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Sussex

April 12, 2024

"County of Sussex" redirects here. For other uses, see Sussex County.
This article is about the historic county in England. For the administrative counties into which Sussex is divided, see East Sussex and West Sussex. For other uses, see Sussex (disambiguation).

Sussex (/ˈsʌsɪks/; from the Old English Sūþsēaxe; lit. 'South Saxons') is an area and cultural region within South East England which was historically a kingdom and later a county. It includes the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex.

Sussex
Historic county

Area
 • Coordinates51°N 0°E / 51°N 0°E / 51; 0
History
 • OriginSub-Roman Britain
 • Created5th century (traditionally 477)
StatusHistoric county
Chapman codeSSX
Government
 • HQVarious
 • Motto"We wunt be druv"
Contained within
 • Ceremonial countiesEast Sussex • West Sussex
Subdivisions
 • TypeRapes (largest & most notable of differing former subdivisions)
 • Units

The kingdom of Sussex emerged in the 5th century from the Roman canton of the Regni and the Iron Age tribal region that preceded it. In about 827, shortly after the Battle of Ellendun, Sussex was conquered by Wessex. From 860 it was ruled by the kings of Wessex and by 927 it was joined by the remaining Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to form the kingdom of England. By the Norman period Sussex was subdivided into administrative districts known as rapes, which were themselves divided into hundreds. By the sixteenth century the eastern three rapes and the western three rapes were combined for most of the meetings of the court of quarter sessions. This arrangement was maintained when administrative counties and independent county boroughs were established in 1889. In Sussex this led to the creation of East Sussex County Council and West Sussex County Council to govern smaller towns and rural areas, while the larger towns were made county boroughs independent of the county councils.

The basic division of Sussex into east and west for the purposes of administration continued in subsequent local government reform. The Lord Lieutenant and Sheriff of Sussex were replaced in 1974 with separate posts for East and West Sussex, with Sussex losing its status as a ceremonial county.

Sussex is bordered by Surrey to the north, Kent to the north-east, the English Channel to the south, and Hampshire to the west. Two-thirds of the population live along its 220 kilometres (137 mi) of coastline or in the Brighton-Gatwick corridor. This includes the city of Brighton and Hove and its wider city region. The rest of the area is sparsely populated and includes large parts of the South Downs National Park and the National Landscapes of the High Weald and Chichester Harbour.

Sussex is recognised as a single cultural region, significant in culture and sport and is used by a range of organisations as a regional unit. In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the county's culture and history.

Toponymy edit

The name "Sussex" is derived from the Middle English Suth-sæxe, which is in turn derived from the Old English Suth-Seaxe, meaning "(land or people) of the South Saxons" (cf. Essex, Middlesex and Wessex). The South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries.

The earliest-known usage of the term South Saxons (Latin: Australes Saxones) is in a royal charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm, although the term may well have been in use for some time before that. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong; recent scholars have suggested he might have been a quarter of a century too late.[1]

In the Domesday Book of 1086, Sussex is recorded as Sudsexe.[2]

Three United States counties (in Delaware, New Jersey and Virginia), and a former county/land division of Western Australia, are named after Sussex.

Symbols edit

Main article: Symbols of Sussex
 
The traditional Sussex emblem first-known recording in 1611 by John Speed: Azure, six martlets or

The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets, or heraldic swallows, on a blue background, blazoned as Azure, six martlets or. Recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the heraldic shield of Sussex. The first-known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons. However, it seems that Speed was repeating an earlier association between the emblem and the county, rather than being the inventor of the association. It is now firmly regarded that the county emblem originated and derived from the coat of arms of the 14th-century Knight of the Shire, Sir John de Radynden.[3] Sussex's six martlets are today held to symbolise the traditional six sub-divisions of the county known as rapes.[4]

 
The round-headed rampion, or Pride of Sussex, is Sussex's county flower.

Sussex by the Sea is regarded as the unofficial anthem of Sussex; it was composed by William Ward-Higgs in 1907, perhaps originally from the lyrics of Rudyard Kipling's poem entitled Sussex. Adopted by the Royal Sussex Regiment and popularised in World War I, it is sung at celebrations across the county, including those at Lewes Bonfire, and at sports matches, including those of Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club and Sussex County Cricket Club.

The county day, called Sussex Day, is celebrated annually on 16 June, the feast day of St Richard of Chichester, Sussex's patron saint, whose shrine at Chichester Cathedral was an important place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages.

Sussex's motto, We wunt be druv, is a Sussex dialect expression meaning "we will not be pushed around" and reflects the traditionally independent nature of Sussex men and women. The round-headed rampion, also known as the "Pride of Sussex", was adopted as Sussex's county flower in 2002.

Geography edit

Main article: Geography of Sussex
See also: Geology of East Sussex

Landscape edit

 
The South Downs meets the sea at the Seven Sisters.

The physical geography of Sussex relies heavily on its lying on the southern part of the Wealden anticline, the major features of which are the high lands that cross the county in a west to east direction: the Weald itself and the South Downs. Natural England has identified the following seven national character areas in Sussex:[5]

At 280 metres (920 feet), Blackdown is the highest point in Sussex, or county top. With a height of 248 metres (814 ft) Ditchling Beacon is the highest point in East Sussex. At 113 kilometres (70 miles) long, the River Medway is the longest river flowing through Sussex. The longest river entirely in Sussex is the River Arun, which is 60 kilometres (37 mi) long. Sussex's largest lakes are man-made reservoirs. The largest is Bewl Water on the Kent border, while the largest wholly within Sussex is Ardingly Reservoir.

Climate edit

The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring Hampshire are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom.[6] The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas: sea breezes, blowing off the sea, tend to clear any cloud from the coast.[7] The sunshine average is approximately 1,900 hours a year; this is much higher than the UK average of 1,340 hours a year. Most of Sussex lies in hardiness zone 8; the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton, which lies in the milder zone 9.

Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with 950 mm (37 in) of rainfall per year.[7] The close proximity of Sussex to the Continent of Europe, results in cold spells in winter and hot, humid weather in summer.[7]

The climate of the coastal districts is strongly influenced by the sea, which, because of its tendency to warm up slower than land, can result in cooler temperatures than inland in the summer. In the autumn months, the coast sometimes has higher temperatures.[7] Rainfall during the summer months is mainly from thunderstorms and thundery showers; from January to March the heavier rainfall is due to prevailing south-westerly frontal systems.[7]

In winter, the east winds can be as cold as further inland.[7] Selsey is known as a tornado hotspot, with small tornadoes hitting the town in 1986, 1998 and 2000,[6] with the 1998 tornado causing an estimated £10 million of damage to 1,000 buildings.[6]

Conurbations edit

Most of Sussex's population is distributed in an east–west line along the English Channel coast or on the east–west line of the A272. The exception to this pattern is the 20th-century north–south development on the A23-Brighton line corridor, Sussex's main link to London. Sussex's population is dominated by the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation that, with a population of over 470,000, is home to almost 1 in 3 of Sussex's population. According to the ONS urban area populations for continuous built-up areas, these are the five largest conurbations:

Rank Urban area[8] Population Statistical
localities[9]		 Comments
2001 Census[8] 2011 Census[10]
1 Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton 461,181 474,485 10 Sometimes referred to as two primary urban areas – Brighton Urban Area and Worthing Urban Area[11]
2 Crawley 180,177 180,508 6 Includes approx. 30,000 people living in Surrey.
In the 2001 census this urban area included Reigate and Redhill in Surrey but in the 2011 census it did not.
East Grinstead was part of this urban area for the 2011 census but it was not for previous censuses.
3 Hastings/Bexhill 126,386 133,422 2
4 Eastbourne 106,562 118,219 1
5 Bognor Regis 62,141 63,885 1

Population edit

The combined population of Sussex as of 2021 was about 1.7 million.[nb 1] In 2021, Sussex had a population density of 451 per km2, higher than the average for England of 434 per km2.

  • The earliest statement as to the population of Sussex is made by Bede, who describes the county in the year 681 as containing land for 7,000 families; allowing ten to a family (a reasonable estimate at that date), the total population would be 70,000.[12]
  • In 1693 the county is said to have contained 21,537 houses.
  • The 1801 census found that the population was 159,311.

The decline of the Sussex ironworks probably accounts for the small increase in population during several centuries, although after the Massacre of St Bartholomew upwards of 1,500 Huguenots landed at Rye, and in 1685, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many more refugees were added to the county.[12] The population of Sussex was 550,446 in 1891 and 605,202 in 1901.[12]

History edit

Main articles: History of Sussex and Timeline of Sussex history

Beginnings edit

Finds at Eartham Pit in Boxgrove show that the area has some of the earliest hominid remains in Europe, dating back some 500,000 years and known as Boxgrove Man or Homo heidelbergensis. At a site near Pulborough called The Beedings, tools have been found that date from around 35,000 years ago and that are thought to be from either the last Neanderthals in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans.[13] The thriving population lived by hunting game such as horses, bison, mammoths and woolly rhinos.[14] Around 6000 BC the ice sheet over the North Sea melted, sea levels rose and the meltwaters burst south and westwards, creating the English Channel and cutting the people of Sussex off from their Mesolithic kinsmen to the south. Later in the Neolithic period, the area of the South Downs above Worthing was one of Britain's largest and most important flint-mining centres.[15] The flints were used to help fell trees for agriculture. The oldest of these mines, at Church Hill in Findon, has been carbon-dated to 4500 BC to 3750 BC, making it one of the earliest known mines in Britain. Flint tools from Cissbury have been found as far away as the eastern Mediterranean.[16]

Sussex is rich in remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages, in particular the Bronze Age barrows known as the Devil's Jumps and Cissbury Ring, one of Britain's largest hillforts. Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75 BC people from the Atrebates, one of the tribes of the Belgae, a mix of Celtic and German stock, invaded and occupied southern Britain.[17] This was followed by an invasion by the Roman army under Julius Caesar that temporarily occupied south-eastern Britain in 55 BC.[17] Soon after the first Roman invasion had ended, the Celtic Regni tribe under their leader Commius initially occupied the Manhood Peninsula.[17] Eppillus, Verica and Cogidubnus followed Commius as rulers of the Regni[17][18] or southern Atrebates, a region which included most of Sussex, with their capital in the Selsey area.[19][20]

Roman canton edit

 
Museum model of how Fishbourne Roman Palace may have appeared

A number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of Richborough in Kent. According to this theory, the Romans were called to restore the refugee Verica, a king whose capital was in the Selsey and Chichester area,[18] who had been driven out by the Catuvellauni, a tribe based around modern Hertfordshire.[21]

Much of Sussex was a Roman canton of the Regni, probably taking a similar area to the pre-Roman tribal area and kingdom.[19] Its capital was at Noviomagus Reginorum, modern-day Chichester, close to the pre-Roman capital of the area, around Selsey. Sussex was home to the magnificent Roman Palace at Fishbourne, by far the largest Roman residence known north of the Alps. The Romans built villas, especially on the coastal plain and around Chichester, one of the best preserved being that at Bignor. Christianity first came to Sussex at this time, but faded away when the Romans left in the 5th century. The nationally important Patching hoard of Roman coins that was found in 1997 is the latest find of Roman coins found in Britain, probably deposited after 475 AD, well after the Roman departure from Britain around 410 AD.[22]

Kingdom of Sussex edit

Main article: Kingdom of Sussex
 
Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the kingdom of Sussex

The foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which states that in the year AD 477 Ælle landed with his three sons.[23][24] Having fought on the banks of the Mearcredesburna,[25] it seems Ælle secured the area between the Ouse and Cuckmere in a treaty.[26] Traditionally this is thought to have been against native Britons, but it may have been to secure the area east of the Saxon Shore fort of Anderida from the influence of the Kingdom of Kent, with whom the South Saxons may have had occasional disputes.[19] Ælle was recognised as the first 'Bretwalda' or overlord of southern Britain. He was probably the most senior of the Anglo-Saxon kings and led the ill-fated campaign against King Arthur at Mount Badon.[citation needed]

By the 7th century, South Saxon kings were ruling from sites around Selsey (the pre-Roman capital of the area) and Chichester (the Roman capital of the area) initially with similar borders to the pre-Roman kingdom and Roman canton.[19] For much of the 7th and 8th centuries, Sussex suffered attempts at invasion from the kingdom of Wessex to its west. King Æðelwealh formed an alliance with Christian Mercia against Wessex, becoming Sussex's first Christian king. With support from St Wilfrid, Sussex became the last major Anglo Saxon kingdom to become Christian. South Saxon and Mercian forces took control of what is now east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Cædwalla of Wessex killed Æðelwealh and "ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation". The South Saxons forced Cædwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into Kent, replacing its king. At this time Sussex could have re-emerged into a regional power.[27][28] Shortly afterwards, Cædwalla returned to Sussex, killing its king and oppressing its people, putting them in what Bede called "a worse state of slavery".[29] The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon Winchester.[29] Only around 715 was Eadberht of Selsey made the first bishop of the South Saxons, after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued.

