Ricardo Bofill
Ricardo Bofill Leví (Catalan: [riˈkaɾðu buˈfiʎ ləˈβi]; 5 December 1939 – 14 January 2022) was a Spanish architect from Barcelona, Spain. He founded Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura in 1963 and developed it into a leading international architectural and urban design practice. According to architectural historian Andrew Ayers, his creations rank "among the most impressive buildings of the 20th century."[1]
Ricardo Bofill Leví | |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 December 1939 |
| Died | 14 January 2022 (aged 82) Barcelona, Spain |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse | Serena Vergano (divorced) |
| Partner | Marta de Vilallonga |
| Practice | Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura |
| Projects | |
Early life and education edit
Born in late 1939, just after the end of the Spanish Civil War, Ricardo Bofill grew up in a well-to-do family with deep Catalan and Barcelonese roots. His grandfather Josep Maria Bofill i Pichot (1860-1938) had been involved in prominent local institutions such as the Institute for Catalan Studies, the Catalan Institute of Natural History, and the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona. His father Emilio Bofill (1907-2000) was an architect, builder, and developer who studied at Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona, Catalonia's oldest professional architecture school. Ricardo Bofill would later describe him as "republican, liberal, progressive, austere and logical."[2] Ricardo's mother, Maria Levi (1909-1991), was an Italian of Jewish descent born in Venice, who became a prominent sponsor of Catalan literature and culture in post-war Barcelona.[3] His sister Anna Bofill Leví is an architect, composer, pianist, and author.
Bofill went to school at the Escola Virtèlia from 1942,[4] the Catholic Escuela Andersen in Barcelona from 1949, then at the Lycée français de Barcelone in the 1950s.[5]: 249 He spent much of his youth traveling, first with his family and later on his own, and developed a passion for vernacular architecture.[6] In 1957 he enrolled at the Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona, where he engaged in student activism with the unauthorized Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia, and was soon arrested in a demonstration and expelled from the university and from Spain. He moved to Switzerland and enrolled at the Haute École d'art et de design Genève in 1958, which he left in 1960 to return to Spain. His first architecture design was a summer home in Ibiza, completed in 1960.[7] In 1961-1962 he went into Spanish military service for nine months.[5]: 250 He was again arrested and briefly incarcerated on political grounds in Barcelona in 1964.[5]: 252
Taller de Arquitectura edit
In 1963, Bofill and a group of close friends created Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (Ricardo Bofill Architecture Workshop), initially hosted in his father's construction business with offices on Plaça de Catalunya in the center of Barcelona. Building on Catalan traditions of craftsmanship, he enlisted architects and engineers but also writers and artists into a multidisciplinary effort, which later branched into urban design and urban planning. The team experimented on original methodologies based on three-dimensional modular geometries, such as those of the Gaudi District in Reus (1964-1970), El Castillo de Kafka in Sant Pere de Ribes above Sitges (1964-1968), Xanadu (1966-1971), and La Muralla Roja (1968-1973) in Calp.[8] The same thinking was developed on a larger scale with the project La Ciudad en el Espacio ("The City in Space"), whose construction started in the Moratalaz area of Madrid in 1970 but was abruptly stopped by Francoist mayor Carlos Arias Navarro.[9] It was instead realized with the construction of Walden 7 in Sant Just Desvern near Barcelona (1970-1975). These projects were recognized as exemplars of critical regionalism and can be viewed as a reaction against both architectural modernism and the Francoist dictatorship in Spain.
Bofill then started working in France, and gradually introduced symbolic elements into the Taller's designs that echo French traditions of classical architecture. In 1971, he was invited by Bernard Hirsch, a key planner of the Cergy-Pontoise urban project, to develop a design concept analogous to that of the Barrio Gaudí in Reus.[5]: 111 This morphed into a project named La Petite Cathédrale ("the small cathedral")[10] but actually intended as a large-scale development, which was approved in 1973 but canceled in 1974.[5]: 255–256 Another major development was a competition-winning concept for Les Halles in Paris in 1975, whose construction subsequently started but was reversed in 1978 by the newly elected mayor Jacques Chirac.[11] Other projects did come to fruition in the villes nouvelles around Paris which offered a favorable environment for large-scale experimentation, including Les Espaces d'Abraxas in Marne-la-Vallée and Les Arcades du Lac in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. This phase culminated in the expansive Antigone new district of Montpellier in Southern France, for which Bofill presented the initial master plan in 1978.[12] It is associated with both large-scale industrialization in precast concrete and classical forms and geometries in contemporary architecture, which Bofill called "modern classicism". As a consequence, Bofill opus is often cited as that one of the most representative and signififant postmodern architects to have lived and created in Europe.[13][14]
From the mid-1980s on, he increasingly shifted to glass and steel for the materials used in his projects, while still using a classical vocabulary of columns and pediments. Representative projects of that period include the 77 West Wacker Drive office tower in Chicago, the extension of Barcelona Airport ahead of the 1992 Summer Olympics, and the National Theater of Catalonia, also in Barcelona.
