This article is about the surrealist technique without conscious self-censorship. For the paranormal writing technique, see Automatic writing. For the method of writing and educational technique, see Free writing.
Surrealist automatism is a method of art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway. Early 20th-century Dadaists, such as Hans Arp, made some use of this method through chance operations. Surrealist artists, most notably André Masson, adapted to art the automatic writing method of André Breton and Philippe Soupault who composed with it Les Champs Magnétiques (The Magnetic Fields) in 1919.[1]The Automatic Message (1933) was one of Breton's significant theoretical works about automatism.
Automatism has taken on many forms: the automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day) explored by the surrealists can be compared to similar or parallel phenomena, such as the non-idiomatic improvisation. "Psychic automatism in its pure state" was how André Breton defined Surrealism, and while the definition has proved capable of significant expansion, automatism remains of prime importance in the movement.[2]
The technique of automatic drawing was transferred to painting (as seen in Miró's paintings which often started out as automatic drawings), and has been adapted to other media; there have even been automatic "drawings" in computer graphics. Pablo Picasso was also thought to have expressed a type of automatic drawing in his later work, and particularly in his etchings and lithographic suites of the 1960s.
Automatic drawing (distinguished from drawn expression of mediums) was developed by the surrealists, as a means of expressing the subconscious. In automatic drawing, the hand is allowed to move "randomly" across the paper. In applying chance and accident to mark-making, drawing is to a large extent freed of rational control. Hence the drawing produced may be attributed in part to the subconscious and may reveal something of the psyche, which would otherwise be repressed. Examples of automatic drawing were produced by mediums and practitioners of the psychic arts. It was thought by some Spiritualists to be a spirit control that was producing the drawing while physically taking control of the medium's body.
Most of the surrealists' automatic drawings were illusionistic, or more precisely, they developed into such drawings when representational forms seemed to suggest themselves. In the 1940s and 1950s the French-Canadian group called Les Automatistes pursued creative work (chiefly painting) based on surrealist principles. They abandoned any trace of representation in their use of automatic drawing. This is perhaps a more pure form of automatic drawing since it can be almost entirely involuntary – to develop a representational form requires the conscious mind to take over the process of drawing, unless it is entirely accidental and thus incidental. These artists, led by Paul-Émile Borduas, sought to proclaim an entity of universal values and ethics proclaimed in their manifesto Refus Global.
As alluded to above, surrealist artists often found that their use of "automatic drawing" was not entirely automatic, rather it involved some form of conscious intervention to make the image or painting visually acceptable or comprehensible, "...Masson admitted that his 'automatic' imagery involved a two-fold process of unconscious and conscious activity...."[3]
Surautomatism
Some Romanian surrealists invented a number of surrealist techniques (such as cubomania, entoptic graphomania, and the movement of liquid down a vertical surface) that purported to take automatism to an absurd point, and the name given, "surautomatism", implies that the methods "go beyond" automatism, but this position is controversial.
Paul-Emile Borduas
The notion of automatism is also rooted in the artistic movement of the same name founded by Montreal artist Paul-Emile Borduas in 1942; himself influenced by the Dadaist movement as well as André Breton. He, as well as a dozen other artists from Quebec's artistic scene, very much under restrictive and authoritarian rule in that period, signed the Global Refusal manifesto, in which the artists called upon North American society (specifically in the culturally unique environment of Quebec), to take notice and act upon the societal evolution projected by these new cultural paradigms opened by the Automatist movement as well as other influences in the 1940s.
Contemporary techniques
The computer, like the typewriter, can be used to produce automatic writing and automatic poetry. The practice of automatic drawing, originally performed with pencil or pen and paper, has also been adapted to mouse and monitor, and other automatic methods have also been either adapted from non-digital media, or invented specifically for the computer. For instance, filters have been automatically run in some bitmap editor programs such as Photoshop and GIMP, and computer-controlled brushes have been used by Roman Verostko to simulate automatism.[4] Grandview — a software application created in 2011 for the Mac — displays one word at a time across the entire screen as a user types, facilitating automatic writing.[5]
^Chilvers, Ian and Glaves-Smith, John, A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, second edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 45-46. ISBN0199239665.