Following a period of rule by King Offa of Mercia, Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the crown of Wessex in 860,[30][31] which later grew into the kingdom of England.

Norman Sussex edit

Main article: Sussex in the High Middle Ages
 
Battle Abbey was founded to commemorate William's victory in the Battle of Hastings. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.

The Battle of Hastings was fought in Sussex, the victory that led to the Norman conquest of England. In September 1066, William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area.[32][33] The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, Harold Godwinson, who had strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham.[34] After having marched his exhausted army 250 miles (400 km) from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.[35] William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar.[35]

Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any English county under the Normans, for it was the heartland of King Harold and was potentially vulnerable to further invasion.[36] In the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings and to put an end to any rebellion, the Norman army destroyed estates and other assets on their route through Sussex, leading to a 40 per cent reduction in Sussex's wealth, a situation worse than any other southern or midland county. By 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10 to 25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066.[37]

It was also during the Norman period that Sussex achieved its greatest importance in comparison with other English counties.[38] Sussex was on the main route between England and Normandy, and the lands of the Anglo-Norman nobility in what is now western France. The growth in Sussex's population, the importance of its ports and the increased colonisation of the Weald were all part of changes as significant to Sussex as those brought by the neolithic period, by the Romans and the Saxons.[38] Sussex also experienced the most radical and thorough reorganisation of land in England. The county's existing sub-divisions, known as rapes, were made into castleries and each territory was given to one of William's most trusted barons. Castles were built to defend the territories including at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. Sussex's bishop, Æthelric II, was deposed and imprisoned and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand.[39] The Normans also built Chichester Cathedral and moved the seat of Sussex's bishopric from Selsey to Chichester. The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.[36]

Sussex under the Plantagenets edit

In 1264, the Sussex Downs were the location of the Battle of Lewes, in which Simon de Montfort and his fellow barons captured Prince Edward (later Edward I), the son and heir of Henry III. The subsequent treaty, known as the Mise of Lewes, led to Montfort summoning the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation. A provisional administration was set up, consisting of Montfort, the Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester. These three were to elect a council of nine, to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached.[40] During the Hundred Years' War, Sussex found itself on the frontline, convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates.[1] Hastings, Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period[1] and all three towns became part of the Cinque Ports, a loose federation for supplying ships for the country's security. Also at this time, Amberley and Bodiam castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers.[1] One of the impacts of the war and the Black Death, which killed around half of the population of Sussex,[41] was the perceived injustice that led many Sussex people to participate in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Coastal areas suffered most from the Black Death, and took longest to recover. Instead much economic activity in Sussex was focused on the Weald. Merchants moved north from the coastal towns and many Continental craftsmen, fleeing religious persecution, brought their expertise to the timber, iron, clothmaking and glass industries.[42] Economic and social tensions continued for many years as Sussex people were also involved in Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450, in which Cade may have been killed at Cade Street, near Heathfield. Demands grew more radical in Sussex in 1451 when John and William Merfold advocated rule by common people. They also demanded that Henry VI be deposed and publicly incited the killing of the nobility and clergy.[43]

Early modern Sussex edit

The Wealden iron industry expanded rapidly, especially after the first blast furnace arrived in Sussex in 1496, from the Low Countries, which greatly improved efficiency. Skilled Flemish workers moved to Sussex, followed again by Huguenot craftsmen from France, who brought new techniques. The industry was strategically important and flourished into the 17th century, after which it began to decline. It also brought widespread deforestation of parts of the Sussex Weald.[44]

 
Hand-drawn map of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Middlesex from 1575.

Henry VIII's separation of the Church of England from Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries led to the demolition of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey and the sites being given to Henry's supporters. The shrine to St Richard at Chichester Cathedral was also destroyed. Mary I returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex 41 Protestants were burned to death. Under Elizabeth I, religious intolerance continued albeit on a lesser scale, with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs.[1] In Elizabeth's reign, Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe; combined with a significant Catholic presence, Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England.[45]

Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the English Civil War, although control of the Wealden iron industry was strategically important to both sides. In 1642 there was a skirmish at Haywards Heath when Royalists marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local Parliamentarians. The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner.[46] Shortly after there were sieges at Chichester and Arundel, and a smaller battle at Bramber Bridge. Despite its being under Parliamentarian control, Charles II was able to journey through the county after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 to make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham.

In 1681 Charles II granted William Penn lands in what became Pennsylvania and Delaware. Amongst those whom he carried to North America as colonists were 200 people from Sussex, mostly Quakers,[47][48] who founded settlements named after places in Sussex including Lewes and Seaford in Sussex County, Delaware and Horsham Township and Chichester in Pennsylvania.

The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century.[36] Resorts developed all along the coast, including at Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Bognor.[36]

Late modern and contemporary Sussex edit

Poverty increased and by 1801 Sussex had the highest poor law rates in England, with 23 per cent of its population (37,000 people out of 160,000) living on the breadline and receiving regular relief.[49] Socially acceptable crimes, including protest, riot, collective action and smuggling were commonplace in Sussex and were seen by many as a legitimate way to address grievances and assert freedoms. At this time, Sussex became a centre for radicalism.[50] Thomas Paine developed his political ideas in Lewes, and later wrote Common Sense which was influential in the American Revolution.[51] Known as 'the radical duke',[52] Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, was an early supporter of parliamentary reform and US independence.[53][54] Richard Cobden was a product of Sussex's rural radicalism,[55] and became a campaigner for free trade and peace. Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was another influential radical from Sussex.

At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers' conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed, those in work faced their wages being forced down.[56] Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers (seasonal workers) had been found dead of starvation.[56] The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots, first in neighbouring Kent, and then in Sussex, where they lasted for several weeks, although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots.[56][57]

During World War I, on 30 June 1916, the Royal Sussex Regiment took part in the Battle of the Boar's Head at Richebourg-l'Avoué.[58] The day subsequently became known as The Day Sussex Died.[58] Within five hours the 17 officers and 349 men were killed,[58] and 1,000 men were wounded or taken prisoner.[58] In 1918 the terms of the armistice to be offered to Germany at the end of World War I were agreed at a meeting at Danny House, Hurstpierpoint.[59] With the declaration of World War II, Sussex found itself part of the country's frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the Battle of Britain and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed.[60] Sussex was garrisoned by multiple British and Canadian Army units from 1940 until at least May 1942.[61] During the lead up to the Dieppe Raid and D-Day landings, the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials, including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county's coast.[62]

In the post-war era, the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of a new town.[63] As part of the Local Government Act 1972, the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into the ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974. Boundaries were changed and a large part of the rape of Lewes was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex, along with Gatwick Airport, historically part of the county of Surrey.

Governance edit

See also: History of local government in Sussex

Politics edit

Main articles: Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner, Sussex (UK Parliament constituency), High Sheriff of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and Custos Rotulorum of Sussex

From 1290, Sussex returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of England. Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs. After the union with Scotland two members represented the county in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. The Reform Act 1832 led to the disenfranchisement of some of the smaller Sussex boroughs[64] and divided what had been a single county constituency into eastern and western divisions, with two representatives elected for each division.[65] The reforms of the 19th century made the electoral system more representative, but it was not until 1928 that there was universal suffrage.[64]

There was a strong radical and republican tradition in Sussex from the 19th century.[66][67] For most of the 20th century Sussex was a Conservative Party stronghold—from the 1906 to 1997 general elections the only seats in Sussex won by parties other than the Conservatives were in the constituencies of Brighton and Brighton Kemptown. Since 1997 there has been a gradual shift to the left, especially in more urban areas. This has been most notable in Brighton and Hove, where in Brighton Pavilion the UK's first and only Green MP, Caroline Lucas, was elected in 2010 and the UK's first Green-led local authority was elected in 2011. In the House of Commons, the lower house of the UK Parliament, Sussex is represented by 16 MPs. At the 2019 general election, 13 Conservative MPs, 2 Labour and Labour Co-op MPs and 1 Green MP were elected from Sussex constituencies.

Amongst top-tier local authorities, East and West Sussex County Councils are both held by the Conservatives and Brighton and Hove City Council is led by Labour. Amongst district councils, as of June 2023, the Lib Dems had a majority in three local authorities (Chichester, Eastbourne and Horsham), the Labour Party had a majority in two local authorities (Crawley and Worthing) and the Conservative Party had a majority in one local authority (Adur). Of the six local authorities in no overall control, one had a minority Labour administration (Hastings), one was run by a Lib Dem-Labour-Green coalition (Arun), one was run by a Green-Labour coalition (Lewes), one as run by a Lib Dem-Independent coalition (Mid Sussex) one was run by an Independent-Lib Dem-Green coalition (Rother) and one had a Lib Dem-Green coalition (Wealden). Conservative Katy Bourne is the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner, having first been elected in 2012. In the 2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU, the people of Sussex voted to leave the EU by the narrowest of margins, by 50.23% to 49.77% or 4,413 votes.[68][69]

Law edit

Headquartered in Lewes, Home Office policing in Sussex has been provided by Sussex Police since 1968.[70]

 
Lewes Crown Court is the first-tier Crown Court for Sussex.

The first-tier Crown Court for all of Sussex is Lewes Crown Court, which has courts in Lewes, Brighton and Hove. Like other first-tier Crown Courts it has its own resident High Court Judge. There is also a third-tier Crown Court at Chichester. The local prison in Sussex for men is Lewes Prison[71] and there is also a Category D prison at Ford.

Administrative divisions edit

Historic sub-divisions edit

Main article: Rape (county subdivision)
 
Map of Sussex in 1851 showing the six Rapes

A rape is a traditional territorial sub-division of Sussex, formerly used for various administrative purposes.[72] Their origin is unknown, but they appear to predate the Norman Conquest[73] Each rape was split into several hundreds and may be Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon in origin.[74]

At the time of the Norman Conquest, there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. The rape of Bramber was created later in the 11th century and the rape of Chichester was created in the 13th century.

Modern local authority areas edit

Local government in Sussex has been subject to periodic review over time. Currently, Sussex is currently divided into

  • two counties for ceremonial purposes,
  • for administrative purposes, into two county council areas (East and West Sussex) and one unitary authority, the city of Brighton and Hove.