In 2000, Bofill re-centralized the activities of the Taller at its head office near Barcelona. His designs in more recent years gradually shed his classical decorative vocabulary of the 1980s and 1990s, while retaining a highly formal sense of geometry. Representative buildings of this more recent period include the W Barcelona Hotel on the Barcelona seafront and the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University in Ben Guerir, Morocco.
Personal life and death edit
Bofill met Italian actress Serena Vergano in 1962;[5]: 250 ; their son Ricardo Emilio Bofill was born in 1965. Bofill and French visual artist Annabelle d'Huart had another son, Pablo Bofill, born in 1980.[15] Both sons eventually worked with their father at Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura, and are co-leading the firm as of January 2022.[16] From the 1990s, Bofill lived in Barcelona together with Catalan designer Marta de Vilallonga.[15] In October 2021, he was named in the Pandora Papers.[17]
He died from complications linked to COVID-19 in Barcelona on 14 January 2022, at the age of 82.[18][19]
Selected works edit
Urban design edit
- Large-scale master plans for Boston Central Artery (1987), Kobe waterfront (1991), Nansha District in Guangdong (1992), Barcelona Diagonal Mar (1992), Paseo de la Castellana extension in Madrid (1996/1999), Trinity Riverfront in Dallas (2013), Greater Moscow (2013)
- Antigone district in Montpellier, developed from 1979 with many buildings also designed by Bofill and his Taller
- Master plan for the redevelopment of the Kirchberg district in Luxembourg City (1998), including the creation of the urban square Place de l'Europe and the twin towers of La Porte designed by the Taller
- Urban neighborhoods in Reus (Barrio Gaudí, 1970), Marne-la-Vallée (Les Espaces d'Abraxas, 1982), Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Les Arcades du Lac, 1982), Cergy-Pontoise (Le Belvédère Saint-Christophe, 1985), Stockholm (På Söder Crescent, 1992), The Hague (Burgemeester De Monchyplein, 2004)
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University campus in Ben Guerir, Morocco (2011/2016)
Buildings edit
- La Fábrica, headquarters of Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura and residence for Bofill and his family (1975)
- Early housing complexes in Spain based on geometrical pattern combinations: El Castillo de Kafka (1968), Xanadu (1971), La Muralla Roja (1973), Walden 7 (1975)
- Les Échelles du Baroque apartment building in Paris (1985)
- 77 West Wacker Drive office tower in Chicago (1992)
- Madrid Congress Center (1993)
- National Theater of Catalonia in Barcelona (1997)
- Casablanca Twin Center in Casablanca, Morocco (1999)
- Miguel Delibes Cultural Center in Valladolid, Spain (2007)
- W Hotel on the Barcelona waterfront (2009)
- Terminal 2 (1992) and Terminal 1 (2009) of Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport
Writing edit
- Ricardo Bofill, Hacia una Formalización de la Ciudad en el Espacio, Barcelona: Blume Editorial, 1968
- Ricardo Bofill,, L’Architecture d’un Homme (with François Hébert-Stevens), Paris: Arthaud, 1978
- Ricardo Bofill and Jean-Louis André, Espaces d’une vie, Paris: Odile Jacob, 1989 (Translated into Spanish as Espacio y Vida, 1990, and in Italian as Spazi di una vita, 1996)
- Ricardo Bofill and Nicolas Véron, L’Architecture des villes, Paris: Odile Jacob, 1995
Filming edit
- Circles, 1966. Color, 35 mm, 17 minutes. Directed by Ricardo Bofill and Carles Durán. Actors: Serena Vergano, Salvador Clotas. Phography: Juan Amorós. Presented at Festival de Tours, France, 1968
- Schizo, 1969-1970. Color, 35 mm, 60 minutes. Directed by Ricardo Bofill, Carles Durán and Manolo Núñez Yanosvski. Actors: Serena Vergano, Modesto Bertrán. Phography: Juan Amorós. Choreography: Antonio Miralles. Presented at 48 Mostra Cinematografica Internazionale di Venezia, Sala Volpi, 1991.
