Volume I: Beginnings to 1830, by T. M. Devine & G. Jackson". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 28 (2): 369–371. doi:10.2307/4052523. JSTOR 4052523.
  • Sunter, Ronald M. (1995). "Review of Scottish Elites: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1991–1992, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 27 (3): 548–549. doi:10.2307/4051800. JSTOR 4051800.
  • Harvie, Christopher (November 2004). "Review: Scotland's Empire". Scottish Affairs. 49 (First Serie (49): 156–159. doi:10.3366/scot.2004.0063.
  • Lenman, Bruce P. (2005). "Review of Scotland's Empire, 1600–1815, by T. M. Devine". The International History Review. 27 (2): 365–367. JSTOR 40109555.
  • Donovan, Arthur (1990). "Review of Improvement and Enlightenment: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1987–88, by T. M. Devine". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 22 (3): 559–560. doi:10.2307/4051233. JSTOR 4051233.
  • Tindley, Annie (November 2021). "'This will always be a problem in Highland history': A Review of the Historiography of the Highland Clearances". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 41 (2): 181–194. doi:10.3366/jshs.2021.0329. ISSN 1755-1749. S2CID 242054588.
  • McCall, Chris (10 January 2018). "Sir Tom Devine: The historian telling Scotland's story". The Scotsman. from the original on 17 April 2018.
  • Ross, Shân (12 May 2014). "Scottish historian Tom Devine to retire". The Scotsman. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
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  • Taylor, Marianne (29 September 2018). "Historian Sir Tom Devine on what really happened during the clearances". The Herald.
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Further reading

May 13, 2023
devine, persons, similar, name, thomas, devine, disambiguation, thomas, martin, devine, frhists, frse, born, july, 1945, scottish, academic, author, specializes, history, scotland, known, overviews, modern, scottish, history, advocate, total, history, approach. For persons of a similar name see Thomas Devine disambiguation Sir Thomas Martin Devine OBE FRHistS FRSE FBA born 30 July 1945 is a Scottish academic and author who specializes in the history of Scotland He is known for his overviews of modern Scottish history 1 He is an advocate of the total history approach to the history of Scotland Before his retirement he was a professor at the University of Strathclyde the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh 1 Contents 1 Life 1 1 Early and personal life 1 2 Academic career 1 3 Politics 2 Works 2 1 Early The Tobacco Lords 2 2 1980s The Great Highland Famine 2 3 1990s Edited collections at Strathclyde and Clanship to Crofters War 2 4 Scottish Nation 2 5 21st century Unplanned Trilogy and The Scottish Clearances 2 6 Other works 3 Awards and honours 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Cross reference 5 2 Sources 6 Further readingLifeEarly and personal life Thomas Martin Devine was born on 30 July 1945 in Motherwell Scotland 2 3 His family is Scots Irish from Irish Catholic roots 4 His four grandparents had migrated from British ruled Ireland in 1890 4 His father benefited from what savings they accrued from working in the steel and coal industries and went to university going on to become a life long schoolteacher 4 Tom Devine himself has five children 4 He attended Our Lady s High school in Motherwell where he has recounted he gave up history in his second year because the way that history was taught at the time was endlessly boring choosing geography instead 5 Before his academic career commenced Devine has also recounted he had several vacation jobs as variously a grave digger a Butlins Bluecoat a clerical role as opposed to a Butlins Redcoat 6 in the Holiday Camp at Filey and an uncertified French language teacher in schools in Lanarkshire 7 Academic career Devine graduated from the University of Strathclyde in 1968 with First Class Honours in economic and social history 2 8 3 In 1969 a few months after commencing doctoral research Devine was hired at the University of Strathclyde 9 where he was appointed assistant lecturer in history and eventually rose to head of the history department 2 In 1981 he and T C Smout were the founding editors of the periodical Scottish Economic and Social History which was later to become the Journal of Scottish Historical Studies Devine editing it until 1984 10 11 He was appointed professor of Scottish history in 1988 and later became dean of the faculty of arts and social sciences and then deputy principal of the university from 1994 to 1998 12 In 1991 Devine was awarded higher degree of DLitt Doctor of Letters by the university in recognition of the quality of his published research to that date 2 In 1998 he moved to the University of Aberdeen and became the founding director of the Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies RIISS later the UK Arts and Humanities Research Centre AHRC in I amp SS 12 4 He was also appointed to the externally funded Glucksman Professorship of Irish and Scottish Studies 13 From 2006 to 2011 Devine was the Sir William Fraser Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography at the University of Edinburgh 12 4 retaining the title as Emeritus Professor afterwards 4 14 From 2008 he was also the first director there of the Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies 12 4 now integrated into the Edinburgh Centre for Global History citation needed He retired from Edinburgh in 2011 but returned by invitation of the Principal of the University for a further period as Senior Research Professor of History citation needed His retirement celebration focused on a discussion of his career with former Prime Minister Gordon Brown in the University s McEwan Hall Messages of congratulation were received from the Prime Minister of the UK and the First Minister of Scotland citation needed Devine was listed 16 in 2014 in Scotland s Power 100 The 100 most powerful people in Scotland by The Herald which described him as the country s pre eminent historian 15 He was ranked seventh most influential Catholic in Britain by The Tablet in 2015 which described him as widely seen