There is a two-tier structure for East Sussex and West Sussex with education, social services, libraries, public transport and waste disposal carried out by the county councils and local planning and building control carried out by the district and borough councils.

For the governance of a long narrow territory it became practical to divide the county into two sections. The three eastern rapes of Sussex became east Sussex and the three western rapes became west Sussex. This began in 1504, with separate administrations (Quarter Sessions) for east and west, a situation recognised by the County of Sussex Act 1865. Under the Local Government Act 1888, the two divisions became two administrative counties (along with three county boroughs (Brighton, Hastings and, from 1911, Eastbourne) that were independent of the administrative counties).[75]

Ceremonial county
(post 1974) 		Shire county / unitary
(post 1888, 1997) 		Districts (post 1974)
East Sussex
  
East Sussex UK locator map 2010 		1. East Sussex
2. Brighton & Hove (unitary)
West Sussex  
West Sussex UK locator map 2010 		3. West Sussex

Economy edit

Despite its location in the prosperous South East of England, there is considerable economic variation within Sussex. In most areas within Sussex, economic output is close to or significantly lower than the UK average and is far below the average for South East England. For statistical purposes, the UK Government pairs Sussex at the NUTS2 level with Surrey, a significantly better off region, which to some degree masks the level of deprivation in Sussex. In 2018 the four Sussex statistical areas at the NUTS3 level had a GDP per head that varied between £18,852 (58.6% of the UK average) and £33,711 (104.6% of the UK average), and was typically below the UK average of £32,216. This was in contrast to the two areas in Surrey, which had a GDP per head of £37,429 and £42,433, well above the UK average.[76] There is also serious deprivation in Sussex comparable to the most deprived UK inner city areas. Some areas of Sussex are in the top 5 per cent most deprived in the UK and, in some areas, two-thirds of children are living in poverty.[77] In 2011, two Local Enterprise Partnerships were formed to improve the economy in Sussex. These were the Coast to Capital LEP, covering West Sussex, Brighton and Hove and the Lewes district in the west of East Sussex, as well as parts of Surrey and South London; and the South East LEP, which covers the local authority area of East Sussex, as well as Kent and Essex. In the most populous part of Sussex, around the Brighton and Hove Built-up area, the Greater Brighton City Deal was formed to enable the area to fulfil its economic potential, into one of the highest performing urban economies in the UK.[78]

Tourism in Sussex is well established, and includes seaside resorts and the South Downs National Park. Brighton and Hove has a high density of businesses involved in media, particularly digital or "new media"; since the 1990s Brighton has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".[79] The Greater Brighton City Deal seeks to develop Brighton's creative-tech cluster under the name Tech City South.[78] The University of Sussex and the University of Brighton provide employment for many more. A large part of the county, centred on Gatwick Airport has been recognised as a key economic growth area for South East England[80] whilst reasonable rail connections allow many people to work in London. Several large companies are based in Sussex including American Express (Brighton),[81] The Body Shop (Littlehampton), Bowers & Wilkins (Worthing), Hastings Insurance and Park Holidays UK (Bexhill), Ricardo plc (Shoreham-by-Sea), Rolls-Royce Motor Cars (Goodwood), Thales UK (Crawley), Alfa Laval (Eastbourne) and Virgin Atlantic (Crawley).

The Sussex Weald had an iron working industry from the Iron Age until the 19th century. The glass making industry started on the Sussex/Surrey border throughout the late medieval period until the 17th century.[82] Agriculture in Sussex depended on the terrain, so in the sticky clays and acid sands of the Sussex Weald, pastoral and mixed farming took place, with sheep farming being common on the chalk downland. Fishing fleets continue to operate along the coast, notably at Rye and Hastings. There are working harbours at Rye, Hastings, Newhaven and Shoreham; whilst Pagham, Eastbourne and Chichester harbours cater for leisure craft, as does Brighton Marina. The Mid Sussex area had a thriving clay industry in the early 20th century.

Education edit

The oldest university in Sussex is the research intensive University of Sussex, founded in 1961[83] at Falmer in Brighton, the first new university in England since World War II. The university consistently ranks among the top 20 universities in the UK.[84] It is home to the renowned Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, alongside over 40 other established research centres.[85][86]

In 1992 it was joined by the University of Brighton (with campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings) and in 2005 by the University of Chichester (with campuses in Chichester and Bognor Regis).[87] Validated by University of the Arts London, higher education is also provided at Greater Brighton Metropolitan College, whose campuses in Brighton, Worthing and Shoreham-by-Sea are referred to as MET University Centre.[88]

The Prebendal School in Chichester is the oldest known school in Sussex[89] and probably dates to when the Normans moved the Sussex bishopric from Selsey to Chichester Cathedral in the 11th century.[89] Primary and secondary education in the state sector in Sussex is provided by its three local education authorities of East and West Sussex County Councils and Brighton and Hove City Council. Sussex also has some of the best-known independent schools in England including Christ's Hospital School, Brighton College, Eastbourne College, Lancing College and Battle Abbey School.

Healthcare edit

 
The main building of the Royal Sussex County Hospital

The Sussex County Hospital (now the Royal Sussex County Hospital) was founded in 1828 at Brighton[90] whilst the Sussex County Mental Asylum (later 'St. Francis Hospital' and now the Princess Royal Hospital) was founded in 1859 in the centre of county at Haywards Heath.[91] Sussex's first medical school, the Brighton and Sussex Medical School, was set up in 2002. In 2011 the four Sussex NHS primary care trusts (PCTs) joined forces to become NHS Sussex.[92] The Major Trauma Centre at the Royal Sussex County Hospital is the Major Trauma Centre for Sussex with the Sussex's other hospitals acting as trauma units. It is one of only five major trauma centres across the NHS's South of England area.[93] The hospital also houses the Sussex Cancer Centre which serves most of Sussex.[94][95]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture of Sussex

Sussex has a centuries-old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England.[96] The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought[97] and have an aversion to being pushed around, as expressed through the Sussex motto, We wunt be druv. Sussex is known for its strong tradition of bonfire celebrations and its proud musical heritage. Sussex in the first half of the 20th century was a major centre for modernism, and saw many radical artists and writers move to its seaside towns and countryside.[98]

The county is home to the Brighton Festival and the Brighton Fringe, England's largest arts festival.[99] Brighton Pride is one of the UK's largest and oldest gay pride parades and other pride events take place at most other major towns including Crawley,[100] Eastbourne,[101] Hastings[102] and Worthing. Chichester is home to the Chichester Festival Theatre and Pallant House Gallery.

Architecture edit

Sussex's building materials reflect its geology, being made of flint on and near the South Downs and sandstone in the Weald.[103] Brick is used across the county.[103]

 
The Royal Pavilion, Brighton

Typically conservative and moderate,[104] the architecture of Sussex also has elaborate and eccentric buildings rarely matched elsewhere in England including the Saxon Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting, Castle Goring, which has a front and rear of entirely different styles and Brighton's Indo-Saracenic Royal Pavilion.

Dialect edit

Main article: Sussex dialect

Historically, Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history. It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex, the two eastern rapes of Lewes and Pevensey and an area approximate to the easternmost rape of Hastings.[96][105] The Sussex dialect is also notable in having an unusually large number of words for mud, in a way similar to the popular belief which exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow.[106]

Literature edit

Writers born in Sussex include the Renaissance poet Thomas May and playwrights Thomas Otway, and John Fletcher. One of the most prolific playwrights of his day, Fletcher is thought to have collaborated with Shakespeare. Notable Sussex poets include William Collins, William Hayley, Percy Bysshe Shelley,[107] Richard Realf, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,[108] Edward Carpenter and John Scott. Other writers from Sussex include Sheila Kaye-Smith, Noel Streatfeild, Patrick Hamilton, Rumer Godden, Hammond Innes, Angus Wilson, Maureen Duffy, Angela Carter, William Nicholson, Peter James, Kate Mosse and Alex Preston.

 
Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of Sussex's best-known poets.

In addition there are writers, who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection. This includes Charlotte Turner Smith, William Blake, Alfred Tennyson, H. G. Wells, Hilaire Belloc, John Cowper Powys, Arthur Conan Doyle, Henry James, E.F. Benson, John Roman Baker, James Herbert and AA Milne, who lived in Ashdown Forest for much of his life and set his Winnie-the-Pooh stories in the forest. Sussex has been home to four winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature: Rudyard Kipling spent much of his life in Sussex, living in Rottingdean and later at Burwash.[109] Irishman W. B. Yeats spent three winters living with American poet Ezra Pound at Colemans Hatch in the Ashdown Forest[110] and towards the end of his life spent much time at Steyning and Withyham;[111] John Galsworthy spent much of his life in Bury in the Sussex Downs;[112] and Harold Pinter lived in Worthing in the 1960s.[113]

Music edit

Main article: Music of Sussex

Sussex's rich musical heritage encompasses folk, classical and popular genres amongst others. Composed by William Ward-Higgs, Sussex by the Sea is the county's unofficial anthem.[114] Passed on through oral tradition, many of Sussex's traditional songs may not have changed significantly for centuries, with their origins perhaps dating as far back as the time of the South Saxons.[96] William Henry Hudson compared the singing of the Sussexians with that of the Basques and the Tehuelche people of Patagonia, both peoples with ancient cultures.[115] The songs sung by the Copper Family, Henry Burstow, Samuel Willett, Peter and Harriett Verrall, David Penfold and others were collected by John Broadwood and his niece Lucy Broadwood, Kate Lee and composers Ralph Vaughan Williams and George Butterworth.[114][116] Sussex also played a major part in the folk music revival of the 1960s and 1970s with various singers including George 'Pop' Maynard, Scan Tester, Tony Wales and the sisters Dolly and Shirley Collins.[114]

 
The Cure performing live in Singapore

Sussex has also been home to many composers of classical music including Thomas Weelkes, John Ireland, Edward Elgar, Frank Bridge, Sir Hubert Parry and Ralph Vaughan Williams, who played a major part in recording Sussex's traditional music.[114] While Glyndebourne is one of the world's best known opera houses, the county is home to professional orchestras the Brighton Philharmonic Orchestra[117] and the Worthing Symphony Orchestra.[118]

In popular music, Sussex has produced artists including Leo Sayer, The Cure, The Levellers, Brett Anderson, Keane, The Kooks, The Feeling, Rizzle Kicks, Conor Maynard, Tom Odell, Royal Blood, Rag'n'Bone Man, Celeste, Architects and Maisie Peters. In the 1970s, Sussex was home to Phun City,[119] the UK's first large-scale free music festival and hosted the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest which propelled ABBA to worldwide fame. Major festivals include The Great Escape Festival[120] and Glyndebourne Festival Opera.

Television edit

Due to the size of the county, it is covered by more than one TV station:

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Sussex
See also: History of Christianity in Sussex

Christianity is the predominant religion in Sussex with 57.8 per cent of the population identifying as Christian in the 2011 census.[121] Other results from the 2011 census are: 1.4 per cent as Muslim, 0.7 per cent as Hindu and 30.5 per cent as having no religion.[121]

 
Chichester Cathedral became the seat of Sussex's cathedral in 1075 after it was moved from Selsey.

Sussex has been a single diocese of the established church since the eighth century, after St Wilfrid founded Selsey Abbey on land granted by King Æðelwealh, Sussex's first Christian king. The Normans moved the location of Sussex's cathedral to Chichester in 1075. Since 1965 Arundel Cathedral has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishops of Arundel and Brighton, which covers Sussex and Surrey. The established church and the Catholic Church were historically strongest in western and southern areas.[122] In contrast, Protestant non-conformity was historically strongest in areas furthest from diocesan authorities in Chichester, in the south-west.[122][123] This included in the Weald and in the east, where there were also links to Protestant northern Europe.[124][123] St Richard of Chichester is Sussex's patron saint.