Recognition edit
In a noted study of France's evolving social structures and landscapes published in 2021,[20] political scientist Jérôme Fourquet and journalist Jean-Laurent Cassely wrote that "the monumental projects designed by Spanish architect Ricardo-Bofill in Noisy-le-Grand (Les Espaces d'Abraxas), in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Les Arcades du Lac) and in Montpellier (the Antigone neighborhood) are basically the architectural signature of the 1980s" in the country.[21]
Exhibitions edit
Bofill and his Taller de Arquitectura were featured in three exhibitions of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City: "Transformations in Modern Architecture" (1979), "Ricardo Bofill and Leon Krier: Architecture, Urbanism, and History" (1985), and "Architecture & Design Drawings: Rotation 3" (2006).[22] They were also featured at the Venice Biennale in 1980, 1982, and 1992.
Degrees and awards edit
- 1968: Fritz Schumacher Honoris Causa Degree, University of Hamburg
- 1978: American Society of Interior Designers, International Prize
- 1979: Architecte Agréé, Ordre des Architectes (France)
- 1980: Prize of Architecture of the City of Barcelona, for the renovation of the cement factory in Sant Just Desvern
- 1985: Honorary Fellow, American Institute of Architects
- 1989: Ordre des Architectes Conseils du Brabant, Belgium
- 1989: Chicago Architecture Award, Illinois Council / American Institute of Architects / Architectural Record
- 1989: Académie Internationale de Philosophie de l´Art, Bern, Switzerland
- 1995: Doctor Honoris Causa, Metz University
- 1996: Honorary Fellow of the Association of German Architects
- 2009: Life Time Achievement Award, Israeli Building Center
- 2009: Vittorio de Sica Architecture Prize, Quirinal, Rome
- 2021: Doctor Honoris Causa, Polytechnic University of Catalonia[23]
Honors edit
- 1984: Officer of l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France
- 1993: Creu de Sant Jordi, Catalonia
Influence edit
Several architects who worked with Bofill went on to create significant architecture firms of their own, notably Manuel Núñez Yanowsky in 1978, Nabil Gholam in 1994, and Philippe Chiambaretta in 2000. Bjarke Ingels has acknowledged the seminal influence of Bofill's early work such as La Fábrica and Walden 7 on his own vision of what creativity could achieve in architecture.[24]
Gallery edit
This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. |
- Carrer Bach 28, Barcelona (1963)
- Carrer Nicaragua 97–99, Barcelona (1965)
- Barri Gaudí, Reus, Catalonia (1970)
- Apartaments El Castell, Sant Pere de Ribes
- Walden 7, Sant Just Desvern (1974)
- Walden 7, Sant Just Desvern (1974)
- Sanctuary of Meritxell, Andorra (1977)
- Taller de Arquitectura, Sant Just Desvern (1970s)
- Place du Nombre d'Or, Montpellier (1984)
- Esplanade de l'Europe, Montpellier (1980s)
- Les Échelles de la Ville, Montpellier (1987)
- Communauté d'Agglomération, Montpellier (1991)
- Pa Soder Crescent, Stockholm (1992)
- United Arrows Building, Tokyo (1992)
- 77 West Wacker Drive, Chicago (1992)
- Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, Barcelona (1996)
- Apot Building, Madrid
- Olympic Swimming Pool, Montpellier (1999)
- Nexus II building, UPC Campus Nord, Barcelona (2002)
- Citadel Center, Chicago (2003)
- W Hotel Barcelona (2009)
- W Hotel
- Hotel W and Quatre Barres monument
- Barcelona Airport, Terminal 1 (2010)
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See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ Andrew Ayers (December 2020), "Ricardo Bofill, A l'échelle de l'histoire", L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui
- ^ "Architecture". Villa Tupinetti.