as the intellectual heavyweight behind Scottish nationalism 16 Politics Devine tried to avoid politics in his writing stating in a 2010 interview with the Scottish Review of Books that he hoped that people could not tell his politics from his writings in support of which he observed that the blogosphere had had him down as a Scottish Nationalist in the 1990s and yet as an obvious Unionist a decade later 3 He noted that he had often told people that the future is not my period when asked about current events 3 a statement that he had initially also made when asked about the 2014 Scottish independence referendum 17 He was however later to take a public stance on the referendum voting Yes for independence 4 He presented a public statement explaining his reasoning for this to reporters in a Glasgow restaurant on 2014 08 15 stating that he had himself never been a member of any political party although members of his family grandparents and parents had supported the Labour Party 18 19 20 After giving his views on the Scottish Parliament Scottish history and arts the economy and education system of Scotland and Irish Catholic Scots he explained why he rejected devolution max as just a sticking plaster and came to the conclusion that he would be voting Yes 18 19 20 He is now among Scots who have changed their mind on Independence and wants a united front to evict the Conservatives from Downing Street 21 He has also spoken out on other political issues such as objecting to the campaign to remove the statue of Henry Dundas the Melville Monument from St Andrew Square Edinburgh stating that it was based upon bad history a simplistic view that gave Dundas sole responsibility for something where larger forces were in fact at play an argument that brought him into conflict with Geoff Palmer 4 Another issue on which he has publicly commented was the removal of David Hume s name from a tower in George Square Edinburgh 4 He has expressed the opinion that t argetting statues is a largely meaningless gesture that does little to address the very real and ongoing issue of racial prejudice 22 Addressing a petition in 2020 to remove the names of the Tobacco Lords from streets in Glasgow he stated that they should be retained as a reminder of our past warts and all and that Scotland and slavery should be embedded firmly in the school curriculum 23 WorksDevine is a leading proponent of Scottish Irish historical studies and has authored five monographs and edited over a dozen collections 24 He is a proponent of total history which seeks to incorporate all aspects of history from economic through social to cultural 24 25 He has written on a wide range of subjects in 18th and 19th century Scottish history from the colonial trade through agriculture to migration with works dealing with both Highland and Lowland Scotland 26 Early The Tobacco Lords Devine s 1975 book The Tobacco Lords about the Tobacco Lords originated in work that he had done for his doctoral thesis on the period after 1775 27 It followed in the footsteps of Jacob Myron Price and dealt with the golden age of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow dealing with who the merchants were their trading methods what they did with their profits and how the American Revolution affected them 28 Divided into four parts the book addresses the investment of profits in part 1 trading methods in part 2 the period after the American Revolution in part 3 and the period after 1783 in part 4 and is structured as a set of questions and answers around specific points 29 30 31 27 In it Devine propounded the traditional view about how a consumer goods industry in Glasgow arose in part in order to exchange for tobacco from Virginia and Maryland and has detailed accounts of merchants like William Cunninghame and Company 32 James H Soltow of Michigan State University observed that Devine s account contained few surprises 33 Professor of history Joseph Clarke Robert of the University of Richmond called it an excellent book providing just the one quibble that the map facing page 12 had Jamestown on south of the James River rather than in its correct position to the north 34 Jacob M Price of the University of Michigan and author of France and the Chesapeake 35 observed a fair number of petty errors in American geography Fredericksburg and Falmouth being incorrectly located on the Potomac River and a non existent Berkshire County in Maryland 27 Devine had only addressed America incidentally focussing upon Scotland 35 Price also observed some confusion resulting from the same words meaning different things in English and Scottish business terminology 27 T C Smout called it a useful and thought provoking volume that does not entirely satisfy because it left unanswered questions about what happened to the tobacco trade and did not go into enough detail on an in Smout s words important conclusion that the American Revolution in fact did not fundamentally alter the tobacco trade and that merchants in Glasgow largely picked up where they had left off after the war had finished 36 Devine had pointed out that the diversification into sugar processing leather tanning boot and shoe manufacturing and the iron glass and coal industries extension to Caribbean and European markets and involvement in banking and land investments all preceded the American Revolution rather than followed it 30 31 William J Hausman of the University of North Carolina agreed with Smout that in a generally of high quality book it was disappointing and annoying that although Devine had documented the pre war investment pattern well explanation of exactly how the Glasgow merchants reestablished their businesses remained vague Price concurring on the last point 30 37 Devine was in later life to acknowledge the omission of the context of its entanglement with overseas slave based economies as a blind spot in his early work on the Tobacco Lords 38 1980s The Great Highland Famine His 1988 The Great Highland Famine is an analysis of the impact of the late 1840s failure of the potato upon the Western Highlands of Scotland 26 It covers a longer period than its title might suggest dealing with the 1840s and 1850s 39 Based upon in depth research