According to the 2011 census there were about 23,000 Muslims in Sussex, constituting 1.4 per cent of the population. Within Sussex, Crawley had the highest proportion of Muslims with 7.2 per cent of the population.[121]

Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 pipe roll for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. All Sussex's Jews would have been expelled in 1290 when Edward I of England issued the Edict of Expulsion. A Jewish population had returned to Sussex by the late 18th century in Brighton and Arundel.

A wide variety of non-traditional religious and belief groups have bases in and around East Grinstead.[125][126][127] Groups include the Church of Scientology at Saint Hill Manor, Opus Dei, the Rosicrucian Order, the Pagan Federation and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons).[n 1]

Science edit

Pell's equation and the Pell number are both named after 17th century mathematician John Pell. Pell is sometimes credited with inventing the division sign, which has also been attributed to Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Rahn, one of his students. In the 19th century, geologist and palaeontologist Gideon Mantell began the scientific study of dinosaurs. In 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and eventual identification of the first fossil teeth, and later much of the skeleton of Iguanodon. Braxton Hicks contractions are named after John Braxton Hicks, the Sussex doctor who in 1872 first described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth.

 
JM Keynes lived at Tilton near Firle from 1925 to 1946.

In the 20th century, Frederick Soddy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.[128] Frederick Gowland Hopkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929 with Christiaan Eijkman, for discovering the growth-stimulating vitamins.[129] Martin Ryle shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974[130] with Cornishman Antony Hewish, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research. While working at the University of Sussex, Harold Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard Smalley and Robert Curl from Rice University in the US for the discovery of fullerenes.[131] David Mumford is a mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory. He won the International Mathematical Union's Fields Medal in 1974 and in 2010 was awarded the United States National Medal of Science.

In the social sciences, Sussex was home to economist John Maynard Keynes from 1925 to 1946. The founding father of Keynesian economics, he is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century.[132][133][134][135] David Pilbeam won the 1986 International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation.[136]

In the early 20th century, Sussex was at the centre of one of what has been described as 'British archaeology's greatest hoax'.[137] Bone fragments said to have been collected in 1912 were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human, referred to as Piltdown Man. In 1953 the bone fragments were exposed as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of an orangutan deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human. From 1967 to 1979, Sussex was home to the Isaac Newton Telescope at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Herstmonceux Castle.

Sport edit

Main articles: Sport in Sussex, Cricket in Sussex, and Football in Sussex

Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both cricket and stoolball. Cricket is recognised as having been formed in the Weald and Sussex is where cricket was first recorded as being played by men (in 1611),[138] and by women (in 1677),[139] as well as being the location of the first reference to a cricket bat (in 1622)[138] and a wicket (in 1680).[140] Founded in 1839, Sussex CCC is England's oldest county cricket club and is the oldest professional sports club in the world.[141] Slindon Cricket Club dominated the sport for a while in the 18th century. The cricket ground at Arundel Castle traditionally plays host to a Duke of Norfolk's XI which plays the national test sides touring England.[142][143] Founded in 1971, the Sussex Cricket League is believed to be the largest adult cricket league in the world, with 335 teams in 2018.[144] Referred to as Sussex's 'national' sport[145] and a Sussex game or pastime,[146][147] Sussex may be where the sport of stoolball originated and is where the sport was formalised in the 19th century and its revival took place in the early 20th century.

Sussex is represented in the Premier League by Brighton & Hove Albion and in the Football League by Crawley Town. Brighton has been a League member since 1920, whereas Crawley was promoted to the League in 2011. Brighton & Hove Albion play in the FA Women's Super League and Lewes play in the FA Women's Championship. Sussex has had its own football association, since 1882[148] and its own football league, which has since expanded into Surrey, since 1920.[149] In horse racing, Sussex is home to Goodwood, Fontwell Park, Brighton and Plumpton. The All England Jumping Course show jumping facility hosts the British Jumping Derby[150] and the Royal International Horse Show. Eastbourne Eagles speedway team race in the SGB Championship.

Cuisine edit

See also: Beer in Sussex and Sussex wine
 
Sliced Sussex Pond Pudding

The historic county is known for its "seven good things of Sussex".[151][152][153] These seven things are Pulborough eel, Selsey cockle, Chichester lobster, Rye herring, Arundel mullet, Amberley trout and Bourne wheatear. Sussex is also known for Ashdown Partridge Pudding, Chiddingly Hot pot, Sussex Bacon Pudding, Sussex Hogs' Pudding, Huffed Chicken, Sussex Churdles, Sussex Shepherds Pie, Sussex Pond Pudding,[154] Sussex Blanket Pudding, Sussex Well Pudding, and Chichester Pudding. Sussex is also known for its cakes and biscuits known as Sussex Plum Heavies[155] and Sussex Lardy Johns, while banoffee pie was first created in 1972 in Jevington.[156][157]

The county has vineyards and a long history of brewing of beer. It is home to the 18th century beer brewers, Harveys of Lewes as well as many more recently established breweries.[158] There are also many cider makers in Sussex, Hunts Sussex Cider[159] and SeaCider[160] are the largest cider producers. With 138 vineyards in 2023, Sussex has a quarter of the UK's vineyards.[161] In 2022, Sussex wine gained Protected Designation of Origin status following decades of international acclaim with Sussex wines winning awards around the world. Many vineyards make wines using traditional Champagne varieties and methods,[162] and there are similarities between the topography and chalk and clay soils[163] of Sussex downland and that of the Champagne region which lies on a latitude 100 miles (161 km) to the south.[162][164]

Visual arts edit

 
The Long Man of Wilmington is Europe's largest representation of the human form.

Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the Neolithic flint mines at Cissbury on the South Downs near Worthing.[165] From the Roman period, the palace at Fishbourne has the largest in situ collection of mosaics in the UK,[166] while the villa at Bignor contains some of the best preserved Roman mosaics in England.[167]

Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, some of which are celebrated for their age, extent and quality. Of uncertain origin, the Long Man of Wilmington is Europe's largest representation of the human form.[168]

In the late 18th century three men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas. William Burrell of Knepp Castle commissioned Swiss-born watercolourist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm to tour Sussex, producing 900 watercolours of the county's buildings.[169] George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont of Petworth House was a patron of painters such as J. M. W. Turner and John Constable.[170] John 'Mad Jack' Fuller also commissioned Turner to make a series of paintings which resulted in thirteen finished watercolours of Fuller's house at Brightling and the area around it.[171]

 
Chichester Canal, 1828, by J. M. W. Turner

In the 19th century landscape watercolourist Copley Fielding lived in Sussex and illustrator Aubrey Beardsley and painter and sculptor Eric Gill were born in Brighton. Gill went on to found an art colony in Ditchling known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, which survived until 1989. The 1920s and 1930s saw the creation of some of the best-known works by Edward Burra who was known for his work of Sussex, Paris and Harlem[172] and Eric Ravilious who is known for his paintings of the South Downs.[173]

In the early 20th century Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant, both members of the Bloomsbury Group, lived and worked at Charleston Farmhouse near Firle.[174] Sussex also became a major centre for surrealism in the early 20th century.[175] At West Dean, Edward James was patron to artists including Salvador Dalí and René Magritte[175][176] while at Farley Farm House near Chiddingly the home of Roland Penrose and Lee Miller was frequented by artists such as Pablo Picasso, Man Ray, Henry Moore, Eileen Agar, Jean Dubuffet, Dorothea Tanning and Max Ernst.[175][177] Both collections form one of the most important bodies of Surrealist art in Europe.[178]

Notable people edit

Main listing: List of people from Sussex

See also edit

Footnotes edit

Notes

  1. ^ Combined population of local authority areas of Brighton and Hove (277,103), East Sussex, (557,229) and West Sussex (858,852)
  1. ^ The London England Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located 3 miles (5 km) north of East Grinstead, just over the Surrey border.

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Bibliography edit

  • Armstrong, Jack Roy (1974). A History of Sussex. Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 9780850331851.
  • Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978). The South Saxons. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 978-0-85033-240-7.
  • Brandon, Peter (2006). Sussex. Robert Hale. ISBN 9780709069980.
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  • Dimmock, Matthew; Quinn, Paul; Hadfield, Andrew (2013). Art, Literature and Religion in Early Modern Sussex. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1472405227.
  • Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894). The traditional games of England, Scotland and Ireland : with tunes, singing rhymes and methods of playing according to the variants extant and recorded in different parts of the kingdom. London: David Nutt.
  • Higham, Nicholas; Ryan, M.J. (2013). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300125344.
  • Kerridge, R. G. P.; Standing, M. R. (2000). Worthing, from Saxon settlement to seaside town. Worthing, West Sussex: Optimus Books. ISBN 9780953313242. OCLC 58876316.
  • Kirby, D.P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. Routledge. ISBN 9780415242110.
  • Laycock, Stuart (2012). Britannia: The Failed State: Tribal Conflicts and the End of Roman Britain. The History Press. ISBN 9780752487656.
  • Locke, Tim (2011). Slow Sussex and the South Downs. Buckinghamshire: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623436.
  • Mate, Mavis (1992). "The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450-1451". Economic History Review. 45 (4): 661–676. doi:10.2307/2597413. JSTOR 2597413.
  • McCann, Tim (2004). Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century. Sussex Record Society.
  • Payton, Philip (2017). A History of Sussex. Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85936-232-7.
  • Smith Futhey, John; Cope, Gilbert (1995). History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches. Chester County, Pennsylvania USA: Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0788402067.
  • Thomas, Amanda (2020). The Nonconformist Revolution: Religious dissent, innovation and rebellion. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 9781473875692.
  • Tomlinson, Allan (2010). A Dictionary of Sports Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199213818.
  • Venning, Timothy (2013). An Alternative History of Britain: The Anglo-Saxon Age. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781781591253.
  • Wacher, John, ed. (2020). Towns of Roman Britain. Routledge. ISBN 9781000117318.
  • Waghorn, H. T. (1906). The Dawn of Cricket. Electric Press. ISBN 978-0-94-782117-3.
  • Welch, M.G. (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. English Heritage. ISBN 978-0-7134-6566-2.