- ^ "Emili Bofill i Benessat (España, 1907-2000)". El Poder De La Palabra.
- ^ Mireia Rom (9 December 2019). . El Crític. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Ricardo Bofill; François Hébert-Stevens (1978). L'Architecture d'un Homme. Paris: Arthaud.
- ^ Sofia Borges (2013). Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura: Towards a Human Vernacular. Berlin.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Serena Vergano, ed. (2009). Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura: Architecture in the era of local culture and international experience. RBTA. p. 30.
- ^ Pedro Alberto García Hernández (2013). La Agregación Modular Como Mecanismo Proyectual Residencial en España: El Taller de Arquitectura. Escola Técnica i Superior d'Arquitectura La Salle - Universitat Ramon Llull (Ph.D. Thesis).
- ^ Montserrat Villaverde Rey; Anna Martínez Duran (30 November 2020). . Bitácora Arquitectura. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ "La Petite Cathédrale". Hidden Architecture. 27 February 2017.
- ^ Michèle Champenois (27 October 1978). "M. Chirac fait interrompre la construction de l'immeuble Bofill". Le Monde.
- ^ "Antigone : Ricardo Bofill présente le projet". Association Georges Frêche.
- ^ Stefanie Waldek (5 March 2019). "Discover the Surreal Architecture of Postmodernist Ricardo Bofill". Architectural Digest.
- ^ Tom Morris (14 May 2019). "Dreams and Manifestos: The Architectural Vision of Ricardo Bofill". Newsweek.
- ^ a b Josep Sandoval (14 June 2014). "Se casó Pablo Bofill, hijo del arquitecto". La Vanguardia.
- ^ Nicolás Valencia (14 January 2022). "Ricardo Bofill Passes Away at 82". ArchDaily.
- ^ El arquitecto Ricardo Bofill recibió el poder general para controlar una sociedad en Panamá (in Spanish)
- ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (19 January 2022). "Ricardo Bofill, Architect of Otherworldly Buildings, Dies at 82". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ Zabalbeascoa, Anatxu (14 January 2022). "Muere Ricardo Bofill, el más cosmopolita de los arquitectos españoles". El Pais. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ Julien Damon (16 November 2021). "La France recomposée". Telos.
- ^ Jérôme Fourquet; Jean-Laurent Cassely (October 2021). La France sous nos yeux : Economie, paysages, nouveaux modes de vie. Paris: Seuil. p. 207.
- ^ "Ricardo Bofill". MoMA.
- ^ "The UPC has conferred an honorary doctoral degree on the architect Ricardo Bofill Levi". Polytechnic University of Catalonia. 30 September 2021.
- ^ Manel Arranz & Elisabeth Anglarill (November 2023), Ricardo Bofill: la hoja en blanco, RTVE
- ^ "El Palacio Municipal de Congresos retoma sus actividad con un acto para conmemorar sus dos décadas de vida". La Vanguardia. 24 April 2013.
Books about Bofill and his work edit
- José Agustín Goytisolo, Taller de Arquitectura : poemas. Barcelona: Blume, 1976
- Ricardo Bofill, Projets Français 1978-1981. Paris: L’Equerre, 1981
- Annabelle D’Huart, Ricardo Bofill, Los Espacios de Abraxas, El Palacio, El Teatro, El Arco. Paris: L’Equerre, 1981
- “Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura”. Global Architecture No.4, New York: Rizzoli International, 1985
- "The City: Classicism and Technology". Max Protetch Gallery. Artforum 4, 1986
- Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura: Edificios y proyectos 1960-1984. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 1988
- Warren A. James, Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura: Buildings and Projects 1960-1984. New York: Rizzoli, 1988
- Annabelle D’Huart, Ricardo Bofill. Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1989
- Ricardo Bofill. Barcelona Airport. Milan: Edizioni Tecno, 1991
- Jean-Louis André and Patrick Genard, Swift, Architecture & Technologie. Taller Design, 1991
- Bartomeu Cruells, Ricardo Bofill: Obras y Proyectos. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili 1992
- Memory-Future. Barcelona: Taller de Arquitectura, 1993
- Bartomeu Cruells, Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura. Bologna: Zanichelli Editore, 1994
External links edit
- Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura's Website
- Photos of selected works of Ricardo Bofill
- Ricardo Bofill feature in some/things 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine