Those who themselves practise the five-fold observances in regard to faith (darśanācāra), knowledge (jñānācāra), power (vīryācāra), conduct (cāritrācāra), and austerities (tapācāra), and guide disciples to follow these observances, are the Chief Preceptors (Ācāryas), worthy of meditation.” (52)
The external austerities (bāhya tapas) are fasting (anaśana), reduced diet (avamaudarya), special restrictions for begging food (vrttiparisamkhyāna), giving up stimulating and delicious dishes (rasaparityāga), lonely habitation (viviktaśayyāsana), and mortification of the body (kāyakleśa).[5]
Internal austerities
Expiation (prāyaścitta), reverence (vinaya), service (vaiyāvrttya), study (svādhyāya), renunciation (vyutsarga), and meditation (dhyāna) are the internal austerities (antarañg tapas).
How are these internal? These are internal as the mind is restrained or subdued in these cases. The removal of sins committed by negligence or under the influence of passions is expiation. Reverence to the holy personages is ‘vinaya’. Service is the help rendered to the saints in difficulty by bodily activity or with things. Contemplation of knowledge or giving up sloth or idleness is study. The giving up of the attitude of ‘I’ and ‘mine’ is renunciation. Checking the ramblings of the mind is meditation.[6]
Five kinds of observancesEdit
Five kinds of observances in regard to faith, knowledge, conduct, austerities, and power. These are:[7]
Darśanācāra- Believing that the pure Self is the only object belonging to the self and all other objects, including the karmic matter (dravya karma and no-karma) are alien; further, believing in the six substances (dravyas), seven Realities (tattvas) and veneration of Jina, Teachers, and the Scripture, is the observance in regard to faith (darśanā).
Jñānācāra- Reckoning that the pure Self has no delusion, is distinct from attachment and aversion, knowledge itself, and sticking to this notion always is the observance in regard to knowledge (jñānā).
Cāritrācāra- Being free from attachment etc. is right conduct which gets obstructed by passions. In view of this, getting always engrossed in the pure Self, free from all corrupting dispositions, is the observance in regard to conduct (cāritrā).
Tapācāra- Performance of different kinds of austerities is essential to spiritual advancement. Performance of penances with due control of senses and desires constitutes the observance in regard to austerities (tapā).
Vīryācāra- Carrying out the above mentioned four observances with full vigour and intensity, without digression and concealment of true strength, constitutes the observance in regard to power (vīryā).
Six essential dutiesEdit
Six essential duties (Şadāvaśyaka) of the Ācārya are:[8]
samatā (sāmāyika) – Equanimity; the state of being without inclination or aversion towards birth or death, gain or loss, glee or pain, friend or foe, etc.
vandanā – Adoration, salutation; of particular Tīrthañkara, or Supreme Being (Parameşthī).
stavan – Worshipping; making obeisance to the twenty-four Tīrthañkaras or the five Supreme Beings (Pañca Parameşthī).
pratikramaṇa – Self-censure, repentance; to drive oneself away from the multitude of karmas, virtuous or wicked, done in the past.
kāyotsarga – Non-attachment to the body; contemplating on the pure Self, thereby disregarding the body.
svādhyāya – Contemplation of knowledge; study of the Scripture, teaching, questioning, reflection, reciting, and preaching.
^Christopher Patrick Miller; Jeffery D. Long; Michael Reading (15 December 2019). Beacons of Dharma: Spiritual Exemplars for the Modern Age. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 7, 10–. ISBN978-1-4985-6485-4.
