fbpx
Wikipedia

Three-point field goal

January 14, 2023

This article is about the scoring method in basketball. For the three-point field goal in American and Canadian football, see Field goal.

A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer, three, or trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.

Trae Young shoots a three-point shot over Stephen Curry during the 2022 NBA All-Star Game

The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) from the center of the basket; in the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (all divisions), and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the arc is 6.75 m (22 ft 1.75 in) from the center of the basket; and in the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) the arc is 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) from the center of the basket. Every three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where each arc is a specified distance from the sideline. In both the NBA and WNBA, this distance is 3 feet (0.91 m) from the sideline; as a result, the distance from the center of the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet (6.7 m). FIBA specifies the arc's minimum distance from the sideline as 0.9 meters (2 ft 11 in), resulting in a minimum distance from the center of the basket of 6.6 meters (21 ft 8 in). The NCAA and NAIA arc is the same distance from the center of the basket as the FIBA arc, but is 3 feet 4 inches (1.02 m) from each sideline because the North American court is slightly wider than the FIBA court. In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the same line exists, but shots from behind it are only worth 2 points with all other shots worth 1 point.[1]

History

The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945, with a 21-foot line, in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. There was another one-game experiment in 1958, this time with a 23-foot line, in a game between St. Francis (NY)[a] and Siena. In 1961, Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points.[2] In 1962, the St. Francis (NY) head coach, Daniel Lynch, once again made the suggestion of a 3pt line to the New York Basketball Writers Association.[3]

At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League (ABL) became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961.[4] As commissioner of the new league, Saperstein wanted to add excitement to the game and distinguish the league from the bigger NBA. He hoped the three-pointer would become basketball's equivalent of the home run. “We must have a weapon,” Saperstein said, “and this is ours.”[5]

To determine the distance the new shot line should be from the basket, Saperstein and longtime DePaul University coach Ray Meyer went onto a court one day with tape and selected 25 feet as the right length. “They just arbitrarily drew lines,” his son Jerry Saperstein said. “There’s really no scientific basis. Just two Hall of Fame coaches getting together and saying: ‘Where would we like to see the line?’” Not long after, in June 1961, Saperstein was traveling when the other seven ABL owners voted 4-3 to officially shorten the line, to 22 feet. Saperstein, who had significant power in the league as owner of the popular Globetrotters, disagreed with this and simply ignored the ruling. Games continued with the 25 feet (7.62 m) shot. Saperstein eventually acknowledged there was one problem with the 25-foot arc and solved it by adding a 22-foot line in the corners. “It made for interesting possibilities,” he wrote.[5]

After the ABL shut down in 1963, the three-point shot was adopted by the Eastern Professional Basketball League in its 1963–64 season. It was also popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), which introduced it in its inaugural 1967–68 season.[6][7] ABA commissioner George Mikan stated that the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans".[8] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA. Its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of 1976.[9][10][11]

 
The official scorer's report showing the first three-point field goal in NBA history on October 12, 1979

Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line (initially on a one-year trial) for the 1979–80 season,[12][13][14] despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[15] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. The season opener at Boston Garden was more remarkable for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[16][17] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[17][18]

The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.

The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[19][20] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[20][21][22] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference,[23] and as far away as 22 ft (6.71 m) in the Big Sky.[24][25][26][27]

Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)[28][29][30][31] and was first used in the NCAA tournament in March 1987.[32] The NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[33] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[34] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[33] The NFHS, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[35] The NCAA experimented with the 6.75 m (22 ft 1+3⁄4 in) FIBA three-point line distance in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018 and 2019,[36] then adopted that distance for all men's play with a phased conversion that began with Division I in the 2019–20 season.[37][38] The NAIA and other American associations also adopted the new NCAA distance for their respective men's play.[39] In that same 2019–20 season, the NCAA planned to experiment with the FIBA arc in women's postseason events other than the NCAA championships in each division, most notably the Women's National Invitation Tournament and Women's Basketball Invitational;[40] these events were ultimately scrapped due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The NCAA announced on June 3, 2021 that the FIBA three-point distance would be extended to the women's game starting in 2021–22.[41]

For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3-inch differential).

