A roasting jack is a machine which rotates meat roasting on a spit.[1] It can also be called a spit jack, a spit engine or a turnspit, although this name can also refer to a human turning the spit, or a turnspit dog.[2] Cooking meat on a spit dates back at least to the 1st century BC, but at first spits were turned by human power. In Britain, starting in the Tudor period, dog-powered turnspits were used; the dog ran in a treadmill linked to the spit by belts and pulleys. Other forms of roasting jacks included the steam jack, driven by steam, the smoke jack, driven by hot gas rising from the fire,[3][4] and the bottle jack or clock jack, driven by weights or springs.
A great majority of the jacks used prior to the 19th century were powered by a descending weight, often made of stone or iron, sometimes of lead. Although most commonly referred to as spit engines or jacks, these were also termed weight or clock jacks (clock jacks was the more common term in North America).
Earlier jacks of this type had a train of two arbors (spindles), later ones had a more efficient three arbor train. In the case of British examples, almost without exception, the governor or flywheel was set above the engine (as opposed to being located within the frame) and to one side; to the right for two train and to the left for three train engines.
European jacks are characterised by a flywheel set centrally and often within the frame; commonly the highest part of the frame has a bell-like arch that the shaft for the flywheel passes through.
Steam jackedit
A steam-powered roasting jack was first described by the Ottoman polymath and engineer Taqi al-Din in his Al-Turuq al-samiyya fi al-alat al-ruhaniyya (The Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines), in 1551.[5] A steam-driven jack was patented by the American clockmaker John Bailey II in 1792,[6] and steam jacks were later commercially available in the United States.[3]
Smoke jackedit
Smoke-jack from Mathematical and Philosophical Works of the Right Rev. John Wilkins (1802)[4]
Leonardo da Vinci sketched a smoke-jack in the form of a turbine with four vanes. Smoke-jacks were also illustrated in Vittorio Zonca's book of machines (1607),[7] and in John Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.[4] The 1826 A Treatise of Mechanics describes a smoke-jack:[8]
Smoke-jack is an engine used for the same purpose as the common jack; and is so called from its being moved by means of the smoke, or rarefied air, ascending the chimney, and striking against the sails of the horizontal wheel AB (plate XXI. fig 1.), which being inclined to the horizon, is moved about the axis of the wheel, together with the pinion C, which carries the wheels D and E; and E carries the chain F, which turns the spit. The wheel AB should be placed in the narrow part of the chimney, where the motion of the smoke is swiftest, and where also the greatest part of it must strike upon the sails.—The force of this machine depends on the draught of the chimney, and the strength of the fire.
Smoke-jacks are sometimes moved by means of spiral flyers coiling about a vertical axle; and at other times by a vertical wheel with sails like the float-boards of a mill: but the above is the more customary construction.
Bottle-jackedit
For the bottle-shaped hydraulic lifting device, see Bottle jack.
A bottle-jack[9] was a clockwork motor in a brass shell, shaped like a bottle; it was introduced in the late 18th Century and in many case replaced the earlier and much more simple dangle spit.[10]
^Ogilvie, John (1884). The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. London: Blackie & Son. p. 719.
^"turnspit", Merriam-Webster.com. Accessed October 30, 2009.
^ abSchinto, Jeanne (1 February 2004). "The Clockwork Roasting Jack, or How Technology Entered the Kitchen". Gastronomica. 4 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1525/gfc.2004.4.1.33. S2CID 114222732.
^ abcWilkins, John (1680). Mathematical Magick. E.Gellibrand.
^Hassan, Ahmad Y. . History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
^Jobe, Brock; Sullivan, Gary R.; O'Brien, Jack (2009). Harbor & Home: Furniture of Southeastern Massachusetts, 1710-1850. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. p. 243. ISBN978-0-912724-68-3.
^Hills, Richard L. (1996). Power from Wind: a History of Windmill Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN052156686X.
^Gregory, Olinthus (1826). A Treatise of Mechanics: Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. London: Geo. B. Whittaker, etc. p. 254.
^"We road tested a Clockwork 19th Century Bottle Jack". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
^Beeton, Isabella (1861). The Book of Household Management. London: S.O. Beeton. p. 267.