External links edit

  • Map of Sussex on Wikishire
  • Further historical information and sources on GENUKI

April 12, 2024
sussex, county, redirects, here, other, uses, county, this, article, about, historic, county, england, administrative, counties, into, which, divided, east, west, other, uses, disambiguation, ˈsʌsɪks, from, english, sūþsēaxe, south, saxons, area, cultural, reg. County of Sussex redirects here For other uses see Sussex County This article is about the historic county in England For the administrative counties into which Sussex is divided see East Sussex and West Sussex For other uses see Sussex disambiguation Sussex ˈsʌsɪks from the Old English Suthseaxe lit South Saxons is an area and cultural region within South East England which was historically a kingdom and later a county It includes the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex SussexHistoric countyA view from Devil s Dyke Chichester and Eastbourne PierFlagArea Coordinates51 N 0 E 51 N 0 E 51 0History OriginSub Roman Britain Created5th century traditionally 477 StatusHistoric countyChapman codeSSXGovernment HQVarious Motto We wunt be druv Contained within Ceremonial countiesEast Sussex West SussexSubdivisions TypeRapes largest amp most notable of differing former subdivisions Units1 Chichester2 Arundel3 Bramber4 Lewes5 Pevensey6 HastingsThe kingdom of Sussex emerged in the 5th century from the Roman canton of the Regni and the Iron Age tribal region that preceded it In about 827 shortly after the Battle of Ellendun Sussex was conquered by Wessex From 860 it was ruled by the kings of Wessex and by 927 it was joined by the remaining Anglo Saxon kingdoms to form the kingdom of England By the Norman period Sussex was subdivided into administrative districts known as rapes which were themselves divided into hundreds By the sixteenth century the eastern three rapes and the western three rapes were combined for most of the meetings of the court of quarter sessions This arrangement was maintained when administrative counties and independent county boroughs were established in 1889 In Sussex this led to the creation of East Sussex County Council and West Sussex County Council to govern smaller towns and rural areas while the larger towns were made county boroughs independent of the county councils The basic division of Sussex into east and west for the purposes of administration continued in subsequent local government reform The Lord Lieutenant and Sheriff of Sussex were replaced in 1974 with separate posts for East and West Sussex with Sussex losing its status as a ceremonial county Sussex is bordered by Surrey to the north Kent to the north east the English Channel to the south and Hampshire to the west Two thirds of the population live along its 220 kilometres 137 mi of coastline or in the Brighton Gatwick corridor This includes the city of Brighton and Hove and its wider city region The rest of the area is sparsely populated and includes large parts of the South Downs National Park and the National Landscapes of the High Weald and Chichester Harbour Sussex is recognised as a single cultural region significant in culture and sport and is used by a range of organisations as a regional unit In 2007 Sussex Day was created to celebrate the county s culture and history Contents 1 Toponymy 2 Symbols 3 Geography 3 1 Landscape 3 2 Climate 3 3 Conurbations 4 Population 5 History 5 1 Beginnings 5 2 Roman canton 5 3 Kingdom of Sussex 5 4 Norman Sussex 5 5 Sussex under the Plantagenets 5 6 Early modern Sussex 5 7 Late modern and contemporary Sussex 6 Governance 6 1 Politics 6 2 Law 6 3 Administrative divisions 6 3 1 Historic sub divisions 6 3 2 Modern local authority areas 7 Economy 8 Education 9 Healthcare 10 Culture 10 1 Architecture 10 2 Dialect 10 3 Literature 10 4 Music 10 5 Television 10 6 Religion 10 7 Science 10 8 Sport 10 9 Cuisine 10 10 Visual arts 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 15 External linksToponymy editThe name Sussex is derived from the Middle English Suth saexe which is in turn derived from the Old English Suth Seaxe meaning land or people of the South Saxons cf Essex Middlesex and Wessex The South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries The earliest known usage of the term South Saxons Latin Australes Saxones is in a royal charter of 689 which names them and their king Nodhelm although the term may well have been in use for some time before that The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong recent scholars have suggested he might have been a quarter of a century too late 1 In the Domesday Book of 1086 Sussex is recorded as Sudsexe 2 Three United States counties in Delaware New Jersey and Virginia and a former county land division of Western Australia are named after Sussex Symbols editMain article Symbols of Sussex nbsp The traditional Sussex emblem first known recording in 1611 by John Speed Azure six martlets orThe flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets or heraldic swallows on a blue background blazoned as Azure six martlets or Recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011 its design is based on the heraldic shield of Sussex The first known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons However it seems that Speed was repeating an earlier association between the emblem and the county rather than being the inventor of the association It is now firmly regarded that the county emblem originated and derived from the coat of arms of the 14th century Knight of the Shire Sir John de Radynden 3 Sussex s six martlets are today held to symbolise the traditional six sub divisions of the county known as rapes 4 nbsp The round headed rampion or Pride of Sussex is Sussex s county flower Sussex by the Sea is regarded as the unofficial anthem of Sussex it was composed by William Ward Higgs in 1907 perhaps originally from the lyrics of Rudyard Kipling s poem entitled Sussex Adopted by the Royal Sussex Regiment and popularised in World War I it is sung at celebrations across the county including those at Lewes Bonfire and at sports matches including those of Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club and Sussex County Cricket Club The county day called Sussex Day is celebrated annually on 16 June the feast day of St Richard of Chichester Sussex s patron saint whose shrine at Chichester Cathedral was an important place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages Sussex s motto We wunt be druv is a Sussex dialect expression meaning we will not be pushed around and reflects the traditionally independent nature of Sussex men and women The round headed rampion also known as the Pride of Sussex was adopted as Sussex s county flower in 2002 Geography editMain article Geography of Sussex See also Geology of East Sussex Landscape edit nbsp The South Downs meets the sea at the Seven Sisters The physical geography of Sussex relies heavily on its lying on the southern part of the Wealden anticline the major features of which are the high lands that cross the county in a west to east direction the Weald itself and the South Downs Natural England has identified the following seven national character areas in Sussex 5 South Coast Plain South Downs Wealden Greensand Low Weald High Weald Pevensey Levels Romney MarshesAt 280 metres 920 feet Blackdown is the highest point in Sussex or county top With a height of 248 metres 814 ft Ditchling Beacon is the highest point in East Sussex At 113 kilometres 70 miles long the River Medway is the longest river flowing through Sussex The longest river entirely in Sussex is the River Arun which is 60 kilometres 37 mi long Sussex s largest lakes are man made reservoirs The largest is Bewl Water on the Kent border while the largest wholly within Sussex is Ardingly Reservoir Climate edit The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring Hampshire are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom 6 The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas sea breezes blowing off the sea tend to clear any cloud from the coast 7 The sunshine average is approximately 1 900 hours a year this is much higher than the UK average of 1 340 hours a year Most of Sussex lies in hardiness zone 8 the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton which lies in the milder zone 9 Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with 950 mm 37 in of rainfall per year 7 The close proximity of Sussex to the Continent of Europe results in cold spells in winter and hot humid weather in summer 7 The climate of the coastal districts is strongly influenced by the sea which because of its tendency to warm up slower than land can result in cooler temperatures than inland in the summer In the autumn months the coast sometimes has higher temperatures 7 Rainfall during the summer months is mainly from thunderstorms and thundery showers from January to March the heavier rainfall is due to prevailing south westerly frontal systems 7 In winter the east winds can be as cold as further inland 7 Selsey is known as a tornado hotspot with small tornadoes hitting the town in 1986 1998 and 2000 6 with the 1998 tornado causing an estimated 10 million of damage to 1 000 buildings 6 Conurbations edit Most of Sussex s population is distributed in an east west line along the English Channel coast or on the east west line of the A272 The exception to this pattern is the 20th century north south development on the A23 Brighton line corridor Sussex s main link to London Sussex s population is dominated by the Brighton Worthing Littlehampton conurbation that with a population of over 470 000 is home to almost 1 in 3 of Sussex s population According to the ONS urban area populations for continuous built up areas these are the five largest conurbations Rank Urban area 8 Population Statisticallocalities 9 Comments2001 Census 8 2011 Census 10 1 Brighton Worthing Littlehampton 461 181 474 485 10 Sometimes referred to as two primary urban areas Brighton Urban Area and Worthing Urban Area 11 2 Crawley 180 177 180 508 6 Includes approx 30 000 people living in Surrey In the 2001 census this urban area included Reigate and Redhill in Surrey but in the 2011 census it did not East Grinstead was part of this urban area for the 2011 census but it was not for previous censuses 3 Hastings Bexhill 126 386 133 422 24 Eastbourne 106 562 118 219 15 Bognor Regis 62 141 63 885 1Population editThe combined population of Sussex as of 2021 was about 1 7 million nb 1 In 2021 Sussex had a population density of 451 per km2 higher than the average for England of 434 per km2 The earliest statement as to the population of Sussex is made by Bede who describes the county in the year 681 as containing land for 7 000 families allowing ten to a family a reasonable estimate at that date the total population would be 70 000 12 In 1693 the county is said to have contained 21 537 houses The 1801 census found that the population was 159 311 The decline of the Sussex ironworks probably accounts for the small increase in population during several centuries although after the Massacre of St Bartholomew upwards of 1 500 Huguenots landed at Rye and in 1685 after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes many more refugees were added to the county 12 The population of Sussex was 550 446 in 1891 and 605 202 in 1901 12 History editMain articles History of Sussex and Timeline of Sussex history Beginnings edit Finds at Eartham Pit in Boxgrove show that the area has some of the earliest hominid remains in Europe dating back some 500 000 years and known as Boxgrove Man or Homo heidelbergensis At a site near Pulborough called The Beedings tools have been found that date from around 35 000 years ago and that are thought to be from either the last Neanderthals in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans 13 The thriving population lived by hunting game such as horses bison mammoths and woolly rhinos 14 Around 6000 BC the ice sheet over the North Sea melted sea levels rose and the meltwaters burst south and westwards creating the English Channel and cutting the people of Sussex off from their Mesolithic kinsmen to the south Later in the Neolithic period the area of the South Downs above Worthing was one of Britain s largest and most important flint mining centres 15 The flints were used to help fell trees for agriculture The oldest of these mines at Church Hill in Findon has been carbon dated to 4500 BC to 3750 BC making it one of the earliest known mines in Britain Flint tools from Cissbury have been found as far away as the eastern Mediterranean 16 Sussex is rich in remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages in particular the Bronze Age barrows known as the Devil s Jumps and Cissbury Ring one of Britain s largest hillforts Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75 BC people from the Atrebates one of the tribes of the Belgae a mix of Celtic and German stock invaded and occupied southern Britain 17 This was followed by an invasion by the Roman army under Julius Caesar that temporarily occupied south eastern Britain in 55 BC 17 Soon after the first Roman invasion had ended the Celtic Regni tribe under their leader Commius initially occupied the Manhood Peninsula 17 Eppillus Verica and Cogidubnus followed Commius as rulers of the Regni 17 18 or southern Atrebates a region which included most of Sussex with their capital in the Selsey area 19 20 Roman canton edit nbsp Museum model of how Fishbourne Roman Palace may have appearedA number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of Richborough in Kent According to this theory the Romans were called to restore the refugee Verica a king whose capital was in the Selsey and Chichester area 18 who had been driven out by the Catuvellauni a tribe based around modern Hertfordshire 21 Much of Sussex was a Roman canton of the Regni probably taking a similar area to the pre Roman tribal area and kingdom 19 Its capital was at Noviomagus Reginorum modern day Chichester close to the pre Roman capital of the area around Selsey Sussex was home to the magnificent Roman Palace at Fishbourne by far the largest Roman residence known north of the Alps The Romans built villas especially on the coastal plain and around Chichester one of the best preserved being that at Bignor Christianity first came to Sussex at this time but faded away when the Romans left in the 5th century The nationally important Patching hoard of Roman coins that was found in 1997 is the latest find of Roman coins found in Britain probably deposited after 475 AD well after the Roman departure from Britain around 410 AD 22 Kingdom of Sussex edit Main article Kingdom of Sussex nbsp Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the kingdom of SussexThe foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle which states that in the year AD 477 AElle landed with his three sons 23 24 Having fought on the banks of the Mearcredesburna 25 it seems AElle secured the area between the Ouse and Cuckmere in a treaty 26 Traditionally this is thought to have been against native Britons but it may have been to secure