Taeniocrada is a genus of extinct plants of Devonian age (420 to 360 million years ago). It is used as a form genus for fossil plants with leafless flattened stems which divided dichotomously and had prominent midribs regarded as containing vascular tissues.[2] It has been suggested that some species assigned to this genus were aquatic.[3]
Key features of the original definition of the genus Taeniocrada were that it possessed leafless flattened stems with prominent midribs which appeared to contain vascular tissues. As more species were added to the genus, its definition became less clear.[2] Three of the better-known species are T. decheniana, T. dubia, and T. stilesvillensis.
Taeniocrada decheniana, from the Lower Devonian,[2] had separate fertile stems which repeatedly branched in a dichotomous fashion ending in sporangia between 3 and 7 mm long. A few sporangia were borne on the sides of stems. The species was found in dense stands. It has been suggested that it was aquatic or semi-aquatic because it apparently did not have stomata on the flattened stems.[3]
Taeniocrada dubia, from the Lower Devonian,[2] was originally considered to be a rhyniophyte, i.e. a very early vascular plant, but this has been questioned. The central strand appears to have been composed of tubes of differing diameters with helical thickenings which were part of the original cell wall, rather than being produced as the cell matured as would be the case in the xylem of vascular plants.[3]
Taeniocrada stilesvillensis, from the Upper Devonian of New York, had stems which divided either into two equal branches (i.e. dichotomously) or so that one branch was more of a 'main stem' than the other (i.e. pseudomonopodially). Ridges along the stem bore hair-like structures. True vascular tissue was present.[3]
A further nine species still considered to be part of the genus are listed and in some cases briefly described by Taylor (1986).[2]
Taxonomyedit
The genus Taeniocrada has a somewhat complex taxonomic history. It was created by White with the species T. lesquereuxii for fossils previously regarded as algae but which proved to have vascular tissue. (The date of creation is variously given as 1902,[1] 1903[4] and 1913.[5]) It was basically a form genus, used for fossil plants with flattened membrane-like stems, which were leafless with a prominent central thickened strand and which showed dichotomous branching. In 1986 Taylor noted that as more species had been added to the genus, the characters it possessed became wider, so that some species had sporangia which were at the ends of stems (terminal), others had sporangia borne on the sides of stems (lateral). Some species had smooth stems, other had stems with 'emergences' (e.g. spines or hairs). Some were known to have vascular tissue, others not. He concluded that the genus no longer matched any existing description and that its species probably belonged to more than one genus. He also suggested that the flattening of the stems might be artefacts of preservation.[2]
In 1985, Fairon-Demaret created a new genus for fossils previously assigned to Taeniocrada but which had single lateral sporangia. She transferred T. langii (named by Stockmans in 1939) to Stockmansella langii, leaving Taeniocrada for fossil plants with terminal sporangia borne on branched structures.[6]
Phylogenyedit
Following Taylor (1986), Crane et al. (2004) regard Taeniocrada as a polyphyletic genus (i.e. a mixture of species with no close common ancestor). Some species may belong to the Rhyniopsida as defined by Kenrick and Crane.[7]
Referencesedit
^ abTaylor 1986, citing White, D. (1902), "Description of a fossil alga from the Chemung of New York with remarks on the genus Haliserites Sternberg", N. Y. Mus. Bull., 52: 593–605
^ abcdefgTaylor, D.W. (1986), "Anatomical and morphological study of a new species of Taeniocrada, a Devonian tracheophyte from New York State", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 47 (1–2): 63–87, Bibcode:1986RPaPa..47...63T, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(86)90006-0
^ abcdTaylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, ISBN978-0-12-373972-8, pp. 248–249
^Fry, Wayne L. & Banks, Harlan P. (1955), "Three New Genera of Algae from the Upper Devonian of New York", Journal of Paleontology, 29 (1): 37–44, JSTOR 1300127
^Schultka, S. (1991), "Huvenia elongata nov. spec. (ex. Formgenus Taeniocrada White 1913) im hohen Ems des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges", Argumenta Palaeobotanica, 8: 169–178, cited in Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009, p. 1161
^Fairon-Demaret, M. (1986), "Stockmansella, a new name for Stockmansia", Taxon, 35: 334, doi:10.2307/1221284, JSTOR 1221284, cited in Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009 (Her first transfer from Taeniocrada was in 1985 to Stockmansia, but this proved to be an illegitimate name.)
^Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683, PMID 21652317, p. 1688
April 12, 2024
taeniocrada, genus, extinct, plants, devonian, million, years, used, form, genus, fossil, plants, with, leafless, flattened, stems, which, divided, dichotomously, prominent, midribs, regarded, containing, vascular, tissues, been, suggested, that, some, species. Taeniocrada is a genus of extinct plants of Devonian age 420 to 360 million years ago It is used as a form genus for fossil plants with leafless flattened stems which divided dichotomously and had prominent midribs regarded as containing vascular tissues 2 It has been suggested that some species assigned to this genus were aquatic 3 TaeniocradaTemporal range Devonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NTaeniocrada dechenianaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade Tracheophytes Genus TaeniocradaD White 1 SpeciesT decheniana Goep Krausel amp Weyland 1930 T dubia Krausel amp Weyland 1930 T elschanica Chirkova Zalesskaja 1957 T gracilis Chirkova Zalesskaja 1957 T latissima Senkevitsch 1978 T lesquereuxii White 1902 T orientalis Radchenko in Lepjechina et al 1962 T pilosa Senkevitsch 1978 T spitsbergensis Hoeg 1942 T stilesvillensis Taylor 1986 T timanica Chirkova Zalesskaja 1957 T tuviensisList taken from Taylor 1986 2 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Phylogeny 4 ReferencesDescription editKey features of the original definition of the genus Taeniocrada were that it possessed leafless flattened stems with prominent midribs which appeared to contain vascular tissues As more species were added to the genus its definition became less clear 2 Three of the better known species are T decheniana T dubia and T stilesvillensis Taeniocrada decheniana from the Lower Devonian 2 had separate fertile stems which repeatedly branched in a dichotomous fashion ending in sporangia between 3 and 7 mm long A few sporangia were borne on the sides of stems The species was found in dense stands It has been suggested that it was aquatic or semi aquatic because it apparently did not have stomata on the flattened stems 3 Taeniocrada dubia from the Lower Devonian 2 was originally considered to be a rhyniophyte i e a very early vascular plant but this has been questioned The central strand appears to have been composed of tubes of differing diameters with helical thickenings which were part of the original cell wall rather than being produced as the cell matured as would be the case in the xylem of vascular plants 3 Taeniocrada stilesvillensis from the Upper Devonian of New York had stems which divided either into two equal branches i e dichotomously or so that one branch was more of a main stem than the other i e pseudomonopodially Ridges along the stem bore hair like structures True vascular tissue was present 3 A further nine species still considered to be part of the genus are listed and in some cases briefly described by Taylor 1986 2 Taxonomy editThe genus Taeniocrada has a somewhat complex taxonomic history It was created by White with the species T lesquereuxii for fossils previously regarded as algae but which proved to have vascular tissue The date of creation is variously given as 1902 1 1903 4 and 1913 5 It was basically a form genus used for fossil plants with flattened membrane like stems which were leafless with a prominent central thickened strand and which showed dichotomous branching In 1986 Taylor noted that as more species had been added to the genus the characters it possessed became wider so that some species had sporangia which were at the ends of stems terminal others had sporangia borne on the sides of stems lateral Some species had smooth stems other had stems with emergences e g spines or hairs Some were known to have vascular tissue others not He concluded that the genus no longer matched any existing description and that its species probably belonged to more than one genus He also suggested that the flattening of the stems might be artefacts of preservation 2 In 1985 Fairon Demaret created a new genus for fossils previously assigned to Taeniocrada but which had single lateral sporangia She transferred T langii named by Stockmans in 1939 to Stockmansella langii leaving Taeniocrada for fossil plants with terminal sporangia borne on branched structures 6 Phylogeny editFollowing Taylor 1986 Crane et al 2004 regard Taeniocrada as a polyphyletic genus i e a mixture of species with no close common ancestor Some species may belong to the Rhyniopsida as defined by Kenrick and Crane 7 References edit a b Taylor 1986 citing White D 1902 Description of a fossil alga from the Chemung of New York with remarks on the genus Haliserites Sternberg N Y Mus Bull 52 593 605 a b c d e f g Taylor D W 1986 Anatomical and morphological study of a new species of Taeniocrada a Devonian tracheophyte from New York State Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 47 1 2 63 87 Bibcode 1986RPaPa 47 63T doi 10 1016 0034 6667 86 90006 0 a b c d Taylor T N Taylor E L amp Krings M 2009 Paleobotany The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants 2nd ed Amsterdam Boston Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 373972 8 pp 248 249 Fry Wayne L amp Banks Harlan P 1955 Three New Genera of Algae from the Upper Devonian of New York Journal of Paleontology 29 1 37 44 JSTOR 1300127 Schultka S 1991 Huvenia elongata nov spec ex Formgenus Taeniocrada White 1913 im hohen Ems des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges Argumenta Palaeobotanica 8 169 178 cited in Taylor Taylor amp Krings 2009 p 1161 Fairon Demaret M 1986 Stockmansella a new name for Stockmansia Taxon 35 334 doi 10 2307 1221284 JSTOR 1221284 cited in Taylor Taylor amp Krings 2009 Her first transfer from Taeniocrada was in 1985 to Stockmansia but this proved to be an illegitimate name Crane P R Herendeen P amp Friis E M 2004 Fossils and plant phylogeny American Journal of Botany 91 10 1683 99 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1683 PMID 21652317 p 1688 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Taeniocrada amp oldid 1205936761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