^Jain, Vijay K. (2011). Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra. Vikalp Printers. p. 133-134. ISBN978-81-903639-2-1. Non-Copyright
Jain, Vijay K. (2013), Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha, Vikalp Printers, ISBN9788190363952 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jain, S. A. (1992), Reality (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
October 15, 2023
acharya, jainism, Āchārya, Ācārya, means, head, order, ascetics, some, famous, achāryas, bhadrabahu, kundakunda, samantabhadra, umaswami, sthulibhadra, image, Āchārya, kundakunda, author, pancastikayasara, niyamasara, digambara, jainism, Āchārya, thirty, prima. Acharya Acarya means the Head of an order of ascetics Some of the famous acharyas are Bhadrabahu Kundakunda Samantabhadra Umaswami Sthulibhadra Image of Acharya Kundakunda author of Pancastikayasara Niyamasara In Digambara Jainism Acharya has thirty six primary attributes mula guṇa consisting in 1 Twelve kinds of austerities tapas Ten virtues dasa lakṣaṇa dharma Five kinds of observances in regard to faith knowledge conduct austerities and power Six essential duties Ṣadavasyaka and Gupti Controlling the threefold activity of 2 the body the organ of speech and the mind According to the Jain text Dravyasamgraha Those who themselves practise the five fold observances in regard to faith darsanacara knowledge jnanacara power viryacara conduct caritracara and austerities tapacara and guide disciples to follow these observances are the Chief Preceptors Acaryas worthy of meditation 52 Dravyasamgraha 52 3 Chandanaji became the first Jain woman to receive the title of Acharya in 1987 4 Contents 1 Mula Guṇa 1 1 Twelve kinds of austerities tapas 1 2 Five kinds of observances 1 3 Six essential duties 2 See also 3 Notes 4 ReferencesMula Guṇa EditTwelve kinds of austerities tapas Edit External austeritiesThe external austerities bahya tapas are fasting anasana reduced diet avamaudarya special restrictions for begging food vrttiparisamkhyana giving up stimulating and delicious dishes rasaparityaga lonely habitation viviktasayyasana and mortification of the body kayaklesa 5 Internal austeritiesExpiation prayascitta reverence vinaya service vaiyavrttya study svadhyaya renunciation vyutsarga and meditation dhyana are the internal austerities antarang tapas Acharya Pujyapada s Sarvarthasiddhi How are these internal These are internal as the mind is restrained or subdued in these cases The removal of sins committed by negligence or under the influence of passions is expiation Reverence to the holy personages is vinaya Service is the help rendered to the saints in difficulty by bodily activity or with things Contemplation of knowledge or giving up sloth or idleness is study The giving up of the attitude of I and mine is renunciation Checking the ramblings of the mind is meditation 6 Five kinds of observances Edit Five kinds of observances in regard to faith knowledge conduct austerities and power These are 7 Darsanacara Believing that the pure Self is the only object belonging to the self and all other objects including the karmic matter dravya karma and no karma are alien further believing in the six substances dravyas seven Realities tattvas and veneration of Jina Teachers and the Scripture is the observance in regard to faith darsana Jnanacara Reckoning that the pure Self has no delusion is distinct from attachment and aversion knowledge itself and sticking to this notion always is the observance in regard to knowledge jnana Caritracara Being free from attachment etc is right conduct which gets obstructed by passions In view of this getting always engrossed in the pure Self free from all corrupting dispositions is the observance in regard to conduct caritra Tapacara Performance of different kinds of austerities is essential to spiritual advancement Performance of penances with due control of senses and desires constitutes the observance in regard to austerities tapa Viryacara Carrying out the above mentioned four observances with full vigour and intensity without digression and concealment of true strength constitutes the observance in regard to power virya Six essential duties Edit Six essential duties Sadavasyaka of the Acarya are 8 samata samayika Equanimity the state of being without inclination or aversion towards birth or death gain or loss glee or pain friend or foe etc vandana Adoration salutation of particular Tirthankara or Supreme Being Paramesthi stavan Worshipping making obeisance to the twenty four Tirthankaras or the five Supreme Beings Panca Paramesthi pratikramaṇa Self censure repentance to drive oneself away from the multitude of karmas virtuous or wicked done in the past kayotsarga Non attachment to the body contemplating on the pure Self thereby disregarding the body svadhyaya Contemplation of knowledge study of the Scripture teaching questioning reflection reciting and preaching See also EditDigambara monk Tapas Indian religions Notes Edit Jain 2013 p 189 191 Jain 2013 p 125 Jain 2013 p 189 Christopher Patrick Miller Jeffery D Long Michael Reading 15 December 2019 Beacons of Dharma Spiritual Exemplars for the Modern Age Rowman amp Littlefield pp 7 10 ISBN 978 1 4985 6485 4 Jain Vijay K 2011 Acharya Umasvami s Tattvarthsutra Vikalp Printers p 133 134 ISBN 978 81 903639 2 1 Non Copyright Jain 1992 p 263 Jain 2013 p 190 Jain 2013 p 190 191 References EditJain Vijay K 2013 Acarya Nemichandra s Dravyasaṃgraha Vikalp Printers ISBN 9788190363952 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Jain S A 1992 Reality Second ed Jwalamalini Trust nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acharya Jainism amp oldid 1107521786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
