Skeletal restoration of G. productum (right) and G. steinheimense (left) compared to a human
Most species of Gomphotherium were similar in size to the Asian elephant, with G. productum (known from a 35-year-old male) measuring 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in) tall and weighing 4.6 t (4.5 long tons; 5.1 short tons). The largest species G. steinheimense, known from a complete 37-year-old male found in Mühldorf, Germany, measured up to 3.17 m (10.4 ft) tall and weighed 6.7 t (6.6 long tons; 7.4 short tons).[5]
Gomphotherium, like most primitive elephantimorphs, had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks.[6] Species of Gomphotherium are defined by their conservative molar morphology, which includes "trilophed intermediate molars, third molars with three to four loph(id)s, and pretrite half-loph(id)s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form trefoil-patterned enamel loops with wear (simple molar crowns with no accessory conules on the posttrite side of the crown)".[7]
Ecologyedit
Most species of Gomphotherium are inferred to have been browsers or mixed feeders, but specimens of G. steinheimense from China are suggested to have been grazers.[3]
Gomphotherium likely originated in Africa during the late Oligocene-early Miocene. The oldest remains of Gomphotherium are known from Africa, dating to approximately 19.5 million years ago.[8] Gomphotherium migrated into Eurasia across the "Gomphotherium land bridge" approximately 19 million years ago.[9]Gomphotherium underwent rapid evolution after its arrival in Eurasia, reaching its peak diversity during the Early-Middle Miocene.[9]Gomphotherium has been posited to be paraphyletic and the ancestor of later gomphothere genera, including the "tetralophodont gomphotheres" such as Tetralophodon which are probably ancestral to stegodontids and elephantids.[3]Gomphotherium first arrived in North America during the mid-Miocene, approximately 16-15 million years ago,[10] and is suggested to be ancestral to later New World gomphothere genera, such as Cuvieronius, Stegomastodon and Rhynchotherium.[11] Asian populations of Gomphotherium are suggested to have been ancestral to Sinomastodon.[12] The last European species of Gomphotherium became extinct at the beginning of the Late Miocene, around the start of MN9, approximately 10 million years ago.[12] The last Gomphotherium species disappeared from North America at the beginning of the Pliocene, approximately 5 million years ago.[10]
Taxonomyedit
The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Gomphotherium among other proboscideans, based on hyoid characteristics:[13]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gomphotherium.
^Wang, Wei; Liao, Wei; Li, Dawei; Tian, Feng (1 July 2014). "Early Pleistocene large-mammal fauna associated with Gigantopithecus at Mohui Cave, Bubing Basin, South China". Quaternary International. 354: 122–130. Bibcode:2014QuInt.354..122W. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.036. ISSN 1040-6182.
^Palmer, T. S.; Merriam, C. H. (1904). Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals. Government Printing Office, Washington.
^ abcWu, Yan; Deng, Tao; Hu, Yaowu; Ma, Jiao; Zhou, Xinying; Mao, Limi; Zhang, Hanwen; Ye, Jie; Wang, Shi-Qi (16 May 2018). "A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia, 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7640. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7640W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25909-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC5956065. PMID 29769581.
^Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022). "Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA". iScience. 25 (1): 103559. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3559B. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559. PMC8693454. PMID 34988402.
^Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.
^Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016). Beatty, Brian Lee (ed.). "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147009. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4710528. PMID 26756209.
^Sanders, William J. (7 July 2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 94. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN978-1-315-11891-8.
^Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (4 May 2017). "A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1318284. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E8284W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 90593535.
^ abLi, Chunxiao; Wang, Shi-Qi; Yang, Qing (26 May 2022). "Discovery of a primitive Gomphotherium from the Early Miocene of northern China and its biochronology and palaeobiogeography significance". Historical Biology: 1–9. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2077106. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 249145789.
^ abMacFadden, Bruce J.; Morgan, Gary S.; Jones, Douglas S.; Rincon, Aldo F. (March 2015). "Gomphothere proboscidean ( Gomphotherium ) from the late Neogene of Panama". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (2): 360–365. Bibcode:2015JPal...89..360M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2014.31. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 52093950.
^Spencer LG 2022. The last North American gomphotheres. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45–58.
^ abWang, Shi-Qi; Ji, Xue-Ping; Jablonski, Nina G.; Su, Denise F.; Ge, Jun-Yi; Ding, Chang-Fen; Yu, Teng-Song; Li, Wen-Qi; Duangkrayom, Jaroon (June 2016). "The Oldest Cranium of Sinomastodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae), Discovered in the Uppermost Miocene of Southwestern China: Implications for the Origin and Migration of This Taxon". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 23 (2): 155–173. doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9311-z. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 254702519.
^Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior". Quaternary International. 126–128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011.
^ abWang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (4 May 2017). "A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1318284. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E8284W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 90593535.