using a wide range of historical records from the government charitable institutions censuses local parishes and the great estates of the period it both in places reinforced earlier conclusions that had been made upon less evidence and elsewhere refuted some at the time accepted ideas 39 40 41 Devine divided the Highlands into east and west and his conclusion about the western Highlands exemplified this 42 His conclusion that the western Highlands were at risk was not a novel one but his further conclusion that there was no real famine mortality was characterized by L M Cullen of Trinity College Dublin as quite surprising 41 One of its revisions to then accepted ideas was to ascribe the population fall after the famine not to altered sex ratios simply the fact that young men emigrated but rather to a deliberate inhibition by Scottish estates on family formation without adequate land in in T C Smout s words an openly Malthusian way 43 Another point discussed in the book was the hidden involvement of Charles Trevelyan in various nominally private sector charitable famine relief projects 43 41 David Dickson of Trinity College Dublin observed that this remarkably comprehensive account was possible because of the small size of the Scottish famine in comparison to the Irish one with under 290 000 people in the Highlands of Scotland in 1841 which Ireland equalled with just the population of County Clare alone 44 Dickinson observed that to an Irish reader Devine whilst not setting out to explicitly compare the two famines but having made notable efforts to have an Irish angle had provided a fascinating combination of the familiar and the alien showing both parallels and differences although that Devine had not explored such differentiating factors as population density and that Devine had indicated several ways in which future differential analyses of the Irish famine could be made to note whether factors present in Devine s analysis of the Scottish famine could explain unevenness in the Irish one that led to milder impacts in some counties such as County Donegal an observation with which Cullen concurred 45 46 1990s Edited collections at Strathclyde and Clanship to Crofters War The 1989 Improvement and Enlightenment the 1990 Conflict and Stability in Scottish Society the 1992 Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society and the 1994 Scottish Elites are the proceedings of 1987 1988 1990 and 1991 seminars respectively at the University of Strathclyde all edited by Devine 47 48 49 50 The first has a paper by Devine discussing changing landholdings in the 19th century in Higland Scotland with an appendix of data 50 The second has a paper by Devine presenting Lowland Scotland as a society regulated by the landowning class with emigration as a release valve for the discontented preventing civil unrest and violence 48 The third includes an introduction by Devine discussing the paradoxical nature of Scottish emigration why skilled urban residents emigrated despite the growing domestic demand for skilled labour during Scotland s industrialization and a paper by Devine highlighting the roles of landlords in the Highland emigrations since 1760 and of the 1840s and 1850s in particular 51 47 The fourth has a paper by Devine challenging the then accepted history of lowland clearances 49 The 1995 Glasgow Volume I Beginnings to 1830 is the first volume in what was a projected 3 volume work on the city by primarily the staff of the University of Strathclyde and co edited by Devine who contributed the chapter on the tobacco trade and provided introduction and conclusion 52 His 1995 Clanship to Crofters War is a digest of his work to date on the Highlands updated by drawing on then recent work by Allan Macinness of the University of Aberdeen Ewen Cameron and others 26 Alaistair J Durie of the University of Glasgow called it a deeply informed and authoritative survey of the history of the Highlands 26 Comprising 16 chapters in total chronicling the economic and social history of the Highlands until the beginnings of the Crofters War it is a historical synthesis rather than a research based text and is not footnoted as academic monographs are containing just a few notes and a selection of further reading per chapter and containing maps contemporary photographs and drawings 53 54 55 Historian Andrew MacKillop characterized this style as consciously user friendly and called the work overall an effective and cogent synthesis 56 The book s key themes are the character conduct and changing composition of the landowning elite of the Highlands including such things as the forced sale of clan lands held for centuries as a result of economic collapse following the Napoleonic Wars which Durie noted to be particularly strong when it comes to analysis of who came to buy the land and why 57 MacKillop observed that Devine s synthesis of work to date served to highlight a deficiency in historical research into the economic transformation of the region well studied in the North West but understudied in the South East 54 The pivotal chapter for Durie was the one where Devine explained the late 18th century to early 19th century transformation of the Highlands from in Durie s words a barren wilderness inhabited only by savages to a romantic landscape in a process that Devine named The Making of Highlandism 58 MacKillop considered that while it dealt with Highlandism as a reaction of Lowland Scotland to cultural pressures from England it could have dealt more with the role of the elite of the Highlands and their deliberate adoption of distinctive Highland symbols in order to compete for patronage in the military against the gentry of other parts of the Kingdom 59 Other chapters deal with the impacts of immigration emigration and Protestant evangelicalism the decline of the Gaelic language and with the experiences of urbanised Gaels 54 60 Scottish Nation In the view of Richard J Finlay Devine s 1999 Scottish Nation 1700 2000 whose publication coincided with the opening of the Scottish Parliament is the most comprehensive account of modern Scottish history 61 Brian Bonnyman Honorary Fellow at the University of Edinburgh called it unsurpassed as a history of