Tapanoeli Residency (Dutch: Residentie Tapanoeli) was an administrative subdivision of the Dutch East Indies with its capital in Sibolga. It was located in northern Sumatra and existed in various forms from 1844 until the end of Dutch rule in 1942.[1] The area it encompassed at various times corresponds to most of the western coast of the current day Indonesian province of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh, including much of the traditional heartland of Batak people (called in their language Tano Batak).[2]Lake Toba, a historically important crater lake, was also within the borders of the Residency.
The land that became Tapanoeli Residency had been previously essentially independent.[3] The Dutch East India Company as well as the British started to establish posts along the Western coast of Sumatra during that time; the British even established a fort at Tapanuli in 1752.[3] The Dutch expanded into Sumatra more aggressively into the 1820s and 1830s; the region that became Tapanoeli Residency had little contact with Westerners before that time, except in some coastal areas.[2] They initially established Tapanoeli as part of Ajer Bangis Residency before separating it into its residency under the Gouvernment Sumatra's Westkust in 1844.[2] The Residency was named after a village near Sibolga Bay; its name derived from the Batak languages meaning essentially a pleasant seaside village.[1] Despite the fact that they had established the Residency on paper, the Dutch had little presence or influence in the interior of the region until the 1860s.[4]
Fort Tapanoeli, early 19th century
It remained sparsely populated in the 1850s, due to the mountainous terrain; one estimate put the population in 1852 at roughly 75,000 "Sumatrans" (including Malays and Bataks), under 70 Europeans, roughly 250 Chinese and 350 Javanese, but more than 7,000 slaves.[5] That estimate may be too low, as another puts the 1840 population of Tapanoeli Residency at around 350,000 in total.[6] Its economy at that time was based mainly on the small-scale extraction of resources using traditional methods, including frankincense, resin, camphor, gambier, coconut oil, rattan, gold ore, as well as the farming of cattle, goats, and so on.[7][8] Coffee cultivation was introduced to the Bataks on government initiative in the 1840s, and it gradually became a centre of cultivation and export.[9] The Dutch also allowed German missionaries to set up missions in the Residency.[2][4]
As plantation industries were developed in Sumatra in the late nineteenth century, the demographics of Tapanoeli changed as Javanese and Chinese workers were imported as labour.[6] The borders of the Residency were revised several times in the early twentieth century; in 1902 and 1904 Trumon and Singkil were transferred to Atjeh and Dependencies Residency, and in 1908 a number of formerly independent Batak districts were added to Tapanoeli, including Samosir.[1] At around the same time those adjustments were made, the first complete European map of Tapanoeli was released as well.[10] It gained the status of a full Residency in 1906, reporting directly to Batavia; Sumatra's West Coast, which it had formerly reported to, was demoted to the status of a residency.[1][2] There was not much large-scale economic development on behalf of the Dutch until after 1908, when the area was opened up to European exploitation; after that, a number of rubber, coffee, and other plantations were built.[1]
As a densely forested, mountainous area Tapanoeli struggled regularly with Malaria outbreaks in the early twentieth century.[1]
After 1918, the Residency was subdivided into 4 subdivisions:
Sibolga en Omstreken, including the capital Sibolga and surrounding regions;
In 1938, Tapanoeli and all other residencies on the island of Sumatra were reorganized under a new regional Gouvernement of Sumatra, whose capital was in Medan. However, with the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies starting in 1942, Tapanoeli Residency ceased to exist. During the Indonesian National Revolution, the region was very contested and fell under the rule of various warlords; it was only after April 1948 that the Republic of Indonesia started to assert its control and included the area of Tapanuli in the newly created province of North Sumatra.[11]
List of residentsedit
L. A. Gallé (as Assistant Resident, 1843–1844)
A. van der Hart (1844–1848)
P.H.A.B. van Hengst (1848–1850)
W. Kocken (1850–1851)
P.T. Couperus (1851–1853)
F.H.J. Netscher (1853–1855)
J. Blok (1855–1858)
J. van der Linden (1858–1860)
C.H. Palm (1860–1862)
H.A. Steijn Parvé (1862–1864)
J.K. de Wit (1864–1865)
C.C.L. van Coeverden (1865–1869)
H.D. Canne (1869–1874)
S. Stibbe (1874–19 maart 1876)
J.C. Boyle (19 maart 1876–1881)
D.F. van Braam Morris (1881–1882)
C.F.E. Praetorius (1882–1887)
A.W.P. Verkerk Pistorius (1887–1888)
A.L. van Hasselt (1888–1893)
P.J. Kooreman (1893–1894)
E.A.T. Weber (1894–1895)
W.C. Hoogkamer (1895–1898)
L.C. Welsink (1898–1908)
C.J. Westenberg (1908–1911)
J.P.J. Barth (1911–1915)
F.C. Vorstman (1915–1921)
W.K.H. Ypes (1921–16 juli 1925)
P.C. Arends (1925–12 juni 1926)
H.Ch. Gooszen (1926–1929)
U. Fagginger Auer (1929–1933)
J.W.Th. Heringa (1933–1936)
V.E. Korn (1936–1939)
J.N. van der Reyden (1939–1942)
Referencesedit
^ abcdefStibbe, D. G., ed. (1921). Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië . - Vierde Deel (in Dutch). Nijhoff: Brill. pp. 273–7.
