The Ghost in the Machine is a 1967 book about philosophical psychology by Arthur Koestler. The title is a phrase (see ghost in the machine) coined by the Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle to describe the Cartesian dualist account of the mind–body relationship. Koestler shares with Ryle the view that the mind of a person is not an independent non-material entity, temporarily inhabiting and governing the body. The work attempts to explain humanity's self-destructive tendency in terms of individual and collective functioning, philosophy, and overarching, cyclical political–historical dynamics, peaking in the nuclear weapons arena.
In an attempt to explain human violence, Koestler criticizes the dominant conceptions of psychology of his time (behaviourism) that postulate that human behaviours are subject to the selection of the fittest. For him this theory echoed the Darwinian conceptions of the evolution of species.
The book contributes also to the longstanding debate surrounding the mind–body problem and focusing in particular on René Descartes's dualism, in the form elucidated by Ryle. Koestler's materialistic account argues that the personal experience of duality arises from what Koestler calls a holon. The notion of a holon emerges from the observation that everything in nature is both a whole and a part. This is true of atoms, which are whole in themselves, but also parts of molecules; molecules, which can be both whole and part of cells; and cells, which are both autonomous units and parts of organisms. It is also true for human beings, who have an independent life and are part of social systems. Every holon is willing to express two contradictory tendencies: to express itself, and to disappear into something greater. For humans, those tendencies lead to an error in development: we create collective units that are based on the oppression of some individuals and on the inflated egos of others. This is for Koestler an error of transcendence that is reflected in a poor integration of our reptilian brain and cognitive brain.
A superposition of forces manifests, at each bodily holon, as the outcome of an entire hierarchy of forces—ontogenetic, habitual, linguistic prescriptive, and social—operating in a continuum of independent feedback and feedforward streams of a body extended to its larger environment. The streams are fed by the life signals of each and every group member, and this fully participative medley is the spirit of life one senses as a ghost; but this spirit is just a simplified output of a complex knowledge set; it is emergent from the complexity of the group's rules and strategies. He contrasts his basic approach to the mind–body problem with behaviourism's basic approach to the problem.[1]
Following the holon of humanity down to its roots, the work explains humanity's tendency toward self-destruction in terms of brain structure, philosophies, and its overarching, cyclical political–historical dynamics, reaching the height of its potential in the nuclear arms arena.
One of the book's central concepts is that as the human triune brain has evolved, it has retained and built upon earlier, more primitive brain structures. The head portion of the "ghost in the machine" has, as a consequence of poor, inadequate connections, a rich potential for conflict. The primitive layers can, and may, together, overpower rational logic's hold. This explains a person's hate, anger, and other such emotional distress.
In Janus: A Summing Up (1978) Koestler continues the theories developed in The Ghost in the Machine and further elaborates on the concept of holarchy.
ghost, machine, other, uses, ghost, machine, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, n. For other uses see Ghost in the machine disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources The Ghost in the Machine news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message The Ghost in the Machine is a 1967 book about philosophical psychology by Arthur Koestler The title is a phrase see ghost in the machine coined by the Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle to describe the Cartesian dualist account of the mind body relationship Koestler shares with Ryle the view that the mind of a person is not an independent non material entity temporarily inhabiting and governing the body The work attempts to explain humanity s self destructive tendency in terms of individual and collective functioning philosophy and overarching cyclical political historical dynamics peaking in the nuclear weapons arena The Ghost in the MachineFirst UK editionAuthorArthur KoestlerSubjectPhilosophy psychiatryPublisherHutchinson UK Macmillan US Publication date1967Media typePrintPages381 UK 384 US Contents 1 Overview 2 Publication details 3 See also 4 ReferencesOverview editIn an attempt to explain human violence Koestler criticizes the dominant conceptions of psychology of his time behaviourism that postulate that human behaviours are subject to the selection of the fittest For him this theory echoed the Darwinian conceptions of the evolution of species The book contributes also to the longstanding debate surrounding the mind body problem and focusing in particular on Rene Descartes s dualism in the form elucidated by Ryle Koestler s materialistic account argues that the personal experience of duality arises from what Koestler calls a holon The notion of a holon emerges from the observation that everything in nature is both a whole and a part This is true of atoms which are whole in themselves but also parts of molecules molecules which can be both whole and part of cells and cells which are both autonomous units and parts of organisms It is also true for human beings who have an independent life and are part of social systems Every holon is willing to express two contradictory tendencies to express itself and to disappear into something greater For humans those tendencies lead to an error in development we create collective units that are based on the oppression of some individuals and on the inflated egos of others This is for Koestler an error of transcendence that is reflected in a poor integration of our reptilian brain and cognitive brain A superposition of forces manifests at each bodily holon as the outcome of an entire hierarchy of forces ontogenetic habitual linguistic prescriptive and social operating in a continuum of independent feedback and feedforward streams of a body extended to its larger environment The streams are fed by the life signals of each and every group member and this fully participative medley is the spirit of life one senses as a ghost but this spirit is just a simplified output of a complex knowledge set it is emergent from the complexity of the group s rules and strategies He contrasts his basic approach to the mind body problem with behaviourism s basic approach to the problem 1 Following the holon of humanity down to its roots the work explains humanity s tendency toward self destruction in terms of brain structure philosophies and its overarching cyclical political historical dynamics reaching the height of its potential in the nuclear arms arena One of the book s central concepts is that as the human triune brain has evolved it has retained and built upon earlier more primitive brain structures The head portion of the ghost in the machine has as a consequence of poor inadequate connections a rich potential for conflict The primitive layers can and may together overpower rational logic s hold This explains a person s hate anger and other such emotional distress In Janus A Summing Up 1978 Koestler continues the theories developed in The Ghost in the Machine and further elaborates on the concept of holarchy Publication details editKoestler Arthur 1967 The Ghost in the Machine 1990 reprint ed Penguin Group ISBN 0 14 019192 5 See also editEmergent materialismReferences edit The book is vehemently critical of B F Skinner s Behaviourist theory of psychology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Ghost in the Machine amp oldid 1170353781, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
