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Toasting fork

January 01, 1970

A toasting fork is a long-handled fork used to brown and toast food such as bread, cheese, and apples by holding the pronged end in front of an open fire or other heat source.[1][2] It can also be used to toast marshmallows, broil hot dogs, and heat hot dog buns over campfires.[3]

Wrought iron toasting fork (c.1900)

Description edit

 
Toasting fork (1561). One of only two known toasting forks from the 16th century, possibly from Norfolk, England[4]

Toasting forks were traditionally made from metal such as wrought iron, brass, or silver, and later from steel, but handles of wood or ivory might be used to prevent the heat of the fire being conducted to the hand.[5][6][7] Food is pierced with the prongs of the fork and held over the fire until it turns brown.[6] The toasting process requires care and attention to ensure that the item is evenly cooked and not burnt.[8]

Many toasting forks had a built-in suspension ring on one end, which allowed them to be hung when not in use.[9] Some forks had telescopic handles which made them portable for travellers,[7][9] and allowed the toast to be held closer to the fire without burning one's fingers.[6]

While most toasting forks were designed to be held by hand, some were designed into trivets or weighted bases,[10] and could swivel like an angled desklamp over the fire.[5][11] Collectors sometimes refer to this as the "lazy toaster".[11]

History edit

 
An itinerant peddler of toasting forks, skewers and roasting jacks

Britain edit

In England, toasting forks date back to at least the mid-16th century, with at least two forks extant from that era.[12][7] They were typically used by those in the middle and upper strata of society. Toasting irons are compared to swords in the Shakespeare plays King John and Henry V, and a 17th-century wrought-iron toasting fork is held in the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust collection.[13]

In the 18th century, toasting forks often had three staggered prongs, to hold the bread more firmly.[11] Toasting cheese became vogue during the Georgian era, and toasting forks emerged with "peculiar brackets to hold a slice of cheese" as well as bread.[5] Some Scottish forks with four prongs had intricate decorative detail, likely influenced by continental European smithcraft.[11]

Many inventors applied for patents for more sophisticated toasting forks from the 1790s onward.[14][7] Scottish inventor James Watt, best known for the Watt steam engine, developed a retractable toasting fork.[15] From 1809, Sir Edward Thomason of Birmingham invented several types of sliding toasting forks, including a popular one with collapsible prongs and slides encased within a japanned handle that drew into the mouth of a metal-plated snake head, which he regretted not patenting.[7][16] Another Thomason invention was a telescopic fork that included a mechanism for brushing the hearth.[15]

Toasting forks were popular in the Victorian era,[17] and are often mentioned in novels by Charles Dickens.[18] In Oliver Twist, the villain Fagin first appears standing in a dark room in front of a fire, holding a toasting fork, suggestive of his "devilish" nature.[19] In The Pickwick Papers, the alcoholic non-conformist minister Mr. Stiggins first appears sitting in front of the fireplace in the parlour of the public house, imbibing pineapple rum as he periodically checks his toasting fork to ascertain whether the toast is ready.[20]

According to The London Ritz Book of Afternoon Tea, "Every careful Victorian furnished his son with a brass toasting fork and a silver muffin dish for afternoons in college rooms and later at the Club."[18] In 1854, Chef Alexis Benoit Soyer gave a recipe/prescription for their proper use to produce toast in Shilling Cookery for the People.[21][22] Toasting forks of various sizes were advertised in the Harrods 1895 Catalogue, with prices ranging from threepence to one shilling and sixpence.[23] They continued to be used into the 20th century,[17] even as open hearths were replaced with wood- and coal-burning cookers and gas stoves in the home.[24]

 
A maid uses a toasting fork in the bedroom fireplace in Donald and Dorothy (1891) by Mary Mapes Dodge

North America edit

In 1620, Pilgrims from England had toasting forks and kettle forks with them when they landed at Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower, but did not have table forks.[8] While some British colonists in America used elaborate hearth toasters that could hold several pieces of bread, cooks of "more modest means" relied on toasting forks made of forged iron.[25] Toasting forks continued to be an important utensil in the early American kitchen of the 1800s, when activity centered around the cooking fireplace.[26]

The American Agriculturalist magazine advised in November 1868 that the proper way to make toast at home was to use stale bread rather than fresh bread as was customary in hotels.[27] The bread should be sliced "moderately thin", placed on a toasting fork, and held near the fire until it was warmed through.[27] Only as a final step should the fork be brought nearer to the fire and turned light brown or deep golden yellow, before being buttered.[27]