modern Scotland 62 William Walker Knox history professor at the University of St Andrews observed that a generalist approach in such a book lays Devine open to attacks from specialists who will no doubt find fault with his treatment of a particular event period or personality and described the book as surpass ing in knowledge and scope M Lynch s 1991 Scotland A New History and T C Smout s 1986 A Century of the Scottish People 1830 1950 and would be the standard work on modern Scotland for the general reader and the undergraduate for some time ahead 63 The book launch held in the New Museum of Scotland included a telegram of congratulations from Gordon Brown an introduction by Donald Dewar and the attendance of most of Scotland s senior politicians 61 Finlay described the book as the first major work that is unselfconsciously Scottish about its subject and also observed that it had the fortunate timing of being able to view the past from a post Scottish Devolution viewpoint a view not available to earlier historians such as Michael Lynch 64 He attributed the book s success to a new mood of Scottish cultural confidence and serendipitous timing 24 Roger L Emerson of the University of Western Ontario observed that Devine had succeeded remarkably well in his announced in the book purpose of present ing a coherent account of the last 300 years of Scotland s past with the hope of developing a better understanding of the present and incorporating the work of the most recent generation of Scottish historians 65 Being built on the work of Devine himself and others such as Smout and Michael Flynn in conference papers and in articles in the aforementioned Scottish Economic and Social History Emerson observed that the book could not possibly have been written thirty years ago or even ten years ago 10 Like The Great Highland Famine the book is not footnoted in academic style cites only books and not journal articles in its bibliography and in Emerson s view was clearly not designed as a textbook since students will be unable to easily connect its various theses and data to their sources 10 It has five maps which Emerson criticized for being rather inadequate since the topography is only roughly indicated 10 Finlay observed that as Scotland is a small nation the total history approach is feasible for a work like Scottish Nation 24 The book furthermore approaches the problem of entanglement of Scottish history with British history by simply ignoring Britain England and the British Empire except where they are relevant to Scotland which Finlay characterized as the same standard historical technique of British history when written from an English metropolitan perspective 24 Emerson commented that in order to find political history of Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament concerning Scotland one would still benefit from consulting William Ferguson s Scotland 1689 to the Present a in addition to Devine s book 10 Drawing upon his own extensive research something that not many other authors of histories for the popular market were able to do in the book Devine presented Scottish history of the late 18th and 19th centuries as far more revolutionary in nature than the history of England in the same period in fact faster in its speed of urbanization than anywhere else in Europe 66 He painted a picture of Scotland as well positioned from roots in its mercantile and military practices from the 15th century to take advantage with the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain of what was then the largest free trade zone in all of Europe and the British Empire that was to follow 67 The book also incorporated areas of Scottish historiography that had theretofore been under represented or neglected including a chapter on Scottish Women Family Work and Politics discussion of the silent revolution of the rural Lowlands a chapter on the New Scots who immigrated from Ireland Lithuania Italy and other countries including ethnic Jewish and Asian groups and a chapter on Emigrants dealing with Scotland s high emigration rates during the period 62 Devine soundly rejected the thesis that there had been a crisis in Scottish nationhood in the second half of the 19th century as the result of assimilation Anglicization and cultural collapse 67 Instead he argued that the lack of a strong political nationalist movement did not prevent a strong and coherent sense of identity to exist within the U nion and provide a solid foundation for cultural achievement 62 Bonnyman observed that this is however a seeming contradiction with his chapter on Highlandism and Scottish Identity which posits the very sense of cultural disintegration and loss of identity Scottish society searching for an identity amid unprecedented economic and social change and under threat of cultural conquest by a much more powerful neighbour that he had dismissed in an earlier chapter 62 Devine s treatment of cultural history as opposed to economic history tended towards a simpler synopsis of established work on the subject 62 Emerson observed that it was somewhat lacking in both political and intellectual history with little on the Glasgow Boys Hugh MacDiarmid and contemporaries and Charles Rennie Mackintosh and associates 10 Knox observed that cultural history was weaker in the book with youth culture seemingly ended with Elvis Presley women s political activity becoming in Knox s words no more than a footnote in a political narrative dominated by male concerns and interests following the Glasgow Women s Housing Association and the rent strikes of 1915 and Asian immigrants referred to as coloured 68 Knox ascribed this in part to a more general weakness in the book s coverage of the period after World War Two which he suggested was not necessarily solely because of Devine s focus on the period from the late 18th century to the advent of World War One the core of the book but also simply because of there being less historical scholarship to work from for that period 68 The book s chapter on education passes over such things as debates over the curriculum and privatisation in the 1980s and 1990s tailing off with things like the introduction of comprehensive schools in the 