the area east of the Saxon Shore fort of Anderida from the influence of the Kingdom of Kent with whom the South Saxons may have had occasional disputes 19 AElle was recognised as the first Bretwalda or overlord of southern Britain He was probably the most senior of the Anglo Saxon kings and led the ill fated campaign against King Arthur at Mount Badon citation needed By the 7th century South Saxon kings were ruling from sites around Selsey the pre Roman capital of the area and Chichester the Roman capital of the area initially with similar borders to the pre Roman kingdom and Roman canton 19 For much of the 7th and 8th centuries Sussex suffered attempts at invasion from the kingdom of Wessex to its west King AEdelwealh formed an alliance with Christian Mercia against Wessex becoming Sussex s first Christian king With support from St Wilfrid Sussex became the last major Anglo Saxon kingdom to become Christian South Saxon and Mercian forces took control of what is now east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight Caedwalla of Wessex killed AEdelwealh and ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation The South Saxons forced Caedwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into Kent replacing its king At this time Sussex could have re emerged into a regional power 27 28 Shortly afterwards Caedwalla returned to Sussex killing its king and oppressing its people putting them in what Bede called a worse state of slavery 29 The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon Winchester 29 Only around 715 was Eadberht of Selsey made the first bishop of the South Saxons after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued Following a period of rule by King Offa of Mercia Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the crown of Wessex in 860 30 31 which later grew into the kingdom of England Norman Sussex edit Main article Sussex in the High Middle Ages nbsp Battle Abbey was founded to commemorate William s victory in the Battle of Hastings The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died The Battle of Hastings was fought in Sussex the victory that led to the Norman conquest of England In September 1066 William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected a wooden castle at Hastings from which they raided the surrounding area 32 33 The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king Harold Godwinson who had strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham 34 After having marched his exhausted army 250 miles 400 km from Yorkshire Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings where England s army was defeated and Harold was killed It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle as the county s thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated 35 William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar 35 Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any English county under the Normans for it was the heartland of King Harold and was potentially vulnerable to further invasion 36 In the immediate aftermath of the Normans landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings and to put an end to any rebellion the Norman army destroyed estates and other assets on their route through Sussex leading to a 40 per cent reduction in Sussex s wealth a situation worse than any other southern or midland county By 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10 to 25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066 37 It was also during the Norman period that Sussex achieved its greatest importance in comparison with other English counties 38 Sussex was on the main route between England and Normandy and the lands of the Anglo Norman nobility in what is now western France The growth in Sussex s population the importance of its ports and the increased colonisation of the Weald were all part of changes as significant to Sussex as those brought by the neolithic period by the Romans and the Saxons 38 Sussex also experienced the most radical and thorough reorganisation of land in England The county s existing sub divisions known as rapes were made into castleries and each territory was given to one of William s most trusted barons Castles were built to defend the territories including at Arundel Bramber Lewes Pevensey and Hastings Sussex s bishop AEthelric II was deposed and imprisoned and replaced with William the Conqueror s personal chaplain Stigand 39 The Normans also built Chichester Cathedral and moved the seat of Sussex s bishopric from Selsey to Chichester The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex including New Shoreham the centre of modern Shoreham by Sea Battle Arundel Uckfield and Winchelsea 36 Sussex under the Plantagenets edit In 1264 the Sussex Downs were the location of the Battle of Lewes in which Simon de Montfort and his fellow barons captured Prince Edward later Edward I the son and heir of Henry III The subsequent treaty known as the Mise of Lewes led to Montfort summoning the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation A provisional administration was set up consisting of Montfort the Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester These three were to elect a council of nine to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached 40 During the Hundred Years War Sussex found itself on the frontline convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates 1 Hastings Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period 1 and all three towns became part of the Cinque Ports a loose federation for supplying ships for the country s security Also at this time Amberley and Bodiam castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers 1 One of the impacts of the war and the Black Death which killed around half of the population of Sussex 41 was the perceived injustice that led many Sussex people to participate in the Peasants Revolt of 1381 Coastal areas suffered most from the Black Death and took longest to recover Instead much economic activity in Sussex was focused on the Weald Merchants moved north from the coastal towns and many Continental craftsmen fleeing religious persecution brought their expertise to the timber iron clothmaking and glass industries 42 Economic and social tensions continued for many years as Sussex people were also involved in Jack Cade s rebellion of 1450 in which Cade may have been killed at Cade Street near Heathfield Demands grew more radical in Sussex in 1451 when John and William Merfold advocated rule by common people They also demanded that Henry VI be deposed and publicly incited the killing of the nobility and clergy 43 Early modern Sussex edit The Wealden iron industry expanded rapidly especially after the first blast furnace arrived in Sussex in 1496 from the Low Countries which greatly improved efficiency Skilled Flemish workers moved to Sussex followed again by Huguenot craftsmen from France who brought new techniques The industry was strategically important and flourished into the 17th century after which it began to decline It also brought widespread deforestation of parts of the Sussex Weald 44 nbsp Hand drawn map of Kent Sussex Surrey and Middlesex from 1575 Henry VIII s separation of the Church of England from Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries led to the demolition of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey and the sites being given to Henry s supporters The shrine to St Richard at Chichester Cathedral was also destroyed Mary I returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex 41 Protestants were burned to death Under Elizabeth I religious intolerance continued albeit on a lesser scale with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs 1 In Elizabeth s reign Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe combined with a significant Catholic presence Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England 45 Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the English Civil War although control of the Wealden iron industry was strategically important to both sides In 1642 there was a skirmish at Haywards Heath when Royalists marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local Parliamentarians The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner 46 Shortly after there were sieges at Chichester and Arundel and a smaller battle at Bramber Bridge Despite its being under Parliamentarian control Charles II was able to journey through the county after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 to make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham In 1681 Charles II granted William Penn lands in what became Pennsylvania and Delaware Amongst those whom he carried to North America as colonists were 200 people from Sussex mostly Quakers 47 48 who founded settlements named after places in Sussex including Lewes and Seaford in Sussex County Delaware and Horsham Township and Chichester in Pennsylvania The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century 36 Resorts developed all along the coast including at Brighton Hastings Worthing and Bognor 36 Late modern and contemporary Sussex edit Poverty increased and by 1801 Sussex had the highest poor law rates in England with 23 per cent of its population 37 000 people out of 160 000 living on the breadline and receiving regular relief 49 Socially acceptable crimes including protest riot collective action and smuggling were commonplace in Sussex and were seen by many as a legitimate way to address grievances and assert freedoms At this time Sussex became a centre for radicalism 50 Thomas Paine developed his political ideas in Lewes and later wrote Common Sense which was influential in the American Revolution 51 Known as the radical duke 52 Charles Lennox 3rd Duke of Richmond was an early supporter of parliamentary reform and US independence 53 54 Richard Cobden was a product of Sussex s rural radicalism 55 and became a campaigner for free trade and peace Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was another influential radical from Sussex At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed those in work faced their wages being forced down 56 Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers seasonal workers had been found dead of starvation 56 The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots first in neighbouring Kent and then in Sussex where they lasted for several weeks although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots 56 57 During World War I on 30 June 1916 the Royal Sussex Regiment took part in the Battle of the Boar s Head at Richebourg l Avoue 58 The day subsequently became known as The Day Sussex Died 58 Within five hours the 17 officers and 349 men were killed 58 and 1 000 men were wounded or taken prisoner 58 In 1918 the terms of the armistice to be offered to Germany at the end of World War I were agreed at a meeting at Danny House Hurstpierpoint 59 With the declaration of World War II Sussex found itself part of the country s frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the Battle of Britain and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed 60 Sussex was garrisoned by multiple British and Canadian Army units from 1940 until at least May 1942 61 During the lead up to the Dieppe Raid and D Day landings the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county s coast 62 In the post war era the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of a new town 63 As part of the Local Government Act 1972 the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into the ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974 Boundaries were changed and a large part of the rape of Lewes was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex along with Gatwick Airport historically part of the county of Surrey Governance editSee also History of local government in Sussex Politics edit Main articles Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner Sussex UK Parliament constituency High Sheriff of Sussex Lord Lieutenant of Sussex and Custos Rotulorum of Sussex From 1290 Sussex returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of England Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs After the union with Scotland two members represented the county in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 The Reform Act 1832 led to the disenfranchisement of some of the smaller Sussex boroughs 64 and divided what had been a single county constituency into eastern and western divisions with two representatives elected for each division 65 The reforms of the 19th century made the electoral system more representative but it was not until 1928 that there was universal suffrage 64 There was a strong radical and republican tradition in Sussex from the 19th century 66 67 For most of the 20th century Sussex was a Conservative Party stronghold from the 1906 to 1997 general elections the only seats in Sussex won by parties other than the Conservatives were in the constituencies of Brighton and Brighton Kemptown Since 1997 there has been a gradual shift to the left especially in more urban areas This has been most notable in Brighton and Hove where in Brighton Pavilion the UK s first and only Green MP Caroline Lucas was elected in 2010 and the UK s first Green led local authority was elected in 2011 In the House of Commons the lower house of the UK Parliament Sussex is represented by 16 MPs At the 2019 general election 13 Conservative MPs 2 Labour and Labour Co op MPs and 1 Green MP were elected from Sussex constituencies Amongst top tier local authorities East and West Sussex County Councils are both held by the Conservatives and Brighton and Hove City Council is led by Labour Amongst district councils as of June 2023 the Lib Dems had a majority in three local authorities Chichester Eastbourne and Horsham the Labour Party had a majority in two local authorities Crawley and Worthing and the Conservative Party had a majority in one local authority Adur Of the six local authorities in no overall control one had a minority Labour administration Hastings one was run by a Lib Dem Labour Green coalition Arun one was run by a Green Labour coalition Lewes one as run by a Lib Dem Independent coalition Mid Sussex one was run by an Independent Lib Dem Green coalition Rother and one had a Lib Dem Green coalition Wealden Conservative Katy Bourne is the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner having first been elected in 2012 In the 2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU the people of Sussex voted to leave the EU by the narrowest of margins by 50 23 to 49 77 or 4 413 votes 68 69 Law edit Headquartered in Lewes Home Office policing in Sussex has been provided by Sussex Police since 1968 70 nbsp Lewes Crown Court is the first tier Crown Court for Sussex The first tier Crown Court for all of Sussex is Lewes Crown Court which has courts in Lewes Brighton and Hove Like other first tier Crown Courts it has its own resident High Court Judge There is also a third tier Crown Court at Chichester The local prison in Sussex for