The July 1877 issue of American Agriculturalist included instructions on how to make a home-made toasting fork out of "any refuse piece of tin" such as the bottom of a box of sardines, or the side of a can of fruit which had been flattened.[28] The magazine advised cutting three triangular pieces and bending them up to form "prongs", and threading three wires through the holes and twisting them to form a handle.[28]

Modern usage edit

 
Modern toasting fork with crumpet

Although the first electric toasters were patented between 1904 and 1909, the early models were manually operated, and still required users to monitor and observe whether the toast was "done".[29][A] Toasting forks gradually declined in domestic use after the first automatic electric toasters appeared on the market as a luxury item in 1926,[31] and electricity became more widely available in homes starting in the 1930s.[29] In the United Kingdom, the use of toasting forks persisted in households with fireplaces,[32] or electric heaters.[33] Through the 1900s, crumpets browned over an open fire using a toasting fork then drenched in butter were considered a midwinter delicacy in England.[34]

Today, toasting forks are often used around campfires,[35] constructed out of simple materials, such as Y-shaped tree branches[36] or wire coathangers.[37][38][39] They are also sold as an accessory for woodburning stoves,[40] and as a novelty item.[41]

In 2022, an article in The Telegraph pointed to the use of extendable marshmallow toasting forks purchased from Amazon, instead of a wooden stick, as an example of how "the middle class have ruined camping" by turning it into "glamping".[42] In the UK, many cultural commentators insist that while electric toasters are fast and convenient, the "perfect" way to prepare toast is with "a toasting fork and a real fire".[43]

Use by scientists edit

In the 19th century, a toasting fork was one of the many everyday objects which scientist Michael Faraday used during his lectures.[44] In one demonstration, he built an electrical machine using a glass bottle supported by an inverted stool, with a tea canister on a tumbler as the conductor, and the toasting fork as the collector.[44]

In the 20th century, the great physicist G. I. Taylor experimented with a four-pronged toasting fork and found that, when it was waved so that the airflow was in the plane of the tines then they sang much more loudly than when the airflow was perpendicular to the plane.[45]

Collections edit

The Victoria and Albert Museum has a collection of toasting forks which was mostly curated by the wealthy antiquarian Louis Clarke.[7][9]