1960s and its chapter on religion does not address things like the decline in church attendance from the 1960s onwards 68 Furthermore whilst the cultural topics of education immigration religion and women get their own chapters other topics such as leisure and work do not 68 In Knox s view the chapter on women is incomplete solely addressing the beginnings of the women s movements as suffrage issues and ignoring their origins in temperance movements and anti slavery campaigns not addressing late 20th century campaigns for greater numbers of women politicians not addressing unionization and the family wage and not addressing darker aspects of female cultural history such as wife beating for which Knox observed extensive documentation exists and the sometimes dark drunken and violent cultural landscapes of female life presented by things such William M Walker s Juteopolis b 69 Knox also pointed out that Devine s historical narrative of a long term trend in Scottish nationalism ignored the complexities of the Scottish Labour Party with its internal problems after the end of World War Two 68 He ameliorated these criticisms by suggesting that a more analytical rigorous and thematic survey of Scottish history that the historical profession as opposed to a popular readership might prefer is now beyond the capacity of a single author however gifted 70 A revised edition in 2006 added three more chapters on post Devolution topics including politics 5 21st century Unplanned Trilogy and The Scottish Clearances In 2012 Devine s publisher Penguin Books retrospectively started marketing Scottish Nation along with his later Scotland s Empire and The Ends of the Earth as Devine s Scottish Trilogy 71 Devine had not planned it this way 72 25 Scotland s Empire 1600 1815 2003 was roughly contemporary with Michael Fry s 2001 The Scottish Empire and Niall Ferguson s 2003 Empire How Britain Changed the World 73 74 It occasioned a public spat between Devine and Fry each negatively reviewing the other s book in the press 73 75 At 476 pages 100 pages of which are footnotes and bibliography it covers some of the same grounds as earlier works including the chapter 4 Trade and Profit first appearing in the aforementioned Glasgow and covering the same ground as The Tobacco Lords and chapter 6 covering the marketization of the Highland economy in much the same way as Devine covered it in Scottish Nation 76 The book is not as much about the influence of the Scots over the British Empire as it is about the influence of the British Empire on Scotland and draws occasional parallels between the north west Highlands of the 19th century and the history of the West of Ireland 74 Christopher Harvie noted that its coverage of Colonizing India fails to mention the reforms of Cornwallis in India 73 To The Ends of the Earth Scotland s Global Disapora 2011 was aimed at the popular history market in thirteen chapters with accompanying pictures and photographs 77 25 The book deals with Scottish trade with all parts of the planet from the Hong Kong firm of Jardine Matheson and Company through markets in Latin and South America to the United States and the Middle East 25 The book is structured such that each chapter is in the form of setting up an initial question about a particular aspect of the Diaspora which is then answered with an overview of the then current state of historical research in the area 78 In the opinion of Geoffrey Plank of the University of East Anglia the most contentious chapter of the book discussed the relationship between slavery and the industrial revolution in Scotland asserting that overseas connections formed in the era of slavery were an important factor in Scottish trade for long after slavery itself was abolished and pointing out the intangible costs of Scotland s economic development 77 Kyle Hughes of the University of Ulster called it the book s most thought provoking chapter for pointing out that whilst the actual slave trade itself was higher in English ports like Liverpool and Bristol than it was in Scottish ports the economy of Scotland in its textile industry and otherwise was more clearly and directly fuelled by the products of the slave based economies overseas 72 Plank characterized the book as a collection of freestanding essays more than a continuous narrative and that several themes explored in early chapters were not continued in later ones 77 Plank gave the example of slavery and racism discussed early in the book and then entirely omitted from a later chapter that deals with Scottish influences on the American Civil War despite how Scottish symbols of clanship and burning crosses were warped into in Plank s words a thoroughly racist subculture 77 Devine discussed some of the influences of Ulster Scots on the South of the United States including how the obsessions of Scottish descendants in other countries with the likes of tartans clans and other Scottish symbols can seem risible or offensive to people in Scotland 25 Overall Plank considered the book to be insufficient as the subjects like Scottish participation in wars against the native peoples of Australia and North America the fur trade and the metis are complex moral issues where people and processes are not absolutely good nor bad 79 Hughes pointed out that it omitted the near disapora of the approximately 670 000 Scots who simply migrated to other parts of the Kingdom between 1841 and 1921 72 Angela McCarthy considered the account unbalanced with its concentration on some of the ruthless actions of people in the Scottish Diaspora in need of a counterpoint with the more positive aspects and covering recent studies of the Diaspora in New Zealand 80 She praised it for giving more than a mere nod to the relationship between the Diaspora and people in Scotland as many other such histories do and for its exposition of the several qualitative differences between the migrations of Scots and Catholic Irish 81 The Scottish Clearances A History of the Dispossessed 1600 1900 2018 as the use of the word Scottish in its title was intended to indicate addresses not only the Highland Clearances well known in Scottish history from the middle 20th century onwards because of the works of