^Göhlich, Ursula B. (2010). "The Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (southern Germany)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 84 (1): 163–204. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0053-1.
gomphotherium, confused, with, comphotherium, ɪər, nail, beast, double, straight, tusks, extinct, genus, gomphothere, proboscidean, from, neogene, eurasia, africa, north, america, genus, probably, paraphyletic, temporal, range, early, miocene, early, pliocene,. Not to be confused with Comphotherium Gomphotherium ˌ ɡ ɒ m f e ˈ 8 ɪer i em nail beast for its double set of straight tusks is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean from the Neogene of Eurasia Africa and North America 1 2 The genus is probably paraphyletic 3 4 GomphotheriumTemporal range Early Miocene Early Pliocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Specimen of Gomphotherium productum at the American Museum of Natural History Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Proboscidea Family Gomphotheriidae Genus GomphotheriumBurmeister 1837 Type species Gomphotherium angustidens Cuvier 1817 Species See text Synonyms TrilophodonFalconer and Cautley 1846 BunolophodonVacek 1877 TetrabelodonCope 1884 SerridentinusOsborn 1923 TrobelodonFrick 1933 OcalientinusFrick 1933 TatabelodonFrick 1933 Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Evolution 4 Taxonomy 4 1 Species 5 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp Skeletal restoration of G productum right and G steinheimense left compared to a human Most species of Gomphotherium were similar in size to the Asian elephant with G productum known from a 35 year old male measuring 2 51 m 8 ft 3 in tall and weighing 4 6 t 4 5 long tons 5 1 short tons The largest species G steinheimense known from a complete 37 year old male found in Muhldorf Germany measured up to 3 17 m 10 4 ft tall and weighed 6 7 t 6 6 long tons 7 4 short tons 5 Gomphotherium like most primitive elephantimorphs had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks 6 Species of Gomphotherium are defined by their conservative molar morphology which includes trilophed intermediate molars third molars with three to four loph id s and pretrite half loph id s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form trefoil patterned enamel loops with wear simple molar crowns with no accessory conules on the posttrite side of the crown 7 Ecology editMost species of Gomphotherium are inferred to have been browsers or mixed feeders but specimens of G steinheimense from China are suggested to have been grazers 3 Evolution edit nbsp Detail of Gomphotherium skeleton at the American Museum of Natural HistoryGomphotherium likely originated in Africa during the late Oligocene early Miocene The oldest remains of Gomphotherium are known from Africa dating to approximately 19 5 million years ago 8 Gomphotherium migrated into Eurasia across the Gomphotherium land bridge approximately 19 million years ago 9 Gomphotherium underwent rapid evolution after its arrival in Eurasia reaching its peak diversity during the Early Middle Miocene 9 Gomphotherium has been posited to be paraphyletic and the ancestor of later gomphothere genera including the tetralophodont gomphotheres such as Tetralophodon which are probably ancestral to stegodontids and elephantids 3 Gomphotherium first arrived in North America during the mid Miocene approximately 16 15 million years ago 10 and is suggested to be ancestral to later New World gomphothere genera such as Cuvieronius Stegomastodon and Rhynchotherium 11 Asian populations of Gomphotherium are suggested to have been ancestral to Sinomastodon 12 The last European species of Gomphotherium became extinct at the beginning of the Late Miocene around the start of MN9 approximately 10 million years ago 12 The last Gomphotherium species disappeared from North America at the beginning of the Pliocene approximately 5 million years ago 10 Taxonomy editThe following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Gomphotherium among other proboscideans based on hyoid characteristics 13 Mammut americanum American mastodon Gomphotherium sp Stegodon zdanskyi Loxodonta africana African elephant Elephas maximus Asian elephant Mammuthus columbi Columbian mammoth Species edit Over a dozen species of Gomphotherium are considered valid with over 30 junior synonyms proposed for these taxa 14 G hannibali Welcomme 1994 Europe Early Miocene G annectens Matsumoto 1925 Japan Early Miocene G cooperi Osborn 1932 Asia Early Miocene G sylvaticum Tassy 1985 Europe Early Miocene G libycum Fourtau 1918 Egypt Early Miocene G inopinatum Borissiak and Belyaeva 1928 China late Early Miocene Early middle Miocene G mongoliense Osborn 1924 Mongolia late Early Miocene Early middle Miocene G angustidens Cuvier 1817 type Europe Middle Miocene G subtapiroideum Schlesinger 1917 Europe Early Middle Miocene G tassyi Wang Li Duangkrayom Yang He amp Chen 2017 China Middle Miocene G browni Osborn 1926 Pakistan Middle Miocene G