In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.7 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1+3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would use the FIBA distance, starting in 2013; by 2017, the distance at the corners was lengthened to match the NBA. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[42]

In the NBA, three-point field goals became increasingly more frequent along the years, especially by mid-2015 onward. The increase in latter years has been attributed to NBA player Stephen Curry, who is credited with revolutionizing the game by inspiring teams to regularly employ the three-point shot as part of their winning strategy.[43][44][45] Curry is ranked highest in "Off Ball" average attention drawn. Calculated by the average attention each player receives as the total amount of time guarded by each defensive player divided by the total time playing, Curry's was ranked at 1.064, with Kevin Durant coming in second at 1.063.[46]

Season Average three-point goals per game Average three-point attempts per game Effectiveness[47]
1979–1980 0.8 2.8 29%
1989–1990 2.2 6.6 33%
1999–2000 4.8 13.7 35%
2009–2010 6.4 18.1 36%
2019–2020 12.2 34.1 36%
2021–2022 12.4 35.2 35%

Rule specifications

 
A court with multiple three-point lines in New York City. From left to right: high school distance, NCAA women's distance (before 2021–22), and NBA distance.

A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA, WNBA, NCAA or NAIA, and FIBA standards, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.6 meters). During the period in which the NCAA/NAIA arc was at 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m) from the center of the basket, the arc was 4 feet 3 inches or 1.3 meters from the sideline in that area. The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

Competition Arc radius Minimum distance
from sidelines 		Reference
NBA 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) 3 ft 0 in (0.91 m) [48]
FIBA
NAIA
NCAA[b]
WNBA 		6.75 metres (22 ft 1+3⁄4 in) FIBA: 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in)
NAIA, NCAA: 3 ft 4 in (1.02 m)
WNBA: 3 ft 0 in (0.91 m) 		[49][50][51]
NFHS 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) 5 ft 3 in (1.6 m) [52]

The high school corner minimum is taken as a requirement for newer high school gymnasiums and fieldhouses built in the three-point era. Courts built in older eras before state high school sanctioning bodies issued rules regarding court sizes have narrower markings, requiring home court ground rules where there is less space behind the three-point arc, the space on the sides of the arc can barely accommodate the shooter's feet due to lack of room, or it may be marked closer than the suggested minimum.

A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA, WNBA[53] FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, WNBA & FIBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

Related concepts

Major League Lacrosse (MLL) featured a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point. The Premier Lacrosse League, which absorbed MLL in a December 2020 merger, plays under MLL rules, including the two-point arc.

In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awarded four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

During the existence of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the National Hockey League. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

The super goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[54]

The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.

The 2020 Suncorp Super Netball league season saw the addition of the two-goal Super Shot. The Super Shot provides goal attacks and goal shooters the opportunity to score two goals by shooting from a 1.9m designated zone within the goal circle and will be active in the final five minutes of each quarter.[55]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Now known athletically as St. Francis Brooklyn.
  2. ^ In the 2019–20 season, the NCAA used the FIBA arc only in Division I men's play. Divisions II and III adopted the FIBA arc for men's play in 2020–21, and all women's play adopted the FIBA arc in 2021–22.