John Prebble but also in the view of academic historians somewhat distorted by the same but also the less well known outside of academic circles before the publication of Devine s book Lowland Clearances 82 83 38 84 Devine had already visited the subject in his 2006 Clearance and Improvement Land Power and People in Scotland 1700 1900 but in the opinion of Brian Morton that excellent and thoughtful book in light of Devine s later book now looks like a preliminary skirmish with Devine having pushed back the start of the account by a full century 85 Devine dedicated the book to Malcolm Gray author of The Highland Economy 1750 1850 38 He structured it into three parts the first an introduction in which Devine emphasises that pre Clearance rural Scotland was not a romanticized primitive static culture the second part examining the Lowland Clearances and the third part addressing the Highland ones 86 Ewen A Cameron Devine s successor as the Sir William Fraser Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography described Devine has having la id out this history with admirable lucidity in a comprehensive account 82 In both Morton s and Cameron s views Devine introduced one in Cameron s words very important point that Prebble lacked an account of the people who were dispossessed and their resistance to the clearances 85 82 Devine s book also challenged the theretofore established popular view that the sole cause of the Clearances was landlordism ascribing it instead to many causes the majority of Scottish emigrants to the Americas being from the Lowlands rather than from the Highlands who emigrated in search of better prospects than they had in Scotland bankruptcies of land owners and a new more absentee land owning class that lived beyond their means a rising population in areas of subsistence agriculture decreases in available arable land thanks to increased sheep farming insufficient responses to the potato famine increased enforcement by authorities on the untaxed distillation of whisky racist ideas about Celts and Gaels and victim blaming by the Church of Scotland telling people that their present circumstances in life were punishment for their own sins 87 38 84 88 In the book Devine also pointed out that landlords were not wholly callous and wicked with no redeeming features as they had been painted with some worried about their duties as feudal chiefs others generous in both investing in job creation and funding relief efforts and even the infamous Countess of Sutherland creating a new village on the coast for her tenants 38 To reviewer Alan Taylor of the Scottish Review of Books Devine had told a story where the industrial revolution had been infinitely more effective in clearing land than ever the likes of Patrick Sellar managed 38 In answering his own question in the closing chapter of the book Devine ascribed the more widespread identification of loss of land in Scotland with only the Highland Clearances to the fact that they in contrast to the Lowland ones took place in an age of steam railways the telegraph and 19th century Christian movements for drawing attention to the plight of the poor 38 Other works This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined unverified or indiscriminate Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia s quality standards Where appropriate incorporate items into the main body of the article April 2022 Scotland and Ireland 1600 to 1850 joint editor and contributor John Donald 1983 The Transformation of Rural Scotland Social Change and the Agrarian Economy 1660 1815 Edinburgh University Press 1994 reprinted 1998 Exploring the Scottish Past John Donald 1995 Independence or Union Scotland s Past and Scotland s Present Allen Lane The Penguin Press 2016 Tea and Empire James Taylor in Victorian Ceylon joint author Manchester University Press 2017 In addition 104 articles which have been published in academic journals and chapters in book collections since 1971 citation needed Awards and honoursDevine was awarded the Senior Hume Brown Prize for the Best First Book in Scottish history 1976 the Saltire Society Prize for Best Book on Scottish History 1988 1991 and the Royal Society of Edinburgh Henry Duncan Prize and Lectureship in Scottish Studies 1993 89 He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh RSE in 1992 89 of the British Academy in 1994 89 an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 2001 90 and to the Academy of Europe in 2021 91 92 He is also a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 93 the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and the Royal Society of Arts citation needed Devine was awarded the RSE s Royal Medal in 2001 94 the RSE s inaugural Sir Walter Scott Prize in 2012 95 the American Scottish Foundation s Wallace Award in 2016 14 the Lifetime Achievement Award of the UK all party parliamentary group on Archives and History of the House of Commons and House of Lords in July 2018 96 and Honorary Membership of Scottish PEN in 2020 97 He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to Scottish history 98 and was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to the study of Scottish history 99 He received the John Aikenhead Medal from the Institute of Contemporary Scotland for services to Education in Scotland 2006 2016 citation needed Notes Ferguson 1968 in further reading Walker 1979 in further readingReferencesCross reference a b McCall 2018 a b c d Otago 2021 a b c d SRB 2010 a b c d e f g h i j k Lloyd 2021 a b TH 2006 Woodward 1985 p 33 Devine 2013 p 23 TS 2007 Taylor 2014 a b c d e f Emerson 2001 p 179 Autobiography 2021b p 3 a b c d EEN 2014 Phase 1 2000 05 Staff Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies RIISS The University of Aberdeen University of Aberdeen Retrieved 26 July 2021 a b PressRelease 2016 TH 2014a Lamb 2015 Armitage 2014 a b McKenna 2014 a b Devine 2014 a b TS 2014 Support for Union grows following the death of the Queen The Times Retrieved 19 September 2022 McKenna 2020 Campsie 2020 a b c d e Finlay 2001 p 392 a b c d e McCarthy 2012 p 370 a b c d Durie 1995 p 103 a b c d Price 1977 pp 185 186 Robert 1976 pp 100 101 Smout 1976 pp 87 88 a b c Hausman 1976 p 415 a