^ abcdeAritonang, Jan S. (1994). Mission schools in Batakland (Indonesia), 1861-1940. Leiden. pp. 2–6. ISBN9789004319912.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abCribb, R. B. (2000). Historical atlas of Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 80–5. ISBN0-8248-2111-4.
^ abAritonang, Jan S. (1994). Mission schools in Batakland (Indonesia), 1861-1940. Leiden. pp. 111–2. ISBN9789004319912.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Couperus, Petrus Theodorus (1852). De residentie Tapanoeli (Sumatra's Westkust) in 1852 (in Dutch). p. 19.
^ abReid, Anthony (2005). An Indonesian frontier : Acehnese and other histories of Sumatra. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 55. ISBN9789971692988.
^History of Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. Gramedia. 2014. pp. 291–2. ISBN9782910513702.
^Couperus, Petrus Theodorus (1852). De residentie Tapanoeli (Sumatra's Westkust) in 1852 (in Dutch). pp. 33–41.
^Dobbin, Christine (2017). "Chapter VII: Epilogue". Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy : central sumatra, 1784-1847. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781315398167.
^Kent, Alexander James, ed. (2020). Mapping empires : colonial cartographies of land and sea : 7th International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography, 2018. Springer International. p. 41. ISBN9783030234478.
^Cribb, R. B. (2000). Historical atlas of Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 158. ISBN0-8248-2111-4.
April 12, 2024
tapanoeli, residency, dutch, residentie, tapanoeli, administrative, subdivision, dutch, east, indies, with, capital, sibolga, located, northern, sumatra, existed, various, forms, from, 1844, until, dutch, rule, 1942, area, encompassed, various, times, correspo. Tapanoeli Residency Dutch Residentie Tapanoeli was an administrative subdivision of the Dutch East Indies with its capital in Sibolga It was located in northern Sumatra and existed in various forms from 1844 until the end of Dutch rule in 1942 1 The area it encompassed at various times corresponds to most of the western coast of the current day Indonesian province of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh including much of the traditional heartland of Batak people called in their language Tano Batak 2 Lake Toba a historically important crater lake was also within the borders of the Residency Tapanoeli ResidencyResidentie TapanoeliResidency of Dutch East Indies1844 1942Malay language map of Tapanoeli Residency 1909 CapitalSibolgaHistory Established1844 Disestablished1942Today part ofTapanuliHistory edit nbsp View of Tapanoeli at Sibolga Bay 1860sThe land that became Tapanoeli Residency had been previously essentially independent 3 The Dutch East India Company as well as the British started to establish posts along the Western coast of Sumatra during that time the British even established a fort at Tapanuli in 1752 3 The Dutch expanded into Sumatra more aggressively into the 1820s and 1830s the region that became Tapanoeli Residency had little contact with Westerners before that time except in some coastal areas 2 They initially established Tapanoeli as part of Ajer Bangis Residency before separating it into its residency under the Gouvernment Sumatra s Westkust in 1844 2 The Residency was named after a village near Sibolga Bay its name derived from the Batak languages meaning essentially a pleasant seaside village 1 Despite the fact that they had established the Residency on paper the Dutch had little presence or influence in the interior of the region until the 1860s 4 nbsp Fort Tapanoeli early 19th centuryIt remained sparsely populated in the 1850s due to the mountainous terrain one estimate put the population in 1852 at roughly 75 000 Sumatrans including Malays and Bataks under 70 Europeans roughly 250 Chinese and 350 Javanese but more than 7 000 slaves 5 That estimate may be too low as another puts the 1840 population of Tapanoeli Residency at around 350 000 in total 6 Its economy at that time was based mainly on the small scale extraction of resources using traditional methods including frankincense resin camphor gambier coconut oil rattan gold ore as well as the farming of cattle goats and so on 7 8 Coffee cultivation was introduced to the Bataks on government initiative in the 1840s and it gradually became a centre of cultivation and export 9 The Dutch also allowed German missionaries to set up missions in the Residency 2 4 As plantation industries were developed in Sumatra in the late nineteenth century the demographics of Tapanoeli changed as Javanese and Chinese workers were imported as labour 6 The borders of the Residency were revised several times in the early twentieth century in 1902 and 1904 Trumon and Singkil were transferred to Atjeh and Dependencies Residency and in 1908 a number of formerly independent Batak districts were added to Tapanoeli including Samosir 1 At around the same time those adjustments were made the first complete European map of Tapanoeli was released as well 10 It gained the status of a full Residency in 1906 reporting directly to Batavia Sumatra s West Coast which it had formerly reported to was demoted to the status of a residency 1 2 There was not much large scale economic development on behalf of the Dutch until after 1908 when the area was opened up to European exploitation after that a number of rubber coffee and other plantations were built 1 As a densely forested mountainous area Tapanoeli struggled regularly with Malaria outbreaks in the early twentieth century 1 After 1918 the Residency was subdivided into 4 subdivisions Sibolga en Omstreken including the capital Sibolga and surrounding regions Nias en omliggend eiland including Nias Island Bataklanden including Tarutung Samosir and much of the Toba Batak territory Padang Sidempoean centered on the city PadangsidempuanIn 1938 Tapanoeli and all other residencies on the island of Sumatra were reorganized under a new regional Gouvernement of Sumatra whose capital was in Medan However with the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies starting in 1942 Tapanoeli Residency ceased to exist During the Indonesian National Revolution the region was very contested and fell under the rule of various warlords it was only after April 1948 that the Republic of Indonesia started to assert its control and included the area of Tapanuli in the newly created province of North Sumatra 11 List of residents editL A Galle as Assistant Resident 1843 1844 A van der Hart 1844 1848 P H A B van Hengst 1848 1850 W Kocken 1850 1851 P T Couperus 1851 1853 F H J Netscher 1853 1855 J Blok 1855 1858 J van der Linden 1858 1860 C H Palm 1860 1862 H A Steijn Parve 1862 1864 J K de Wit 1864 1865 C C L van Coeverden 1865 1869 H D Canne 1869 1874 S Stibbe 1874 19 maart 1876 J C Boyle 19 maart 1876 1881 D F van Braam Morris 1881 1882 C F E Praetorius 1882 1887 A W P Verkerk Pistorius 1887 1888 A L van Hasselt 1888 1893 P J Kooreman 1893 1894 E A T Weber 1894 1895 W C Hoogkamer 1895 1898 L C Welsink 1898 1908 C J Westenberg 1908 1911 J P J Barth 1911 1915 F C Vorstman 1915 1921 W K H Ypes 1921 16 juli 1925 P C Arends 1925 12 juni 1926 H Ch Gooszen 1926 1929 U Fagginger Auer 1929 1933 J W Th Heringa 1933 1936 V E Korn 1936 1939 J N van der Reyden 1939 1942 References edit a b c d e f Stibbe D G ed 1921 Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Indie Vierde Deel in Dutch Nijhoff Brill pp 273 7 a b c d e Aritonang Jan S 1994 Mission schools in Batakland Indonesia 1861 1940 Leiden pp 2 6 ISBN 9789004319912 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Cribb R B 2000 Historical atlas of Indonesia Honolulu University of Hawai i Press pp 80 5 ISBN 0 8248 2111 4 a b Aritonang Jan S 1994 Mission schools in Batakland Indonesia 1861 1940 Leiden pp 111 2 ISBN 9789004319912 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Couperus Petrus Theodorus 1852 De residentie Tapanoeli Sumatra s Westkust in 1852 in Dutch p 19 a b Reid Anthony 2005 An Indonesian frontier Acehnese and other histories of Sumatra Singapore Singapore University Press p 55 ISBN 9789971692988 History of Padang Lawas North Sumatra Gramedia 2014 pp 291 2 ISBN 9782910513702 Couperus Petrus Theodorus 1852 De residentie Tapanoeli Sumatra s Westkust in 1852 in Dutch pp 33 41 Dobbin Christine 2017 Chapter VII Epilogue Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy central sumatra 1784 1847 Abingdon Oxon Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781315398167 Kent Alexander James ed 2020 Mapping empires colonial cartographies of land and sea 7th International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography 2018 Springer International p 41 ISBN 9783030234478 Cribb R B 2000 Historical atlas of Indonesia Honolulu University of Hawai i Press p 158 ISBN 0 8248 2111 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tapanoeli Residency amp oldid 1192052051, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