References

  1. ^ "Article 5: Scoring" (PDF). 3x3 Official Rules of the Game. FIBA. January 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  2. ^ Monagan, Charles, "Three-For-All," Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, Nov-Dec. 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  3. ^ "Three-Point Field Goals Urged By Lynch, Coach at St. Francis". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  4. ^ Frazier, Walt; Sachare, Alex (1998). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Basketball. New York City: Penguin Group. ISBN 9780786549894.
  5. ^ a b Cohen, Ben (February 13, 2020). "How George Steinbrenner and the Harlem Globetrotters Changed the NBA Forever". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  6. ^ "ABA playoff plans set". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. July 12, 1967. p. 4D.
  7. ^ Deford, Frank (November 27, 1967). "Shooting for three". Sports Illustrated. p. 22.
  8. ^ "4-Point Play Gets Approval By ABA". Associated Press. July 11, 1967. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  9. ^ "Four ABA clubs gain NBA okay". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 18, 1976. p. 1C.
  10. ^ "Burial of the ABA a fact; next step a dispersal draft". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 19, 1976. p. 1C.
  11. ^ Deford, Frank (June 28, 1976). "One last hurrah in Hyannis". Sports Illustrated: 64.
  12. ^ "NBA votes 3-pointer in, 3rd ref out". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). Associated Press. June 22, 1979. p. 24.
  13. ^ "NBA approves 3-point goal, goes back to two referees". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 22, 1979. p. 5D.
  14. ^ Newman, Bruce (January 7, 1980). "Now it's bombs away in the NBA". Sports Illustrated. p. 22.
  15. ^ . December 16, 2010. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "Bird only 'so-so,' but Celts win over Houston". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). UPI. October 13, 1979. p. 4A.
  17. ^ a b "Celtics, 114-106". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). October 13, 1979. p. 5C.
  18. ^ "NBA standings (and boxscores)". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. October 13, 1979. p. 5A.
  19. ^ Sanders, Steve (February 9, 1981). "22 will get you 3". Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. p. B1.
  20. ^ a b "Basketball". Southern Conference. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  21. ^ "Carr's shot makes cage Hall of Fame". Gadsden Times. Alabama. Associated Press. May 31, 1981. p. 36.
  22. ^ "Three-pointer turns 25". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 3, 2005. p. B3.
  23. ^ "NCAA Unlikely to Order Clock and 3-Point Shot". The Washington Post. April 1, 1983.
  24. ^ McCallum, Jack (November 29, 1982). "It will be one testy season". Sports Illustrated: 42.
  25. ^ "Monson not so high on the 3-point shot". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). wire services. November 11, 1982. p. 6B.
  26. ^ Kenyon, Quane (November 26, 1982). "Big Sky has new 22-foot look ready for conference contests". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. E3.
  27. ^ . July 26, 2010. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  28. ^ "NCAA approves 3-point goal". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. April 3, 1986. p. 27.
  29. ^ "3-point goal draws mixed reviews". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). April 3, 1986. p. 42.
  30. ^ "Three-point basket adopted". Eugene Register Guard. (Oregon). April 3, 1986. p. 1B.
  31. ^ McCallum, Jack (January 5, 1987). "The three-point uproar". Sports Illustrated: 40.
  32. ^ Butts, David (April 3, 1986). "NCAA adds three-point basket". Bryan Times Agency=UPI. p. 12.
  33. ^ a b "NCAA Women's Basketball Playing Rules History" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  34. ^ "Important Rules Changes by Year" (PDF). NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book. NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  35. ^ Lynch, John (March 27, 1987). "High School Basketball Draws Line, Adopts 3-Point Rule". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ Bonagura, Kyle (February 27, 2018). "NIT to experiment with new rules this season". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  37. ^ Boone, Kyle. "NCAA approves rule changes including moving back 3-point line to international distance". CBSSports.com. No. 5 June 2019. CBS Sports. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  38. ^ "Men's basketball 3-point line extended to international distance" (Press release). NCAA. June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  39. ^ "NAIA Approves Rule Changes for Men [sic] and Women's Basketball". North Star Athletic Association. June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  40. ^ "Shot clock rule altered in women's basketball" (Press release). NCAA. June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  41. ^ "International 3-point line distance approved in women's basketball" (Press release). NCAA. June 3, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  42. ^ "NBA has discussed bigger court, 4-point shot". Espn.go.com. February 25, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  43. ^ Abbott, Henry (March 18, 2016). "Stephen Curry isn't just the MVP -- he is revolutionizing the game". ESPN. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  44. ^ Nadkarni, Rohan (May 31, 2018). "The NBA Has Never Seen a Shooter Like Stephen Curry". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  45. ^ Dougherty, Jesse (March 5, 2018). "The Steph Effect: How NBA star is inspiring — and complicating — high school basketball". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  46. ^ Alexander Franks. Andrew Miller. Luke Bornn. Kirk Goldsberry. "Characterizing the spatial structure of defensive skill in professional basketball." Ann. Appl. Stat. 9 (1) 94 - 121, March 2015. https://doi.org/10.1214/14-AOAS799
  47. ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference
  48. ^ . NBA Official Rules. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  49. ^ "Official Basketball Rules 2018" (PDF). FIBA. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  50. ^ "NCAA Men's and Women's Basketball Court" (PDF). NCAA. June 17, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  51. ^ "Rule No. 1, Section I — Court and Dimensions" (PDF). Official Rules of the Women's National Basketball Association 2019. WNBA. p. 1. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  52. ^ "Basketball Court Diagram" (PDF). Nebraska School Activities Association. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  53. ^ . NBA.com. October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
  54. ^ Denham, Greg (February 14, 2012). . The Australian. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014.
  55. ^ "Introducing the two-goal Super Shot". Suncorp Super Netball.