b Clemens 1976 p 597 Robert 1976 p 101 Soltow 1977 p 496 Robert 1976 p 102 a b Checkland 1977 p 507 Smout 1976 p 88 Price 1977 p 186 a b c d e f g Taylor 2018b a b Smout 1989 p 413 Kiesling 1993 p 559 a b c Cullen 1989 p 689 Cullen 1989 pp 688 689 a b Smout 1989 p 414 Dickson 1992 p 142 Dickson 1992 pp 142 143 Cullen 1989 p 690 a b Aspinwall 1993 p 368 a b Richards 1991 pp 176 177 a b Sunter 1995 p 548 a b Donovan 1990 p 560 Harper 1994 p 259 Smith 1996 pp 369 370 Durie 1995 pp 103 105 a b c MacKillop 1997 p 288 Withers 1995 p 363 MacKillop 1997 p 290 Durie 1995 pp 103 104 Durie 1995 p 104 MacKillop 1997 p 289 Clarkson 1996 p 833 a b Finlay 2001 p 391 a b c d e Bonnyman 2001 p 144 Knox 2001 pp 139 141 Finlay 2001 pp 391 392 Emerson 2001 pp 178 179 Bonnyman 2001 p 142 143 a b Bonnyman 2001 p 143 a b c d e Knox 2001 p 140 Knox 2001 pp 140 141 Knox 2001 p 141 Gourtsoyannis 2012 a b c Hughes 2013 p 294 a b c Harvie 2004 p 156 a b Lenman 2005 p 365 Boztas 2003 Harvie 2004 pp 157 158 a b c d Plank 2012 p 1547 Richards 2013 p 659 Plank 2012 p 1548 McCarthy 2012 p 371 McCarthy 2012 pp 370 371 a b c Cameron 2018 Taylor 2018a a b Jamie 2019 a b Morton 2018 Tindley 2021 pp 186 187 Sheehan 2019 Alexander 2019 a b c Prizes Research School of History Classics and Archaeology University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh Retrieved 26 July 2021 Autobiography 2021a AE 2021a AE 2021b RHS 2021 p 3 Ross 2014 PressRelease 2015 TS 2018 PressRelease 2020 THE 2005 TH 2014b Sources Finlay Richard J 2001 Review Article New Britain New Scotland New History The Impact of Devolution on the Development of Scottish Historiography by W Ferguson M G T Pittock G Morton and T M Devine Journal of Contemporary History 36 2 383 393 doi 10 1177 002200940103600211 JSTOR 261233 S2CID 150588223 Robert Joseph C 1976 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities C 1740 90 by T M Devine The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 84 1 100 102 JSTOR 4248011 Soltow James H 1977 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 1790 by T M Devine The William and Mary Quarterly 34 3 496 497 doi 10 2307 1923576 JSTOR 1923576 Smout Thomas Christopher 1976 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 1790 by T M Devine The Scottish Historical Review 55 159 87 89 JSTOR 25529162 Hausman William J 1976 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 90 by T M Devine The Business History Review 50 3 415 416 doi 10 2307 3113021 JSTOR 3113021 S2CID 154762681 Clemens Paul G E 1976 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 90 by T M Devine The American Historical Review 81 3 597 doi 10 2307 1852497 JSTOR 1852497 Price Jacob M 1977 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 90 by T M Devine The Economic History Review 30 1 185 186 doi 10 2307 2595510 JSTOR 2595510 Checkland S G 1977 Review of The Tobacco Lords A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities c 1740 90 by T M Devine The Journal of Economic History 37 2 507 508 JSTOR 2118791 Durie Alastair J 1995 Review of Clanship to Crofters War The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands by T M Devine Victorian Studies 39 1 103 105 JSTOR 3829437 MacKillop Andrew 1997 Review of Clanship to Crofters War The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands by T M Devine The Scottish Historical Review 76 202 288 290 JSTOR 25530793 Withers Charles W J 1995 Review of Clanship to Crofters War The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 27 2 362 363 doi 10 2307 4051583 JSTOR 4051583 Clarkson L A 1996 Review of Clanship to Crofters War The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands by T M Devine The Economic History Review 49 4 833 834 doi 10 2307 2597981 JSTOR 2597981 Plank Geoffrey 2012 Review of To the Ends of the Earth Scotland s Global Diaspora 1750 2010 by T M Devine The American Historical Review 117 5 1547 1548 JSTOR 23426565 McCarthy Angela 2012 Review of To the Ends of the Earth Scotland s Global Diaspora 1750 2010 by T M Devine The Scottish Historical Review 91 232 370 371 JSTOR 43773939 Richards Eric 2013 Review of To the ends of the Earth Scotland s global diaspora 1750 2010 by T M Devine The Economic History Review 66 2 659 660 JSTOR 42921581 Hughes Kyle October 2013 T M Devine To the Ends of the Earth Scotland s Global Diaspora 1750 2010 Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 33 2 293 294 doi 10 3366 jshs 2013 0085 ISSN 1755 1749 Bonnyman Brian 2001 A Union for Good Review of The Scottish Nation 1700 2000 by T M Devine The Irish Review 28 142 147 doi 10 2307 29736052 JSTOR 29736052 Knox William Walker 2001 Review of The Scottish Nation 1700 2000 by T M Devine The Scottish Historical Review 80 209 139 141 doi 10 3366 shr 2001 80 1 139 JSTOR 25531028 Emerson Roger L 2001 Review of The Scottish Nation A History 1700 2000 by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 33 1 178 180 doi 10 2307 4053115 JSTOR 4053115 Dickson David 1992 Review of The Great Highland Famine by T M Devine Irish Economic and Social History 19 141 143 JSTOR 24341874 Smout T C 1989 Review of The Great Highland Famine by T M Devine The Economic History Review 42 3 413 414 doi 10 2307 2596451 JSTOR 2596451 Kiesling L Lynne 1993 Review of The Great Highland Famine Hunger Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 25 3 558 559 doi 10 2307 4050937 JSTOR 4050937 Cullen L M 1989 Review of The Great Highland Famine Hunger Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 21 4 688 690 doi 10 2307 4049588 JSTOR 4049588 Harper Marjory 1994 Review of Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar University of Strathclyde 1990 91 by T M Devine The Scottish Historical Review 73 196 257 260 JSTOR 25530649 Aspinwall Bernard 1993 Review of Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar University of Strathclyde 1990 91 by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 25 2 367 369 doi 10 2307 4051517 JSTOR 4051517 Richards Eric 1991 Review of Conflict and Stability in Scottish Society Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar University of Strathclyde 1988 89 by T M Devine The Economic History Review 44 1 176 177 doi 10 2307 2597495 JSTOR 2597495 Smith