^Staff (ndg). "MoMA Learning: Surrealism". MoMA. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
^The Surrealists: Revolutionaries in art & writing 1919–1935, Jemma Montagu, page 15
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This article is about the surrealist technique without conscious self censorship For the paranormal writing technique see Automatic writing For the method of writing and educational technique see Free writing Surrealist automatism is a method of art making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway Early 20th century Dadaists such as Hans Arp made some use of this method through chance operations Surrealist artists most notably Andre Masson adapted to art the automatic writing method of Andre Breton and Philippe Soupault who composed with it Les Champs Magnetiques The Magnetic Fields in 1919 1 The Automatic Message 1933 was one of Breton s significant theoretical works about automatism Andre Masson Automatic Drawing 1924 Ink on paper 91 4 81 8 23 5 20 6 cm Museum of Modern Art New York Contents 1 Origins 2 Automatic drawing and painting 3 Surautomatism 4 Paul Emile Borduas 5 Contemporary techniques 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External linksOrigins EditAutomatism has taken on many forms the automatic writing and drawing initially and still to this day explored by the surrealists can be compared to similar or parallel phenomena such as the non idiomatic improvisation Psychic automatism in its pure state was how Andre Breton defined Surrealism and while the definition has proved capable of significant expansion automatism remains of prime importance in the movement 2 Automatic drawing and painting EditAutomatic drawing was pioneered by the English artist Austin Osman Spare who wrote a chapter Automatic Drawing as a Means to Art in his book The Book of Pleasure 1913 Other artists who also practised automatic drawing were Hilma af Klint Andre Masson Joan Miro Salvador Dali Jean Arp Andre Breton and Freddy Flores Knistoff The technique of automatic drawing was transferred to painting as seen in Miro s paintings which often started out as automatic drawings and has been adapted to other media there have even been automatic drawings in computer graphics Pablo Picasso was also thought to have expressed a type of automatic drawing in his later work and particularly in his etchings and lithographic suites of the 1960s Automatic drawing distinguished from drawn expression of mediums was developed by the surrealists as a means of expressing the subconscious In automatic drawing the hand is allowed to move randomly across the paper In applying chance and accident to mark making drawing is to a large extent freed of rational control Hence the drawing produced may be attributed in part to the subconscious and may reveal something of the psyche which would otherwise be repressed Examples of automatic drawing were produced by mediums and practitioners of the psychic arts It was thought by some Spiritualists to be a spirit control that was producing the drawing while physically taking control of the medium s body Most of the surrealists automatic drawings were illusionistic or more precisely they developed into such drawings when representational forms seemed to suggest themselves In the 1940s and 1950s the French Canadian group called Les Automatistes pursued creative work chiefly painting based on surrealist principles They abandoned any trace of representation in their use of automatic drawing This is perhaps a more pure form of automatic drawing since it can be almost entirely involuntary to develop a representational form requires the conscious mind to take over the process of drawing unless it is entirely accidental and thus incidental These artists led by Paul Emile Borduas sought to proclaim an entity of universal values and ethics proclaimed in their manifesto Refus Global As alluded to above surrealist artists often found that their use of automatic drawing was not entirely automatic rather it involved some form of conscious intervention to make the image or painting visually acceptable or comprehensible Masson admitted that his automatic imagery involved a two fold process of unconscious and conscious activity 3 Surautomatism EditSome Romanian surrealists invented a number of surrealist techniques such as cubomania entoptic graphomania and the movement of liquid down a vertical surface that purported to take automatism to an absurd point and the name given surautomatism implies that the methods go beyond automatism but this position is controversial Paul Emile Borduas EditThe notion of automatism is also rooted in the artistic movement of the same name founded by Montreal artist Paul Emile Borduas in 1942 himself influenced by the Dadaist movement as well as Andre Breton He as well as a dozen other artists from Quebec s artistic scene very much under restrictive and authoritarian rule in that period signed the Global Refusal manifesto in which the artists called upon North American society specifically in the culturally unique environment of Quebec to take notice and act upon the societal evolution projected by these new cultural paradigms opened by the Automatist movement as well as other influences in the 1940s Contemporary techniques EditThe computer like the typewriter can be used to produce automatic writing and automatic poetry The practice of automatic drawing originally performed with pencil or pen and paper has also been adapted to mouse and monitor and other automatic methods have also been either adapted from non digital media or invented specifically for the computer For instance filters have been automatically run in some bitmap editor programs such as Photoshop and GIMP and computer controlled brushes have been used by Roman Verostko to simulate automatism 4 Grandview a software application created in 2011 for the Mac displays one word at a time across the entire screen as a user types facilitating automatic writing 5 See also EditAsemic writing Automatic writing Cut up technique Free improvisation Intuitive music Scribbling Pareidolia Surrealist music PseudohallucinationFootnotes Edit Chilvers Ian and Glaves Smith John A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art second edition Oxford and New York Oxford University Press 2009 p 45 46 ISBN 0199239665 Staff ndg MoMA Learning Surrealism MoMA Retrieved December 12 2022 The Surrealists Revolutionaries in art amp writing 1919 1935 Jemma Montagu page 15 Pathway Studio Gallery Archived copy Archived from the original on 2014 10 10 Retrieved 2012 03 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link External links EditAn automatic drawing by Jean Arp What is an automatic drawing Automatic Drawing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surrealist automatism amp oldid 1128291504, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