steinheimense Klahn 1922 Europe China Middle Late Miocene G productum Cope 1874 North America Middle Miocene Early Pliocene G pyrenaicum Lartet 1859 Europe Middle Miocene 15 Phylogeny after Wang et al 2017 14 Phiomia serridens Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi Gomphotherium sp Mwiti Gomphotherium hannibali Gomphotherium annectens Gomphotherium cooperi Gomphotherium sylvaticum Gomphotherium libycum Gomphotherium pygmaeus Gomphotherium inopinatum Gomphotherium mongoliense Gomphotherium angustidens s s Gomphotherium connexum Gomphotherium subtapiroideum Gomphotherium tassyi Gomphotherium wimani Gomphotherium browni Gomphotherium productum Gomphotherium steinheimense Outgroups G annectens group G angustidens group Derived Gomphotherium nbsp Gomphotherium angustidens nbsp Gomphotherium productum nbsp G angustidens by Charles R Knight nbsp G angustidens skeletonReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gomphotherium Wang Wei Liao Wei Li Dawei Tian Feng 1 July 2014 Early Pleistocene large mammal fauna associated with Gigantopithecus at Mohui Cave Bubing Basin South China Quaternary International 354 122 130 Bibcode 2014QuInt 354 122W doi 10 1016 j quaint 2014 06 036 ISSN 1040 6182 Palmer T S Merriam C H 1904 Index generum mammalium a list of the genera and families of mammals Government Printing Office Washington a b c Wu Yan Deng Tao Hu Yaowu Ma Jiao Zhou Xinying Mao Limi Zhang Hanwen Ye Jie Wang Shi Qi 16 May 2018 A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae Scientific Reports 8 1 7640 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 7640W doi 10 1038 s41598 018 25909 4 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5956065 PMID 29769581 Baleka Sina Varela Luciano Tambusso P Sebastian Paijmans Johanna L A Mothe Dimila Stafford Thomas W Farina Richard A Hofreiter Michael January 2022 Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA iScience 25 1 103559 Bibcode 2022iSci 25j3559B doi 10 1016 j isci 2021 103559 PMC 8693454 PMID 34988402 Larramendi A 2016 Shoulder height body mass and shape of proboscideans PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 doi 10 4202 app 00136 2014 S2CID 2092950 Mothe Dimila Ferretti Marco P Avilla Leonardo S 12 January 2016 Beatty Brian Lee ed The Dance of Tusks Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha PLOS ONE 11 1 e0147009 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1147009M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0147009 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4710528 PMID 26756209 Sanders William J 7 July 2023 Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 1 ed Boca Raton CRC Press p 94 doi 10 1201 b20016 ISBN 978 1 315 11891 8 Wang Shi Qi Li Yu Duangkrayom Jaroon Yang Xiang Wen He Wen Chen Shan Qin 4 May 2017 A new species of Gomphotherium Proboscidea Mammalia from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 3 e1318284 Bibcode 2017JVPal 37E8284W doi 10 1080 02724634 2017 1318284 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 90593535 a b Li Chunxiao Wang Shi Qi Yang Qing 26 May 2022 Discovery of a primitive Gomphotherium from the Early Miocene of northern China and its biochronology and palaeobiogeography significance Historical Biology 1 9 doi 10 1080 08912963 2022 2077106 ISSN 0891 2963 S2CID 249145789 a b MacFadden Bruce J Morgan Gary S Jones Douglas S Rincon Aldo F March 2015 Gomphothere proboscidean Gomphotherium from the late Neogene of Panama Journal of Paleontology 89 2 360 365 Bibcode 2015JPal 89 360M doi 10 1017 jpa 2014 31 ISSN 0022 3360 S2CID 52093950 Spencer LG 2022 The last North American gomphotheres N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci 88 45 58 a b Wang Shi Qi Ji Xue Ping Jablonski Nina G Su Denise F Ge Jun Yi Ding Chang Fen Yu Teng Song Li Wen Qi Duangkrayom Jaroon June 2016 The Oldest Cranium of Sinomastodon Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae Discovered in the Uppermost Miocene of Southwestern China Implications for the Origin and Migration of This Taxon Journal of Mammalian Evolution 23 2 155 173 doi 10 1007 s10914 015 9311 z ISSN 1064 7554 S2CID 254702519 Shoshani J Tassy P 2005 Advances in proboscidean taxonomy amp classification anatomy amp physiology and ecology amp behavior Quaternary International 126 128 5 20 Bibcode 2005QuInt 126 5S doi 10 1016 j quaint 2004 04 011 a b Wang Shi Qi Li Yu Duangkrayom Jaroon Yang Xiang Wen He Wen Chen Shan Qin 4 May 2017 A new species of Gomphotherium Proboscidea Mammalia from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 3 e1318284 Bibcode 2017JVPal 37E8284W doi 10 1080 02724634 2017 1318284 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 90593535 Gohlich Ursula B 2010 The Proboscidea Mammalia from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen southern Germany Palaontologische Zeitschrift 84 1 163 204 doi 10 1007 s12542 010 0053 1 nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gomphotherium amp oldid 1211552730, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