Annette M 1996 Review of Glasgow Volume I Beginnings to 1830 by T M Devine amp G Jackson Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 28 2 369 371 doi 10 2307 4052523 JSTOR 4052523 Sunter Ronald M 1995 Review of Scottish Elites Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar University of Strathclyde 1991 1992 by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 27 3 548 549 doi 10 2307 4051800 JSTOR 4051800 Harvie Christopher November 2004 Review Scotland s Empire Scottish Affairs 49 First Serie 49 156 159 doi 10 3366 scot 2004 0063 Lenman Bruce P 2005 Review of Scotland s Empire 1600 1815 by T M Devine The International History Review 27 2 365 367 JSTOR 40109555 Donovan Arthur 1990 Review of Improvement and Enlightenment Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar University of Strathclyde 1987 88 by T M Devine Albion A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 22 3 559 560 doi 10 2307 4051233 JSTOR 4051233 Tindley Annie November 2021 This will always be a problem in Highland history A Review of the Historiography of the Highland Clearances Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 41 2 181 194 doi 10 3366 jshs 2021 0329 ISSN 1755 1749 S2CID 242054588 McCall Chris 10 January 2018 Sir Tom Devine The historian telling Scotland s story The Scotsman Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 Ross Shan 12 May 2014 Scottish historian Tom Devine to retire The Scotsman Retrieved 26 July 2021 Helping to shape the future of your newspaper The Scotsman 26 January 2007 Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Sir Tom Devine is the first Scots historian to win this parliamentary award The Scotsman 19 July 2018 Retrieved 29 January 2019 Independence Historian Sir Tom Devine voting Yes The Scotsman 17 August 2014 Campsie Alison 9 June 2020 Sir Tom Devine Removing slavery street names is censorship The Scotsman Historian retires to write new chapter Edinburgh Evening News 14 May 2014 Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Lloyd John 14 May 2021 Sir Tom Devine I ve always thought England would destroy the Union Financial Times New Year Honours Times Higher Education 7 January 2005 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Taylor Alan 14 June 2014 Sir Tom Devine on past highs present lows and future plans The Herald Retrieved 29 January 2019 Scottish Power 100 The 100 Most Powerful and Influential People in Scotland The Herald 24 November 2014 Sir Tom makes history as the first Scots historian to be knighted The Herald 14 June 2014 McKenna Kevin 14 June 2020 Sir Tom Devine Scotland s role in slavery must be acknowledged The Herald Tom devine on Irish history Scotland s history is much more fascinating than Ireland s once you get over the famine what is there The Herald 20 November 2006 Taylor Marianne 29 September 2018 Historian Sir Tom Devine on what really happened during the clearances The Herald Morton Brian 30 September 2018 Review The Scottish Clearances A History of the Dispossessed 1600 1900 The Herald Armitage David 7 October 2014 Why politicians need historians The Guardian McKenna Kevin 17 August 2014 Scotland s leading historian makes up his mind it s Yes to independence The Guardian Boztas Senay 19 October 2003 Historians slug it out over Scottish empire The Sunday Times Cameron Ewen A 20 October 2018 The Scottish Clearances A History of the Dispossessed review The Irish Times Lamb Christopher 14 May 2015 Britain s most influential Catholics revealed on The Tablet s Top 100 list The Tablet The SRB Interview Tom Devine Scottish Review of Books 12 August 2010 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Taylor Alan 10 November 2018 Get out of here Scottish Review of Books Jack Ian 7 March 2019 A Country Emptied London Review of Books Vol 41 no 5 Alexander Chris January 2019 Scots Wha Hae Literary Review of Canada Jamie Kathleen 16 January 2019 Uncovering the facts of the Scottish clearances New Statesman Gourtsoyannis Paris 5 July 2012 The past is an independent country Interview with Tom Devine Holyrood Sheehan Sean 4 January 2019 Book Review Tom Devine The Scottish Clearances A History of the Dispossessed 1600 1900 Scottish Left Review New members of Academia Europeaea 2021 www ae info org Academy of Europe 2021 Thomas Martin Devine www ae info org Academy of Europe 5689 Retrieved 16 April 2022 Fellows D PDF Royal Historical Society November 2021 Retrieved 18 April 2022 Woodward Ian 1985 Glenda Jackson A Study in Fire and Ice Weidenfeld and Nicolson ISBN 9780297785330 Devine Tom 1 July 2021 Prof Sir Tom Devine University of Edinburgh School of History Classics and Archaeology Retrieved 13 April 2022 Sir Tom Devine Centre for Global Migrations University of Otago 26 January 2021 Retrieved 13 April 2022 Devine Tom Prof Sir Thomas Martin Devine PDF University of Otago Retrieved 17 April 2022 Professor Tom Devine awarded Royal Society prize Press release University of Edinburgh 27 April 2015 Historian honoured in New York Press release University of Edinburgh 18 May 2016 Sir Tom Devine granted honorary membership of Scottish PEN Press release Scottish PEN 20 November 2020 Devine Tom 20 August 2014 Tom Devine why I now say Yes to independence for Scotland The Conversation Devine Tom 2013 The Sixties in Scotland A Historical Context In Bell Eleanor Gunn Linda eds The Scottish Sixties Reading Rebellion Revolution SCROLL Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature Vol 20 Rodopi pp 23 46 ISBN 9789401209809 Further readingWalker William MacReady 1979 Juteopolis Dundee and its Textile Workers 1885 1923 Edinburgh Scottish Academic Press ISBN 9780707302522 MacKenzie John MacDonald 2016 A Tribute to Sir Tom Devine In McCarthy Angela MacKenzie John MacDonald eds Global Migrations The Scottish Diaspora since 1600 Edinburgh University Press doi 10 3366 edinburgh 9781474410045 003 0001 ISBN 9781474410045 S2CID 166179955 Ferguson William 1968 Scotland 1689 to the Present Edinburgh history of Scotland Vol 4 Oliver amp Boyd ISBN 9780050016732 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tom Devine amp oldid 1150509785, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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