External links

  • by Steve Shutt, Basketball Hall of Fame

January 14, 2023
three, point, field, goal, this, article, about, scoring, method, basketball, three, point, field, goal, american, canadian, football, field, goal, three, point, field, goal, also, pointer, three, trey, field, goal, basketball, game, made, from, beyond, three,. This article is about the scoring method in basketball For the three point field goal in American and Canadian football see Field goal A three point field goal also 3 pointer three or trey is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three point line a designated arc surrounding the basket A successful attempt is worth three points in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three point line and the one point for each made free throw Trae Young shoots a three point shot over Stephen Curry during the 2022 NBA All Star Game The distance from the basket to the three point line varies by competition level in the National Basketball Association NBA the arc is 23 feet 9 inches 7 24 m from the center of the basket in the International Basketball Federation FIBA the Women s National Basketball Association WNBA the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA all divisions and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA the arc is 6 75 m 22 ft 1 75 in from the center of the basket and in the National Federation of State High School Associations NFHS the arc is 19 ft 9 in 6 02 m from the center of the basket Every three point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where each arc is a specified distance from the sideline In both the NBA and WNBA this distance is 3 feet 0 91 m from the sideline as a result the distance from the center of the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet 6 7 m FIBA specifies the arc s minimum distance from the sideline as 0 9 meters 2 ft 11 in resulting in a minimum distance from the center of the basket of 6 6 meters 21 ft 8 in The NCAA and NAIA arc is the same distance from the center of the basket as the FIBA arc but is 3 feet 4 inches 1 02 m from each sideline because the North American court is slightly wider than the FIBA court In 3x3 a FIBA sanctioned variant of the half court 3 on 3 game the same line exists but shots from behind it are only worth 2 points with all other shots worth 1 point 1 Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditThe three point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945 with a 21 foot line in a game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule There was another one game experiment in 1958 this time with a 23 foot line in a game between St Francis NY a and Siena In 1961 Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points 2 In 1962 the St Francis NY head coach Daniel Lynch once again made the suggestion of a 3pt line to the New York Basketball Writers Association 3 At the direction of Abe Saperstein the American Basketball League ABL became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 4 As commissioner of the new league Saperstein wanted to add excitement to the game and distinguish the league from the bigger NBA He hoped the three pointer would become basketball s equivalent of the home run We must have a weapon Saperstein said and this is ours 5 To determine the distance the new shot line should be from the basket Saperstein and longtime DePaul University coach Ray Meyer went onto a court one day with tape and selected 25 feet as the right length They just arbitrarily drew lines his son Jerry Saperstein said There s really no scientific basis Just two Hall of Fame coaches getting together and saying Where would we like to see the line Not long after in June 1961 Saperstein was traveling when the other seven ABL owners voted 4 3 to officially shorten the line to 22 feet Saperstein who had significant power in the league as owner of the popular Globetrotters disagreed with this and simply ignored the ruling Games continued with the 25 feet 7 62 m shot Saperstein eventually acknowledged there was one problem with the 25 foot arc and solved it by adding a 22 foot line in the corners It made for interesting possibilities he wrote 5 After the ABL shut down in 1963 the three point shot was adopted by the Eastern Professional Basketball League in its 1963 64 season It was also popularized by the American Basketball Association ABA which introduced it in its inaugural 1967 68 season 6 7 ABA commissioner George Mikan stated that the three pointer would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans 8 During the 1970s the ABA used the three point shot along with the slam dunk as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA Its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of 1976 9 10 11 The official scorer s report showing the first three point field goal in NBA history on October 12 1979 Three years later in June 1979 the NBA adopted the three point line initially on a one year trial for the 1979 80 season 12 13 14 despite the view of many that it was a gimmick 15 Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is credited with making the first three point shot in NBA history on October 12 1979 The season opener at Boston Garden was more remarkable for the debut of Larry Bird and two new head coaches 16 17 Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets in his final season