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Many sources erroneously credits Alan MacMasters with inventing the electric toaster in 1893. This was a Wikipedia hoax.[30]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Alphin, Elaine Marie (1998). Toasters. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books. p. 47. ISBN 9781575052434.
  2. ^ "Concerning Toast". Cornhill Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 3. September 1896. pp. 354–360. Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Toasting fork The Free Dictionary
  4. ^ "Toasting fork, 1561". The Met. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Perry, Evan (1974). Collecting Antique Metalware. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 34. ISBN 0-385-05197-2.
  6. ^ a b c Miller's Kitchenware. London: Miller's. 2005. pp. 16, 211–212. ISBN 9781845330712.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Burstyn, Dorothy (2010), Toasting Forks, Association of Small Collectors of Antique Silver (ASCAS)
  8. ^ a b Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, Taylor & Francis, p. 392, ISBN 9781135455729
  9. ^ a b c Toasting fork, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2004
  10. ^ "Trivet with toasting fork supported on sliding vertical bar, wrought iron, English (Derbyshire), 18th century". Europeana. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d Marshall, Jo (1976). Kitchenware. London: Chilton Book Co. p. 66. ISBN 0-8019-6401-6.
  12. ^ "Toasting fork 1561". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  13. ^ Jackson, Victoria (November 2012). "Shakespeare in 100 Objects: Toasting Fork". Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  14. ^ Toasting fork patents at Google books
  15. ^ a b Upton, Chris (29 September 2001). "Patently obvious inventions". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  16. ^ Thomas, Edward (1845). Sir Edward Thomason's Memoirs During Half a Century. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman. pp. 15–16 – via Internet Archive.
  17. ^ a b "Toasting Fork". Future Museum. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b Simpson, Helen (1986). "Winter Teas". The London Ritz Book of Afternoon Tea: The Art and Pleasures of Taking Tea. New York: Arbor House. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-87795-823-8.
  19. ^ Grossman, Jonathan H. (1996). "The Absent Jew in Dickens: Narrators in Oliver Twist, Our Mutual Friend, and A Christmas Carol". Dickens Studies Annual. 24: 37–57. JSTOR 44372455.
  20. ^ "Preparations for Supper — A plate of hot buttered toast". Victorian Web. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  21. ^ Soyer, Alexis Benoit. (1854) A Shilling Cookery for the People, "How to Toast Bread", New York: George Routledge. p. 165.
  22. ^ Pagett, Hazel Morrison (4 March 2018). "Toasting Fork: Toasting before Toasters as we know them today". Moycullen Heritage. Moycullen Historical Society. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  23. ^ Harrod's Stores Ltd. (1895). Victorian shopping: Harrod's catalogue 1895. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 288 – via University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries.
  24. ^ McMahon, Mary (19 September 2022). "What is a Toasting-Fork?". Delighted Cooking. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  25. ^ Franklin, Linda Campbell; Ross, Alice (2013). "Toasters". In Smith, Andrew F. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739226.
  26. ^ Kauffman, Henry J. (1972). The American fireplace: Chimneys, mantelpieces, fireplaces & accessories. Nashville: T. Nelson. pp. 326–327. ISBN 0840743203.
  27. ^ a b c "Toast – How to Make It". American Agriculturalist. November 1868. p. 417. Retrieved 14 October 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^ a b Franklin, Linda Campbell (2003). 300 Years of Kitchen Collectibles. Vol. 5. Iowa, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p. 681. ISBN 9780873493659.
  29. ^ a b Tobias, Ruth (2013). "Toast". In Smith, Andrew F. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739226.
  30. ^ Rauwerda, Annie (12 August 2022). "A long-running Wikipedia hoax and the problem of circular reporting". Input. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  31. ^ "From the Collection... 1910s Electric Toaster". Nebraska History. 98 (3): 12. Fall 2017 – via EBSCOHost.
  32. ^ Hill, David (24 December 2020). "A 'proper job' as the Christmas fire roars". Western Morning News. Cornwall, England. Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via EBSCOHost.
  33. ^ Balmond, M. A. (24 March 2007). "Family life: We love to eat: Toast cooked by electric fire". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via Gale OneFile.
  34. ^ "End of an era after 60 years of making crumpets at Tilley's". Gloucestershire Echo. 28 June 2018. ProQuest 2061029162. Retrieved 4 October 2022 – via ProQuest.
  35. ^ James, Ben (10 November 2017). "Winter wildlife games for tots". The Argus. ProQuest 2580734418. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  36. ^ McManners, Hugh (1996). The Outdoor Adventure Handbook. New York: DK Publications. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9780789410351.
  37. ^ "Useful Articles Made From Coat Hangers". Popular Science. Vol. 125, no. 3. September 1934. p. 53. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  38. ^ Jenkins, R.H. (October 1937). "Camper's Toasting Fork Made From Twisted Wire". Popular Science. Vol. 131, no. 4. p. 96. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  39. ^ Maguire, Mary (1996). "Toasting Fork". Wirework. New York: Lorenz Books. p. 62. ISBN 9781859671481.
  40. ^ "Woodburning stoves". Homebuilding & Renovating. November 2021. ProQuest 2580734418. Retrieved 17 October 2022 – via ProQuest.
  41. ^ "Gadget of the week; COOKING". The People. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2022 – via Gale OneFile.
  42. ^ Grenby, Ed (18 August 2022). "The middle class have ruined camping – here are 31 signs you're part of the problem". The Telegraph. ProQuest 2703653436. Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via ProQuest.
  43. ^ "Toast of the Nation". Daily Telegraph. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via EBSCOHost.
  44. ^ a b Munro, John (1890). Pioneers of Electricity; Or, Short Lives of the Great Electricians. Religious Tract Society. pp. 209–210 – via Internet Archive.
  45. ^ G. I. Taylor (12 April 1924), "The Singing of Wires in a Wind", Nature, 113 (2841): 536, Bibcode:1924Natur.113..536T, doi:10.1038/113536b0, S2CID 4067231

Further reading edit

  • Lillis, Arthur (1869). The enchanted toasting-fork: a fairy-tale [in verse] (United Kingdom: n.p.)