men is Lewes Prison 71 and there is also a Category D prison at Ford Administrative divisions edit Historic sub divisions edit Main article Rape county subdivision nbsp Map of Sussex in 1851 showing the six RapesA rape is a traditional territorial sub division of Sussex formerly used for various administrative purposes 72 Their origin is unknown but they appear to predate the Norman Conquest 73 Each rape was split into several hundreds and may be Romano British or Anglo Saxon in origin 74 At the time of the Norman Conquest there were four rapes Arundel Lewes Pevensey and Hastings The rape of Bramber was created later in the 11th century and the rape of Chichester was created in the 13th century Modern local authority areas edit Local government in Sussex has been subject to periodic review over time Currently Sussex is currently divided into two counties for ceremonial purposes for administrative purposes into two county council areas East and West Sussex and one unitary authority the city of Brighton and Hove There is a two tier structure for East Sussex and West Sussex with education social services libraries public transport and waste disposal carried out by the county councils and local planning and building control carried out by the district and borough councils For the governance of a long narrow territory it became practical to divide the county into two sections The three eastern rapes of Sussex became east Sussex and the three western rapes became west Sussex This began in 1504 with separate administrations Quarter Sessions for east and west a situation recognised by the County of Sussex Act 1865 Under the Local Government Act 1888 the two divisions became two administrative counties along with three county boroughs Brighton Hastings and from 1911 Eastbourne that were independent of the administrative counties 75 Ceremonial county post 1974 Shire county unitary post 1888 1997 Districts post 1974 East Sussex nbsp East Sussex UK locator map 2010 1 East Sussex Hastings Rother Wealden Eastbourne Lewes2 Brighton amp Hove unitary West Sussex nbsp West Sussex UK locator map 2010 3 West Sussex Worthing Arun Chichester Horsham Crawley Mid Sussex AdurEconomy editDespite its location in the prosperous South East of England there is considerable economic variation within Sussex In most areas within Sussex economic output is close to or significantly lower than the UK average and is far below the average for South East England For statistical purposes the UK Government pairs Sussex at the NUTS2 level with Surrey a significantly better off region which to some degree masks the level of deprivation in Sussex In 2018 the four Sussex statistical areas at the NUTS3 level had a GDP per head that varied between 18 852 58 6 of the UK average and 33 711 104 6 of the UK average and was typically below the UK average of 32 216 This was in contrast to the two areas in Surrey which had a GDP per head of 37 429 and 42 433 well above the UK average 76 There is also serious deprivation in Sussex comparable to the most deprived UK inner city areas Some areas of Sussex are in the top 5 per cent most deprived in the UK and in some areas two thirds of children are living in poverty 77 In 2011 two Local Enterprise Partnerships were formed to improve the economy in Sussex These were the Coast to Capital LEP covering West Sussex Brighton and Hove and the Lewes district in the west of East Sussex as well as parts of Surrey and South London and the South East LEP which covers the local authority area of East Sussex as well as Kent and Essex In the most populous part of Sussex around the Brighton and Hove Built up area the Greater Brighton City Deal was formed to enable the area to fulfil its economic potential into one of the highest performing urban economies in the UK 78 Tourism in Sussex is well established and includes seaside resorts and the South Downs National Park Brighton and Hove has a high density of businesses involved in media particularly digital or new media since the 1990s Brighton has been referred to as Silicon Beach 79 The Greater Brighton City Deal seeks to develop Brighton s creative tech cluster under the name Tech City South 78 The University of Sussex and the University of Brighton provide employment for many more A large part of the county centred on Gatwick Airport has been recognised as a key economic growth area for South East England 80 whilst reasonable rail connections allow many people to work in London Several large companies are based in Sussex including American Express Brighton 81 The Body Shop Littlehampton Bowers amp Wilkins Worthing Hastings Insurance and Park Holidays UK Bexhill Ricardo plc Shoreham by Sea Rolls Royce Motor Cars Goodwood Thales UK Crawley Alfa Laval Eastbourne and Virgin Atlantic Crawley The Sussex Weald had an iron working industry from the Iron Age until the 19th century The glass making industry started on the Sussex Surrey border throughout the late medieval period until the 17th century 82 Agriculture in Sussex depended on the terrain so in the sticky clays and acid sands of the Sussex Weald pastoral and mixed farming took place with sheep farming being common on the chalk downland Fishing fleets continue to operate along the coast notably at Rye and Hastings There are working harbours at Rye Hastings Newhaven and Shoreham whilst Pagham Eastbourne and Chichester harbours cater for leisure craft as does Brighton Marina The Mid Sussex area had a thriving clay industry in the early 20th century Education editThe oldest university in Sussex is the research intensive University of Sussex founded in 1961 83 at Falmer in Brighton the first new university in England since World War II The university consistently ranks among the top 20 universities in the UK 84 It is home to the renowned Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit alongside over 40 other established research centres 85 86 In 1992 it was joined by the University of Brighton with campuses in Brighton Eastbourne and Hastings and in 2005 by the University of Chichester with campuses in Chichester and Bognor Regis 87 Validated by University of the Arts London higher education is also provided at Greater Brighton Metropolitan College whose campuses in Brighton Worthing and Shoreham by Sea are referred to as MET University Centre 88 The Prebendal School in Chichester is the oldest known school in Sussex 89 and probably dates to when the Normans moved the Sussex bishopric from Selsey to Chichester Cathedral in the 11th century 89 Primary and secondary education in the state sector in Sussex is provided by its three local education authorities of East and West Sussex County Councils and Brighton and Hove City Council Sussex also has some of the best known independent schools in England including Christ s Hospital School Brighton College Eastbourne College Lancing College and Battle Abbey School Healthcare edit nbsp The main building of the Royal Sussex County HospitalThe Sussex County Hospital now the Royal Sussex County Hospital was founded in 1828 at Brighton 90 whilst the Sussex County Mental Asylum later St Francis Hospital and now the Princess Royal Hospital was founded in 1859 in the centre of county at Haywards Heath 91 Sussex s first medical school the Brighton and Sussex Medical School was set up in 2002 In 2011 the four Sussex NHS primary care trusts PCTs joined forces to become NHS Sussex 92 The Major Trauma Centre at the Royal Sussex County Hospital is the Major Trauma Centre for Sussex with the Sussex s other hospitals acting as trauma units It is one of only five major trauma centres across the NHS s South of England area 93 The hospital also houses the Sussex Cancer Centre which serves most of Sussex 94 95 Culture editMain article Culture of Sussex Sussex has a centuries old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England 96 The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought 97 and have an aversion to being pushed around as expressed through the Sussex motto We wunt be druv Sussex is known for its strong tradition of bonfire celebrations and its proud musical heritage Sussex in the first half of the 20th century was a major centre for modernism and saw many radical artists and writers move to its seaside towns and countryside 98 The county is home to the Brighton Festival and the Brighton Fringe England s largest arts festival 99 Brighton Pride is one of the UK s largest and oldest gay pride parades and other pride events take place at most other major towns including Crawley 100 Eastbourne 101 Hastings 102 and Worthing Chichester is home to the Chichester Festival Theatre and Pallant House Gallery Architecture edit Sussex s building materials reflect its geology being made of flint on and near the South Downs and sandstone in the Weald 103 Brick is used across the county 103 nbsp The Royal Pavilion BrightonTypically conservative and moderate 104 the architecture of Sussex also has elaborate and eccentric buildings rarely matched elsewhere in England including the Saxon Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin Sompting Castle Goring which has a front and rear of entirely different styles and Brighton s Indo Saracenic Royal Pavilion Dialect edit Main article Sussex dialect Historically Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex the two eastern rapes of Lewes and Pevensey and an area approximate to the easternmost rape of Hastings 96 105 The Sussex dialect is also notable in having an unusually large number of words for mud in a way similar to the popular belief which exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow 106 Literature edit Writers born in Sussex include the Renaissance poet Thomas May and playwrights Thomas Otway and John Fletcher One of the most prolific playwrights of his day Fletcher is thought to have collaborated with Shakespeare Notable Sussex poets include William Collins William Hayley Percy Bysshe Shelley 107 Richard Realf Wilfrid Scawen Blunt 108 Edward Carpenter and John Scott Other writers from Sussex include Sheila Kaye Smith Noel Streatfeild Patrick Hamilton Rumer Godden Hammond Innes Angus Wilson Maureen Duffy Angela Carter William Nicholson Peter James Kate Mosse and Alex Preston nbsp Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of Sussex s best known poets In addition there are writers who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection This includes Charlotte Turner Smith William Blake Alfred Tennyson H G Wells Hilaire Belloc John Cowper Powys Arthur Conan Doyle Henry James E F Benson John Roman Baker James Herbert and AA Milne who lived in Ashdown Forest for much of his life and set his Winnie the Pooh stories in the forest Sussex has been home to four winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature Rudyard Kipling spent much of his life in Sussex living in Rottingdean and later at Burwash 109 Irishman W B Yeats spent three winters living with American poet Ezra Pound at Colemans Hatch in the Ashdown Forest 110 and towards the end of his life spent much time at Steyning and Withyham 111 John Galsworthy spent much of his life in Bury in the Sussex Downs 112 and Harold Pinter lived in Worthing in the 1960s 113 Music edit Main article Music of Sussex Sussex s rich musical heritage encompasses folk classical and popular genres amongst others Composed by William Ward Higgs Sussex by the Sea is the county s unofficial anthem 114 Passed on through oral tradition many of Sussex s traditional songs may not have changed significantly for centuries with their origins perhaps dating as far back as the time of the South Saxons 96 William Henry Hudson compared the singing of the Sussexians with that of the Basques and the Tehuelche people of Patagonia both peoples with ancient cultures 115 The songs sung by the Copper Family Henry Burstow Samuel Willett Peter and Harriett Verrall David Penfold and others were collected by John Broadwood and his niece Lucy Broadwood Kate Lee and composers Ralph Vaughan Williams and George Butterworth 114 116 Sussex also played a major part in the folk music revival of the 1960s and 1970s with various singers including George Pop Maynard Scan Tester Tony Wales and the sisters Dolly and Shirley Collins 114 nbsp The Cure performing live in SingaporeSussex has also been home to many composers of classical music including Thomas Weelkes John Ireland Edward Elgar Frank Bridge Sir Hubert Parry and Ralph Vaughan Williams who played a major part in recording Sussex s traditional music 114 While Glyndebourne is one of the world s best known opera houses the county is home to professional orchestras the Brighton Philharmonic Orchestra 117 and the Worthing Symphony Orchestra 118 In popular music Sussex has produced artists including Leo Sayer The Cure The Levellers Brett Anderson Keane The Kooks The Feeling Rizzle Kicks Conor Maynard Tom Odell Royal Blood Rag n Bone Man Celeste Architects and Maisie Peters In the 1970s Sussex was home to Phun City 119 the UK s first large scale free music festival and hosted the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest which propelled ABBA to worldwide fame Major festivals include The Great Escape Festival 120 and Glyndebourne Festival Opera Television edit Due to the size of the county it is covered by more than one TV station BBC South East covers Brighton amp Hove and East Sussex and also Haywards Heath East Grinstead Burgess Hill and Shoreham by Sea in West Sussex BBC South covers the remainder of West Sussex ITV Meridian is another regional news which covers the county Crawley is covered by both regions but receives a better TV signal from BBC London and ITV London Religion edit Main article Religion in Sussex See also History of Christianity in Sussex Christianity is the predominant religion in Sussex with 57 8 per cent of the population identifying as Christian in the 2011 census 121 Other results from the 2011 census are 1 4 per cent as Muslim 0 7 per cent as Hindu and 30 5 per cent as having no religion 121 nbsp Chichester Cathedral became the seat of Sussex s cathedral in 1075 after it was moved from Selsey Sussex has been a single diocese of the established church since the eighth century after St Wilfrid founded Selsey Abbey on land granted by King AEdelwealh Sussex s first Christian king The Normans moved the location of Sussex s cathedral to Chichester in 1075 Since 1965 Arundel Cathedral has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishops of Arundel and Brighton which covers Sussex and Surrey The established church and the Catholic Church were historically strongest in western and southern areas 122 In contrast Protestant non conformity was historically strongest in areas furthest from diocesan authorities in Chichester in the south west 122 123 This included in the Weald and in the east where there were also links to Protestant northern Europe 124 123 St Richard of Chichester is Sussex s patron saint According to the 2011 census there were about 23 000 Muslims in Sussex constituting 1 4 per cent of the population Within Sussex Crawley had the highest proportion of Muslims with 7 2 per cent of the population 121 Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179 80 pipe roll for Chichester A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186 All Sussex s Jews would have been expelled in 1290 when Edward I of England issued the Edict of Expulsion A Jewish population had returned to Sussex by the late 18th century in Brighton and Arundel A wide variety of non traditional religious and belief groups have bases in and around East Grinstead 125 126 127 Groups include the Church of Scientology at Saint Hill Manor Opus Dei the Rosicrucian Order the Pagan Federation and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints the Mormons n 1 Science edit Pell s equation and the Pell number are both named after 17th century mathematician John Pell Pell is sometimes credited with inventing the division sign which has also been attributed to Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Rahn one of his students In the 19th century geologist and palaeontologist Gideon Mantell began the scientific study of dinosaurs In 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and eventual identification of the first fossil teeth and later much of the skeleton of Iguanodon Braxton Hicks contractions are named after John Braxton Hicks the Sussex doctor who in 1872 first described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth nbsp JM Keynes lived at Tilton near Firle from 1925 to 1946 In the 20th century Frederick Soddy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on radioactive substances and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes 128 Frederick Gowland Hopkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929 with Christiaan Eijkman for discovering the growth stimulating vitamins 129 Martin Ryle shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 130 with Cornishman Antony Hewish the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research While working at the University of Sussex Harold Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard Smalley and Robert Curl from Rice University in the US for the discovery of fullerenes 131 David Mumford is a mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory He won the International Mathematical Union s Fields Medal in 1974 and in 2010 was awarded the United States National Medal of Science In the social sciences Sussex was home to economist John Maynard Keynes from 1925 to 1946 The founding father of Keynesian economics he is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century 132 133 134 135 David Pilbeam won the 1986 International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation 136 In the early 20th century Sussex was at the centre of one of what has been described as British archaeology s greatest hoax 137 Bone fragments said to have been collected in 1912 were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human referred to as Piltdown Man In 1953 the bone fragments were exposed as a forgery consisting of the lower jawbone of an orangutan deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human From 1967 to 1979 Sussex was home to the Isaac Newton Telescope at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Herstmonceux Castle Sport edit Main articles Sport in Sussex Cricket in Sussex and Football in Sussex Sussex has a centuries long tradition of sport Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both cricket and stoolball Cricket is recognised as having been formed in the Weald and Sussex is where cricket was first recorded as being played by men in 1611 138 and by women in 1677 139 as well as being the location of the first reference to a cricket bat in 1622 138 and a wicket in 1680 140 Founded in 1839 Sussex CCC is England s oldest county cricket club and is the oldest professional sports club in the world 141 Slindon Cricket Club dominated the sport for a while in the 18th century The cricket ground at Arundel Castle traditionally plays host to a Duke of Norfolk s XI which plays the national test sides touring England 142 143 Founded in 1971 the Sussex Cricket League is believed to be the largest adult cricket league in the world with 335 teams in 2018 144 Referred to as Sussex s national sport 145 and a Sussex game or pastime 146 147 Sussex may be where the sport of stoolball originated and is where the sport was formalised in the 19th century and its revival took place in the early 20th century Sussex is represented in the Premier League by Brighton amp Hove Albion and in the Football League by Crawley Town Brighton has been a League member since 1920 whereas Crawley was promoted to the League in 2011 Brighton amp Hove Albion play in the FA Women s Super League and Lewes play in the FA Women s Championship Sussex has had its own football association since 1882 148 and its own football league which has since expanded into Surrey since 1920 149 In horse racing Sussex is home to Goodwood Fontwell Park Brighton and Plumpton The All England Jumping Course show jumping facility hosts the British Jumping Derby 150 and the Royal International Horse Show Eastbourne Eagles speedway team race in the SGB Championship Cuisine edit See also Beer in Sussex and Sussex wine nbsp Sliced Sussex Pond PuddingThe historic county is known for its seven good things of Sussex 151 152 153 These seven things are Pulborough eel Selsey cockle Chichester lobster Rye herring Arundel mullet Amberley trout and Bourne wheatear Sussex is also known for Ashdown Partridge Pudding Chiddingly Hot pot Sussex Bacon Pudding Sussex Hogs Pudding Huffed Chicken Sussex Churdles Sussex Shepherds Pie Sussex Pond Pudding 154 Sussex Blanket Pudding Sussex Well Pudding and Chichester Pudding Sussex is also known for its cakes and biscuits known as Sussex Plum Heavies 155 and Sussex Lardy Johns while banoffee pie was first created in 1972 in Jevington 156 157 The county has vineyards and a long history of brewing of beer It is home to the 18th century beer brewers Harveys of Lewes as well as many more recently established breweries 158 There are also many cider makers in Sussex Hunts Sussex Cider 159 and SeaCider 160 are the largest cider producers With 138 vineyards in 2023 Sussex has a quarter of the UK s vineyards 161 In 2022 Sussex wine gained Protected Designation of Origin status following decades of international acclaim with Sussex wines winning awards around the world Many vineyards make wines using traditional Champagne varieties and methods 162 and there are similarities between the topography and chalk and clay soils 163 of Sussex downland and that of the Champagne region which lies on a latitude 100 miles 161 km to the south 162 164 Visual arts edit nbsp The Long Man of Wilmington is Europe s largest representation of the human form Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the Neolithic flint mines at Cissbury on the South Downs near Worthing 165 From the Roman period the palace at Fishbourne has the largest in situ collection of mosaics in the UK 166 while the villa at Bignor contains some of the best preserved Roman mosaics in England 167 Dating from around the 12th century the Lewes Group of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex some of which are celebrated for their age extent and quality Of uncertain origin the Long Man of Wilmington is Europe s largest representation of the human form 168 In the late 18th century three men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas William Burrell of Knepp Castle commissioned Swiss born watercolourist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm to tour Sussex producing 900 watercolours of the county s buildings 169 George Wyndham 3rd Earl of Egremont of Petworth House was a patron of painters such as J M W Turner and John Constable 170 John Mad Jack Fuller also commissioned Turner to make a series of paintings which resulted in thirteen finished watercolours of Fuller s house at Brightling and the area around it 171 nbsp Chichester Canal 1828 by J M W TurnerIn the 19th century landscape watercolourist Copley Fielding lived in Sussex and illustrator Aubrey Beardsley and painter and sculptor Eric Gill were born in Brighton Gill went on to found an art colony in Ditchling known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic which survived until 1989 The 1920s and 1930s saw the creation of some of the best known works by Edward Burra who was known for his work of Sussex Paris and Harlem 172 and Eric Ravilious who is known for his paintings of the South Downs 173 In the early 20th century Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant both members of the Bloomsbury Group lived and worked at Charleston Farmhouse near Firle 174 Sussex also became a major centre for surrealism in the early 20th century 175 At West Dean Edward James was patron to artists including Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte 175 176 while at Farley Farm House near Chiddingly the home of Roland Penrose and Lee Miller was frequented by artists such as Pablo Picasso Man Ray Henry Moore Eileen Agar Jean Dubuffet Dorothea Tanning and Max Ernst 175 177 Both collections form one of the most important bodies of Surrealist art in Europe 178 Notable people editMain listing List of people from SussexSee also edit nbsp Geography portal nbsp Europe portal nbsp European Union portal nbsp United Kingdom portal nbsp England portal nbsp South East England portal nbsp East Sussex portal nbsp West Sussex portalCulture of Sussex Sussex dialect Geography of Sussex History of Sussex Timeline of Sussex history Flag of Sussex Coat of arms of Sussex List of Lord Lieutenants of Sussex List of High Sheriffs of Sussex Custos Rotulorum of Sussex Keepers of the Rolls Sussex UK Parliament constituency Historical list of MPs for Sussex constituency East Sussex Geology of East Sussex West Sussex Kingdom of Sussex Sussex by the Sea Recreational walks in East Sussex Sussex County Cricket Club Twitten The Sussex Newspaper Royal Sussex Regiment Sussex Police Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner StoolballFootnotes editNotes Combined population of local authority areas of Brighton and Hove 277 103 East Sussex 557 229 and West Sussex 858 852 The London England Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints is located 3 miles 5 km north of East Grinstead just over the Surrey border References a b c d e Lowerson John 1980 A Short History of Sussex Folkestone Dawson Publishing ISBN 978 0 7129 0948 8 Open Domesday Sussex Retrieved 14 January 2024 The Sussex County Flag The Sussex County Flag December 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2016 Sussex Martlets The Sussex County Flag December 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2016 South East and London National Character Area map 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in medieval England Collected Studies in Local Administration and Topography 1944 193 Mawer Allen F M Stenton with J E B Gover 1930 1929 Sussex Part I and Part II English Place Name Society a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CONNECTIONS 12 pdf PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2013 Regional gross domestic product all NUTS level regions Retrieved 11 August 2020 Report Shows Serious Deprivation in Sussex Sussex Community Foundation November 2013 Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 Retrieved 25 May 2014 a b Greater Brighton City Deal PDF PDF Retrieved 26 May 2014 Brighton s Silicon Beach tech cluster finally breaks shore 22 September 2011 Gatwick Diamond Mid Sussex District Council Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 Retrieved 8 August 2012 3000 jobs safeguarded with American Express decision Brighton Business 6 September 2008 Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 Retrieved 13 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Retrieved 26 September 2012 Charleston an Artists Home and Garden The Charleston Trust Retrieved 24 October 2012 a b c Surreal Friends Pallant House Gallery Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 Retrieved 26 September 2012 Edward James and Salvador Dali West Dean College Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 Retrieved 26 September 2012 Farley Farm House Introduction Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 Retrieved 26 September 2012 Surrealism in Sussex PDF Pallant House Gallery Archived from the original PDF on 16 September 2012 Retrieved 26 September 2012 Bibliography editArmstrong Jack Roy 1974 A History of Sussex Phillimore amp Co Ltd ISBN 9780850331851 Brandon Peter ed 1978 The South Saxons Chichester Phillimore ISBN 978 0 85033 240 7 Brandon Peter 2006 Sussex Robert Hale ISBN 9780709069980 Coates Richard 2010 The Traditional Dialect of Sussex Pomegranate Press ISBN 978 1 907242 09 0 Dimmock Matthew Quinn Paul Hadfield Andrew 2013 Art Literature and Religion in Early Modern Sussex Ashgate Publishing ISBN 978 1472405227 Gomme Alice Bertha 1894 The traditional games of England Scotland and Ireland with tunes singing rhymes and methods of playing according to the variants extant and recorded in different parts of the kingdom London David Nutt Higham Nicholas Ryan M J 2013 The Anglo Saxon World Yale University Press ISBN 9780300125344 Kerridge R G P Standing M R 2000 Worthing from Saxon settlement to seaside town Worthing West Sussex Optimus Books ISBN 9780953313242 OCLC 58876316 Kirby D P 2000 The Earliest English Kings Routledge ISBN 9780415242110 Laycock Stuart 2012 Britannia The Failed State Tribal Conflicts and the End of Roman Britain The History Press ISBN 9780752487656 Locke Tim 2011 Slow Sussex and the South Downs Buckinghamshire Bradt Travel Guides ISBN 9781841623436 Mate Mavis 1992 The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion Sussex in 1450 1451 Economic History Review 45 4 661 676 doi 10 2307 2597413 JSTOR 2597413 McCann Tim 2004 Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century Sussex Record Society Payton Philip 2017 A History of Sussex Carnegie Publishing ISBN 978 1 85936 232 7 Smith Futhey John Cope Gilbert 1995 History of Chester County Pennsylvania with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches Chester County Pennsylvania USA Heritage Books ISBN 978 0788402067 Thomas Amanda 2020 The Nonconformist Revolution Religious dissent innovation and rebellion Pen and Sword History ISBN 9781473875692 Tomlinson Allan 2010 A Dictionary of Sports Studies Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199213818 Venning Timothy 2013 An Alternative History of Britain The Anglo Saxon Age Pen amp Sword Books Limited ISBN 9781781591253 Wacher John ed 2020 Towns of Roman Britain Routledge ISBN 9781000117318 Waghorn H T 1906 The Dawn of Cricket Electric Press ISBN 978 0 94 782117 3 Welch M G 1992 Anglo Saxon England English Heritage ISBN 978 0 7134 6566 2 External links editSussex at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage Map of Sussex on Wikishire Further historical information and sources on GENUKI Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sussex amp oldid 1216187692, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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