also made one in the same game and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well 17 18 The sport s international governing body FIBA introduced the three point line in 1984 at 6 25 m 20 ft 6 in and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul South Korea The NCAA s Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three point rule adopting a 22 foot 6 71 m line for the 1980 81 season 19 20 Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 1980 20 21 22 Over the following five years NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three pointer The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in 5 41 m in the Atlantic Coast Conference 23 and as far away as 22 ft 6 71 m in the Big Sky 24 25 26 27 Used only in conference play for several years it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 87 season at 19 ft 9 in 6 02 m 28 29 30 31 and was first used in the NCAA tournament in March 1987 32 The NCAA adopted the three pointer in women s basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 88 33 In 2007 the NCAA lengthened the men s distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in 6 32 m effective with the 2008 09 season 34 and the women s line was moved to match the men s in 2011 12 33 The NFHS along with elementary and middle schools adopted a 19 ft 9 in 6 02 m line nationally in 1987 a year after the NCAA 35 The NCAA experimented with the 6 75 m 22 ft 1 3 4 in FIBA three point line distance in the National Invitation Tournament NIT in 2018 and 2019 36 then adopted that distance for all men s play with a phased conversion that began with Division I in the 2019 20 season 37 38 The NAIA and other American associations also adopted the new NCAA distance for their respective men s play 39 In that same 2019 20 season the NCAA planned to experiment with the FIBA arc in women s postseason events other than the NCAA championships in each division most notably the Women s National Invitation Tournament and Women s Basketball Invitational 40 these events were ultimately scrapped due to the COVID 19 pandemic The NCAA announced on June 3 2021 that the FIBA three point distance would be extended to the women s game starting in 2021 22 41 For three seasons beginning in 1994 95 the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in 7 24 m 22 ft 6 71 m at the corners to a uniform 22 ft 6 71 m around the basket From the 1997 98 season on the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in 22 ft at the corners with a 3 inch differential In 2008 FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm 19 7 in to 6 75 m 22 ft 1 3 4 in with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 In December 2012 the WNBA announced that it would use the FIBA distance starting in 2013 by 2017 the distance at the corners was lengthened to match the NBA The NBA has discussed adding a four point line according to president Rod Thorn 42 In the NBA three point field goals became increasingly more frequent along the years especially by mid 2015 onward The increase in latter years has been attributed to NBA player Stephen Curry who is credited with revolutionizing the game by inspiring teams to regularly employ the three point shot as part of their winning strategy 43 44 45 Curry is ranked highest in Off Ball average attention drawn Calculated by the average attention each player receives as the total amount of time guarded by each defensive player divided by the total time playing Curry s was ranked at 1 064 with Kevin Durant coming in second at 1 063 46 Season Average three point goals per game Average three point attempts per game Effectiveness 47 1979 1980 0 8 2 8 29 1989 1990 2 2 6 6 33 1999 2000 4 8 13 7 35 2009 2010 6 4 18 1 36 2019 2020 12 2 34 1 36 2021 2022 12 4 35 2 35 Rule specifications Edit A court with multiple three point lines in New York City From left to right high school distance NCAA women s distance before 2021 22 and NBA distance A three point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc In the NBA WNBA NCAA or NAIA and FIBA standards the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline The three point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline The unusual formation of the three point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three point shot at the corners of the court the arc would be less than 2 feet 0 61 m from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc In American high school standards the arc spans 180 around the basket then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline 5 feet 3 inches or 1 6 meters During the period in which the NCAA NAIA arc was at 20 ft 9 in 6 32 m from the center of the basket the arc was 4 feet 3 inches or 1 3 meters from the sideline in that area The distance of the three point line to the center of the hoop varies by level Competition Arc radius Minimum distancefrom sidelines ReferenceNBA 23 ft 9 in 7 24 m 3 ft 0 in 0 91 m 48 FIBANAIANCAA b WNBA 6 75 metres 22 ft 1 3 4 in FIBA 0 9 m 2 ft 11 in NAIA NCAA 3 ft 4 in 1 02 m WNBA 3 ft 0 in 0 91 m 49 50 51 NFHS 19 ft 9 in 6 02 m 5 ft 3 in 1 6 m 52 The high school corner minimum is taken as a requirement for newer high school gymnasiums and fieldhouses built in the three point era Courts built in older eras before state high school sanctioning bodies issued rules regarding court sizes have narrower markings requiring home court ground rules where there is less space behind the three point arc the space on the sides of the arc can barely accommodate the shooter s feet due to lack of room or it may be marked closer than the suggested minimum A player s feet must be completely behind the three point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three point attempt if the player s feet are on or in front of the line it is a two point attempt A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three point attempt as long as the ball is released in mid air An official raises his her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt If the attempt is successful he she raises his her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three point goal The official must recognize it for it to count as three points Instant replay has sometimes been used depending on league rules The NBA WNBA 53 FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose In NBA WNBA amp FIBA games video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game after reviewing the video However in late game situations play may be paused pending a review If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three pointer and subsequently misses the shot the shooter is awarded three free throw attempts If a player completes a three pointer while being fouled the player is awarded one free throw for a possible 4 point play Conceivably if a player completed a three pointer while being fouled and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 point play Related concepts EditMajor League Lacrosse MLL featured a two point line which forms a 15 yard 14 m arc around the front of the goal Shots taken from behind this line count for two points as opposed to the standard one point The Premier Lacrosse League which absorbed MLL in a December 2020 merger plays under MLL rules including the two point arc In gridiron football a standard field goal is worth three points various professional and semi pro leagues have experimented with four point field goals NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball s three point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards 46 m or more was worth four points The Arena Football League awarded four points for any successful drop kicked field goal like the three point shot the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does During the existence of the World Hockey Association WHA in the 1970s there were proposals for two point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance one proposal was a 44 foot 13 4m arc which would have intersected the faceoff circles but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the National Hockey League It was widely believed that long distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill usually resulting more from goalies vision being screened or obscured plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game The super goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football in which a 50 meter 55 yd arc determines the value of a goal within the arc it is the usual 6 points but 9 points are scored for a super goal scored from outside the arc To date the super goal is only used in pre season games and not in the season proper 54 The National Professional Soccer League II which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play also used a three point line drawn 45 feet 14 m from the goal It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues The 2020 Suncorp Super Netball league season saw the addition of the two goal Super Shot The Super Shot provides goal attacks and goal shooters the opportunity to score two goals by shooting from a 1 9m designated zone within the goal circle and will be active in the final five minutes of each quarter 55 See also Edit50 40 90 club exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 of field goals counting both two pointers and three pointers 40 of three pointers and 90 of free throws in a season List of National Basketball Association career 3 point scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men s basketball career 3 point scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I women s basketball career 3 point scoring leadersFootnotes Edit Now known athletically as St Francis Brooklyn In the 2019 20 season the NCAA used the FIBA arc only in Division I men s play Divisions II and III adopted the FIBA arc for men s play in 2020 21 and all women s play adopted the FIBA arc in 2021 22 References Edit Article 5 Scoring PDF 3x3 Official Rules of the Game FIBA January 2016 Retrieved September 3 2017 Monagan Charles Three For All Dartmouth Alumni Magazine Nov Dec 2018 Retrieved November 4 2018 Three Point Field Goals Urged By Lynch Coach at St Francis The New York Times Retrieved December 23 2019 Frazier Walt Sachare Alex 1998 The Complete Idiot s Guide to Basketball New York City Penguin Group ISBN 9780786549894 a b Cohen Ben February 13 2020 How George Steinbrenner and the Harlem Globetrotters Changed the NBA Forever The Wall Street Journal Retrieved February 26 2020 ABA playoff plans set Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press July 12 1967 p 4D Deford Frank November 27 1967 Shooting for three Sports Illustrated p 22 4 Point Play Gets Approval By ABA Associated Press July 11 1967 Retrieved June 17 2013 Four ABA clubs gain NBA okay Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press June 18 1976 p 1C Burial of the ABA a fact next step a dispersal draft Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press June 19 1976 p 1C Deford Frank June 28 1976 One last hurrah in Hyannis Sports Illustrated 64 NBA votes 3 pointer in 3rd ref out Reading Eagle Pennsylvania Associated Press June 22 1979 p 24 NBA approves 3 point goal goes back to two referees Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press June 22 1979 p 5D Newman Bruce January 7 1980 Now it s bombs away in the NBA Sports Illustrated p 22 The History of the 3 Pointer iHoops December 16 2010 Archived from the original on December 16 2010 Retrieved November 15 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Bird only so so but Celts win over Houston Deseret News Salt Lake City Utah UPI October 13 1979 p 4A a b Celtics 114 106 Eugene Register Guard Oregon October 13 1979 p 5C NBA standings and boxscores Deseret News Salt Lake City October 13 1979 p 5A Sanders Steve February 9 1981 22 will get you 3 Spartanburg Herald South Carolina p B1 a b Basketball Southern Conference Retrieved July 30 2015 Carr s shot makes cage Hall of Fame Gadsden Times Alabama Associated Press May 31 1981 p 36 Three pointer turns 25 Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press December 3 2005 p B3 NCAA Unlikely to Order Clock and 3 Point Shot The Washington Post April 1 1983 McCallum Jack November 29 1982 It will be one testy season Sports Illustrated 42 Monson not so high on the 3 point shot Lewiston Morning Tribune Idaho wire services November 11 1982 p 6B Kenyon Quane November 26 1982 Big Sky has new 22 foot look ready for conference contests Spokesman Review Spokane Washington Associated Press p E3 Debate over 3 pointer Continues July 26 2010 Archived from the original on December 5 2012 Retrieved November 15 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link NCAA approves 3 point goal Pittsburgh Post Gazette Associated Press April 3 1986 p 27 3 point goal draws mixed reviews Reading Eagle Pennsylvania April 3 1986 p 42 Three point basket adopted Eugene Register Guard Oregon April 3 1986 p 1B McCallum Jack January 5 1987 The three point uproar Sports Illustrated 40 Butts David April 3 1986 NCAA adds three point basket Bryan Times Agency UPI p 12 a b NCAA Women s Basketball Playing Rules History PDF NCAA Retrieved August 23 2017 Important Rules Changes by Year PDF NCAA Men s Basketball Record Book NCAA Retrieved August 23 2017 Lynch John March 27 1987 High School Basketball Draws Line Adopts 3 Point Rule Los Angeles Times Bonagura Kyle February 27 2018 NIT to experiment with new rules this season ESPN com Retrieved February 28 2018 Boone Kyle NCAA approves rule changes including moving back 3 point line to international distance CBSSports com No 5 June 2019 CBS Sports Retrieved June 5 2019 Men s basketball 3 point line extended to international distance Press release NCAA June 5 2019 Retrieved June 7 2019 NAIA Approves Rule Changes for Men sic and Women s Basketball North Star Athletic Association June 21 2019 Retrieved March 10 2020 Shot clock rule altered in women s basketball Press release NCAA June 5 2019 Retrieved June 20 2019 International 3 point line distance approved in women s basketball Press release NCAA June 3 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 NBA has discussed bigger court 4 point shot Espn go com February 25 2014 Retrieved March 5 2017 Abbott Henry March 18 2016 Stephen Curry isn t just the MVP he is revolutionizing the game ESPN Retrieved December 11 2018 Nadkarni Rohan May 31 2018 The NBA Has Never Seen a Shooter Like Stephen Curry Sports Illustrated Retrieved December 11 2018 Dougherty Jesse March 5 2018 The Steph Effect How NBA star is inspiring and complicating high school basketball The Washington Post Retrieved December 11 2018 Alexander Franks Andrew Miller Luke Bornn Kirk Goldsberry Characterizing the spatial structure of defensive skill in professional basketball Ann Appl Stat 9 1 94 121 March 2015 https doi org 10 1214 14 AOAS799 NBA League Averages Basketball Reference Rule No 1 Court Dimensions Equipment NBA Official Rules Archived from the original on February 10 2012 Retrieved October 19 2010 Official Basketball Rules 2018 PDF FIBA Retrieved December 21 2018 NCAA Men s and Women s Basketball Court PDF NCAA June 17 2019 Retrieved October 9 2019 Rule No 1 Section I Court and Dimensions PDF Official Rules of the Women s National Basketball Association 2019 WNBA p 1 Retrieved December 19 2019 Basketball Court Diagram PDF Nebraska School Activities Association Retrieved December 10 2011 Description of the NBA s new instant replay rules NBA com October 23 2008 Archived from the original on October 25 2008 Retrieved November 16 2008 Denham Greg February 14 2012 NAB Cup s ruck and holding rules may run season The Australian Archived from the original on April 17 2014 Introducing the two goal Super Shot Suncorp Super Netball External links EditNBA com s Top 10 three pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia s experimentation with the three point field goal decades before its official introduction Long Live the Three by Steve Shutt Basketball Hall of Fame Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Three point field goal amp oldid 1120413208, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.