External links edit

  • WorkingWithIron NathOo Studios (26 April 2016) Blacksmithing Masterclass – Barbecue fork Hand Forging A Toasting Fork with bottle opener handle Video via YouTube

January 01, 1970
toasting, fork, toasting, fork, long, handled, fork, used, brown, toast, food, such, bread, cheese, apples, holding, pronged, front, open, fire, other, heat, source, also, used, toast, marshmallows, broil, dogs, heat, buns, over, campfires, wrought, iron, toas. A toasting fork is a long handled fork used to brown and toast food such as bread cheese and apples by holding the pronged end in front of an open fire or other heat source 1 2 It can also be used to toast marshmallows broil hot dogs and heat hot dog buns over campfires 3 Wrought iron toasting fork c 1900 Contents 1 Description 2 History 2 1 Britain 2 2 North America 3 Modern usage 4 Use by scientists 5 Collections 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Citations 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription edit nbsp Toasting fork 1561 One of only two known toasting forks from the 16th century possibly from Norfolk England 4 Toasting forks were traditionally made from metal such as wrought iron brass or silver and later from steel but handles of wood or ivory might be used to prevent the heat of the fire being conducted to the hand 5 6 7 Food is pierced with the prongs of the fork and held over the fire until it turns brown 6 The toasting process requires care and attention to ensure that the item is evenly cooked and not burnt 8 Many toasting forks had a built in suspension ring on one end which allowed them to be hung when not in use 9 Some forks had telescopic handles which made them portable for travellers 7 9 and allowed the toast to be held closer to the fire without burning one s fingers 6 While most toasting forks were designed to be held by hand some were designed into trivets or weighted bases 10 and could swivel like an angled desklamp over the fire 5 11 Collectors sometimes refer to this as the lazy toaster 11 History edit nbsp An itinerant peddler of toasting forks skewers and roasting jacks Britain edit In England toasting forks date back to at least the mid 16th century with at least two forks extant from that era 12 7 They were typically used by those in the middle and upper strata of society Toasting irons are compared to swords in the Shakespeare plays King John and Henry V and a 17th century wrought iron toasting fork is held in the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust collection 13 In the 18th century toasting forks often had three staggered prongs to hold the bread more firmly 11 Toasting cheese became vogue during the Georgian era and toasting forks emerged with peculiar brackets to hold a slice of cheese as well as bread 5 Some Scottish forks with four prongs had intricate decorative detail likely influenced by continental European smithcraft 11 Many inventors applied for patents for more sophisticated toasting forks from the 1790s onward 14 7 Scottish inventor James Watt best known for the Watt steam engine developed a retractable toasting fork 15 From 1809 Sir Edward Thomason of Birmingham invented several types of sliding toasting forks including a popular one with collapsible prongs and slides encased within a japanned handle that drew into the mouth of a metal plated snake head which he regretted not patenting 7 16 Another Thomason invention was a telescopic fork that included a mechanism for brushing the hearth 15 Toasting forks were popular in the Victorian era 17 and are often mentioned in novels by Charles Dickens 18 In Oliver Twist the villain Fagin first appears standing in a dark room in front of a fire holding a toasting fork suggestive of his devilish nature 19 In The Pickwick Papers the alcoholic non conformist minister Mr Stiggins first appears sitting in front of the fireplace in the parlour of the public house imbibing pineapple rum as he periodically checks his toasting fork to ascertain whether the toast is ready 20 According to The London Ritz Book of Afternoon Tea Every careful Victorian furnished his son with a brass toasting fork and a silver muffin dish for afternoons in college rooms and later at the Club 18 In 1854 Chef Alexis Benoit Soyer gave a recipe prescription for their proper use to produce toast in Shilling Cookery for the People 21 22 Toasting forks of various sizes were advertised in the Harrods 1895 Catalogue with prices ranging from threepence to one shilling and sixpence 23 They continued to be used into the 20th century 17 even as open hearths were replaced with wood and coal burning cookers and gas stoves in the home 24 nbsp A maid uses a toasting fork in the bedroom fireplace in Donald and Dorothy 1891 by Mary Mapes Dodge North America edit In 1620 Pilgrims from England had toasting forks and kettle forks with them when they landed at Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower but did not have table forks 8 While some British colonists in America used elaborate hearth toasters that could hold several pieces of bread cooks of more modest means relied on toasting forks made of forged iron 25 Toasting forks continued to be an important utensil in the early American kitchen of the 1800s when activity centered around the cooking fireplace 26 The American Agriculturalist magazine advised in November 1868 that the proper way to make toast at home was to use stale bread rather than fresh bread as was customary in hotels 27 The bread should be sliced moderately thin placed on a toasting fork and held near the fire until it was warmed through 27 Only as a final step should the fork be brought nearer to the fire and turned light brown or deep golden yellow before being buttered 27 The July 1877 issue of American Agriculturalist included instructions on how to make a home made toasting fork out of any refuse piece of tin such as the bottom of a box of sardines or the side of a can of fruit which had been flattened 28 The magazine advised cutting three triangular pieces and bending them up to form prongs and threading three wires through the holes and twisting them to form a handle 28 Modern usage edit nbsp Modern toasting fork with crumpetAlthough the first electric toasters were patented between 1904 and 1909 the early models were manually operated and still required users to monitor and observe whether the toast was done 29 A Toasting forks gradually declined in domestic use after the first automatic electric toasters appeared on the market as a luxury item in 1926 31 and electricity became more widely available in homes starting in the 1930s 29 In the United Kingdom the use of toasting forks persisted in households with fireplaces 32 or electric heaters 33 Through the 1900s crumpets browned over an open fire using a toasting fork then drenched in butter were considered a midwinter delicacy in England 34 Today toasting forks are often used around campfires 35 constructed out of simple materials such as Y shaped tree branches 36 or wire coathangers 37 38 39 They are also sold as an accessory for woodburning stoves 40 and as a novelty item 41 In 2022 an article in The Telegraph pointed to the use of extendable marshmallow toasting forks purchased from Amazon instead of a wooden stick as an example of how the middle class have ruined camping by turning it into glamping 42 In the UK many cultural commentators insist that while electric toasters are fast and convenient the perfect way to prepare toast is with a toasting fork and a real fire 43 Use by scientists editIn the 19th century a toasting fork was one of the many everyday objects which scientist Michael Faraday used during his lectures 44 In one demonstration he built an electrical machine using a glass bottle supported by an inverted stool with a tea canister on a tumbler as the conductor and the toasting fork as the collector 44 In the 20th century the great physicist G I Taylor experimented with a four pronged toasting fork and found that when it was waved so that the airflow was in the plane of the tines then they sang much more loudly than when the airflow was perpendicular to the plane 45 Collections editThe Victoria and Albert Museum has a collection of toasting forks which was mostly curated by the wealthy antiquarian Louis Clarke 7 9 Gallery edit nbsp Toasting fork at Clitheroe Castle Museum in Lancashire England nbsp Broaching or toasting fork 17th century possibly Spanish at The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York nbsp Toasting fork c 1936 by Anna Aloisi graphite on paper at National Gallery of Art Washington D C nbsp Fagin wielding a toasting fork in Oliver Twist illustrated by Kyd in 1889See also editS moreReferences editNotes edit Many sources erroneously credits Alan MacMasters with inventing the electric toaster in 1893 This was a Wikipedia hoax 30 Citations edit Alphin Elaine Marie 1998 Toasters Minneapolis Carolrhoda Books p 47 ISBN 9781575052434 Concerning Toast Cornhill Magazine Vol 1 no 3 September 1896 pp 354 360 Retrieved 18 October 2022 via Internet Archive Toasting fork The Free Dictionary Toasting fork 1561 The Met Retrieved 15 October 2022 a b c Perry Evan 1974 Collecting Antique Metalware Garden City New York Doubleday p 34 ISBN 0 385 05197 2 a b c Miller s Kitchenware London Miller s 2005 pp 16 211 212 ISBN 9781845330712 a b c d e f Burstyn Dorothy 2010 Toasting Forks Association of Small Collectors of Antique Silver ASCAS a b Mary Ellen Snodgrass 2004 Encyclopedia of Kitchen History Taylor amp Francis p 392 ISBN 9781135455729 a b c Toasting fork Victoria and Albert Museum 2004 Trivet with toasting fork supported on sliding vertical bar wrought iron English Derbyshire 18th century Europeana Retrieved 18 October 2022 a b c d Marshall Jo 1976 Kitchenware London Chilton Book Co p 66 ISBN 0 8019 6401 6 Toasting fork 1561 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 28 September 2022 Jackson Victoria November 2012 Shakespeare in 100 Objects Toasting Fork Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Retrieved 28 September 2022 Toasting fork patents at Google books a b Upton Chris 29 September 2001 Patently obvious inventions Birmingham Post Retrieved 17 October 2022 Thomas Edward 1845 Sir Edward Thomason s Memoirs During Half a Century Vol 1 London Longman Brown Green and Longman pp 15 16 via Internet Archive a b Toasting Fork Future Museum Retrieved 28 September 2022 a b Simpson Helen 1986 Winter Teas The London Ritz Book of Afternoon Tea The Art and Pleasures of Taking Tea New York Arbor House pp 26 27 ISBN 0 87795 823 8 Grossman Jonathan H 1996 The Absent Jew in Dickens Narrators in Oliver Twist Our Mutual Friend and A Christmas Carol Dickens Studies Annual 24 37 57 JSTOR 44372455 Preparations for Supper A plate of hot buttered toast Victorian Web Retrieved 17 October 2022 Soyer Alexis Benoit 1854 A Shilling Cookery for the People How to Toast Bread New York George Routledge p 165 Pagett Hazel Morrison 4 March 2018 Toasting Fork Toasting before Toasters as we know them today Moycullen Heritage Moycullen Historical Society Retrieved 28 September 2022 Harrod s Stores Ltd 1895 Victorian shopping Harrod s catalogue 1895 Newton Abbot David amp Charles p 288 via University of Wisconsin Madison Libraries McMahon Mary 19 September 2022 What is a Toasting Fork Delighted Cooking Retrieved 28 September 2022 Franklin Linda Campbell Ross Alice 2013 Toasters In Smith Andrew F ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America 2 ed Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199739226 Kauffman Henry J 1972 The American fireplace Chimneys mantelpieces fireplaces amp accessories Nashville T Nelson pp 326 327 ISBN 0840743203 a b c Toast How to Make It American Agriculturalist November 1868 p 417 Retrieved 14 October 2022 via Internet Archive a b Franklin Linda Campbell 2003 300 Years of Kitchen Collectibles Vol 5 Iowa Wisconsin Krause Publications p 681 ISBN 9780873493659 a b Tobias Ruth 2013 Toast In Smith Andrew F ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America Vol 2 Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199739226 Rauwerda Annie 12 August 2022 A long running Wikipedia hoax and the problem of circular reporting Input Retrieved 11 September 2022 From the Collection 1910s Electric Toaster Nebraska History 98 3 12 Fall 2017 via EBSCOHost Hill David 24 December 2020 A proper job as the Christmas fire roars Western Morning News Cornwall England Retrieved 18 October 2022 via EBSCOHost Balmond M A 24 March 2007 Family life We love to eat Toast cooked by electric fire The Guardian Retrieved 18 October 2022 via Gale OneFile End of an era after 60 years of making crumpets at Tilley s Gloucestershire Echo 28 June 2018 ProQuest 2061029162 Retrieved 4 October 2022 via ProQuest James Ben 10 November 2017 Winter wildlife games for tots The Argus ProQuest 2580734418 Retrieved 18 October 2022 McManners Hugh 1996 The Outdoor Adventure Handbook New York DK Publications pp 26 27 ISBN 9780789410351 Useful Articles Made From Coat Hangers Popular Science Vol 125 no 3 September 1934 p 53 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Jenkins R H October 1937 Camper s Toasting Fork Made From Twisted Wire Popular Science Vol 131 no 4 p 96 Retrieved 28 September 2022 Maguire Mary 1996 Toasting Fork Wirework New York Lorenz Books p 62 ISBN 9781859671481 Woodburning stoves Homebuilding amp Renovating November 2021 ProQuest 2580734418 Retrieved 17 October 2022 via ProQuest Gadget of the week COOKING The People 4 November 2018 Retrieved 17 October 2022 via Gale OneFile Grenby Ed 18 August 2022 The middle class have ruined camping here are 31 signs you re part of the problem The Telegraph ProQuest 2703653436 Retrieved 18 October 2022 via ProQuest Toast of the Nation Daily Telegraph 18 November 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2022 via EBSCOHost a b Munro John 1890 Pioneers of Electricity Or Short Lives of the Great Electricians Religious Tract Society pp 209 210 via Internet Archive G I Taylor 12 April 1924 The Singing of Wires in a Wind Nature 113 2841 536 Bibcode 1924Natur 113 536T doi 10 1038 113536b0 S2CID 4067231Further reading editLillis Arthur 1869 The enchanted toasting fork a fairy tale in verse United Kingdom n p External links editWorkingWithIron NathOo Studios 26 April 2016 Blacksmithing Masterclass Barbecue fork Hand Forging A Toasting Fork with bottle opener handle Video via YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toasting fork amp oldid 1218261317, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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