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Bottle jack redirects here For the high capacity lifting jack see Jack device Bottle jack A roasting jack is a machine which rotates meat roasting on a spit 1 It can also be called a spit jack a spit engine or a turnspit although this name can also refer to a human turning the spit or a turnspit dog 2 Cooking meat on a spit dates back at least to the 1st century BC but at first spits were turned by human power In Britain starting in the Tudor period dog powered turnspits were used the dog ran in a treadmill linked to the spit by belts and pulleys Other forms of roasting jacks included the steam jack driven by steam the smoke jack driven by hot gas rising from the fire 3 4 and the bottle jack or clock jack driven by weights or springs Illustration of a bottle jack from Mrs Beeton s Book of Household Management Contents 1 Weight or clock jacks 2 Steam jack 3 Smoke jack 4 Bottle jack 5 See also 6 ReferencesWeight or clock jacks editA great majority of the jacks used prior to the 19th century were powered by a descending weight often made of stone or iron sometimes of lead Although most commonly referred to as spit engines or jacks these were also termed weight or clock jacks clock jacks was the more common term in North America Earlier jacks of this type had a train of two arbors spindles later ones had a more efficient three arbor train In the case of British examples almost without exception the governor or flywheel was set above the engine as opposed to being located within the frame and to one side to the right for two train and to the left for three train engines European jacks are characterised by a flywheel set centrally and often within the frame commonly the highest part of the frame has a bell like arch that the shaft for the flywheel passes through Steam jack editA steam powered roasting jack was first described by the Ottoman polymath and engineer Taqi al Din in his Al Turuq al samiyya fi al alat al ruhaniyya The Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines in 1551 5 A steam driven jack was patented by the American clockmaker John Bailey II in 1792 6 and steam jacks were later commercially available in the United States 3 Smoke jack edit nbsp Smoke jack from Mathematical and Philosophical Works of the Right Rev John Wilkins 1802 4 Leonardo da Vinci sketched a smoke jack in the form of a turbine with four vanes Smoke jacks were also illustrated in Vittorio Zonca s book of machines 1607 7 and in John Wilkins s Mathematical Magick 4 The 1826 A Treatise of Mechanics describes a smoke jack 8 Smoke jack is an engine used for the same purpose as the common jack and is so called from its being moved by means of the smoke or rarefied air ascending the chimney and striking against the sails of the horizontal wheel AB plate XXI fig 1 which being inclined to the horizon is moved about the axis of the wheel together with the pinion C which carries the wheels D and E and E carries the chain F which turns the spit The wheel AB should be placed in the narrow part of the chimney where the motion of the smoke is swiftest and where also the greatest part of it must strike upon the sails The force of this machine depends on the draught of the chimney and the strength of the fire Smoke jacks are sometimes moved by means of spiral flyers coiling about a vertical axle and at other times by a vertical wheel with sails like the float boards of a mill but the above is the more customary construction Bottle jack editFor the bottle shaped hydraulic lifting device see Bottle jack A bottle jack 9 was a clockwork motor in a brass shell shaped like a bottle it was introduced in the late 18th Century and in many case replaced the earlier and much more simple dangle spit 10 See also editRotisserie modern style List of cooking appliances History of steam engineReferences edit Ogilvie John 1884 The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language London Blackie amp Son p 719 turnspit Merriam Webster com Accessed October 30 2009 a b Schinto Jeanne 1 February 2004 The Clockwork Roasting Jack or How Technology Entered the Kitchen Gastronomica 4 1 33 40 doi 10 1525 gfc 2004 4 1 33 S2CID 114222732 a b c Wilkins John 1680 Mathematical Magick E Gellibrand Hassan Ahmad Y Taqi al Din and the First Steam Turbine History of Science and Technology in Islam Archived from the original on February 18 2008 Retrieved 2008 03 29 Jobe Brock Sullivan Gary R O Brien Jack 2009 Harbor amp Home Furniture of Southeastern Massachusetts 1710 1850 Lebanon NH University Press of New England p 243 ISBN 978 0 912724 68 3 Hills Richard L 1996 Power from Wind a History of Windmill Technology Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 21 ISBN 052156686X Gregory Olinthus 1826 A Treatise of Mechanics Theoretical Practical and Descriptive London Geo B Whittaker etc p 254 We road tested a Clockwork 19th Century Bottle Jack YouTube Archived from the original on 2021 12 12 Beeton Isabella 1861 The Book of Household Management London S O Beeton p 267 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roasting jacks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Roasting jack amp oldid 1174411019, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
