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Sun in fiction

May 07, 2023

The Sun has appeared as a setting in fiction since at least classical antiquity, but for a long time it received relatively sporadic attention. Many of the early depictions viewed it as a basically Earth-like and thus potentially habitable body—a once-common belief about celestial objects in general known as the plurality of worlds—and depicted various kinds of solar inhabitants. Once more became known about the Sun through advances in astronomy, in particular its temperature, solar inhabitants fell out of favour save for the occasional more exotic alien lifeforms. Instead, many stories focused on the eventual death of the Sun and the havoc it would wreak on life on Earth. Before it was understood that the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, the prevailing assumption among writers was that combustion was the source of its heat and light and it was expected to run out of fuel relatively soon. Even after the true source of the Sun's energy was discovered in the 1920s, the dimming or extinction of the Sun remained a recurring theme in disaster stories. The theme of averting disaster by reigniting the Sun appears occasionally. Another common way for the Sun to cause destruction is by exploding ("going nova"), and other mechanisms such as solar flares also appear on occasion.

"Surveying a Dying Sun", cover of If magazine, November 1953

Besides being a source of destruction, the Sun has been used in fiction as a source of power—both in the form of solar power and superpowers. The solar wind is also used for propulsion by spacecraft equipped with solar sails. Solar eclipses have appeared in a large number of stories, initially often used as a ruse by characters who know that they can be predicted mathematically against those who do not by pretending to cause them, perhaps inspired by the story of Christopher Columbus doing the same with a lunar eclipse. When audiences grew weary of this trope by the 1930s or 1940s, eclipses became much more rare in fiction writing, though they saw a comeback towards the end of the century as harbingers of social upheaval. Sunspots, and their 11-year cycle of frequency in occurrence, appear in a small number of works. The Sun poses a danger to spacecraft that approach it closely, a situation that occurs by necessity or design in several stories. The Sun is sometimes depicted as being sentient, though this is rare compared to other stars getting the same treatment.

The Sun remains relatively uncommon as a point of focus in science fiction, particularly in comparison to Mars and Venus in fiction.[1] Says science fiction bibliographer Richard Bleiler in the 2005 reference work The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, "Perhaps because it is generally taken for granted, the fictive potential of the Sun has barely been tapped".[2]

Early depictions: inhabited

See also: Extraterrestrials in fiction

Although the Moon was visited early and often in science fiction, the fictive potential of the Sun was not explored until relatively late.

Richard Bleiler, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, "The Sun" entry[2]

The Sun received comparatively little specific attention in early science fiction, but a large proportion of the works that did focus on it portrayed it as having inhabitants.[2][3][4][5] In Lucian of Samosata's work True History from the second century CE, described by science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl as the first depiction of space travel in fiction, the inhabitants of the Sun are at war with those of the Moon.[5] Later stories with an inhabited Sun include Athanasius Kircher's 1656 work Itinerarium exstaticum[3][6][7] and Cyrano de Bergerac's posthumously published 1657 novel Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon.[2] In the 1700s, solar inhabitants were depicted by French authors Chevalier de Béthune, whose 1750 novel Relation du Monde de Mercure describes them ruling over the inhabitants of Mercury,[8] and Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert, whose 1765 novel Voyage de Milord Céton dans les sept planètes [fr] portrays a society on the Sun characterized by equality of the sexes.[9]

The concept of the plurality of worlds—the notion that other heavenly bodies should be essentially Earth-like and therefore habitable—endured in fiction with regard to the Sun well into the 1800s.[3][4] These works include George Fowler's 1813 novel A Flight to the Moon; or, The Vision of Randalthus, the anonymously published 1837 novel Journeys into the Moon, Several Planets and the Sun, and Joel R. Peabody's 1838 novel A World of Wonders.[2][3][4][5] Even in the early 1900s, when the temperature of the surface of the Sun had been determined by spectroscopic measurement, the portrayal of the Sun as inhabited persisted in some works of juvenile fiction such as John Mastin's 1909 novel Through the Sun in an Airship and Donald Horner's 1910 novel By Aeroplane to the Sun.[2][3][4][5]

In the 1900s, more exotic solar lifeforms started appearing in fiction.[4][5] Some of these live inside the Sun itself rather than on its surface, as in Jack Williamson's 1935 short story "Islands of the Sun", Raymond Z. Gallun's 1935 short story "Nova Solis", and Henry J. Kostkos 1936 short story "We of the Sun".[4][5] Others take up residence elsewhere in the Solar System: in Leigh Brackett's 1942 short story "Child of the Sun", an intelligent alien from the Sun lives on the fictional planet Vulcan inside the orbit of Mercury,[5][10] and the titular creatures of Olaf Stapledon's 1947 novel The Flames are lizard-like solar beings residing inside igneous rocks on Earth.[2][5][11] Arthur C. Clarke's 1958 short story "Out of the Sun" features life "formed of tangles of magnetic flux on the surface of our Sun",[3][4][5][12] and Edmond Hamilton's 1962 short story "Sunfire!" depicts an energy-based lifeform living in the Sun's corona.[4][13][14]

Disaster

See also: Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction

The Sun has been a source of destruction or the threat thereof in many stories, most commonly either by fading or exploding.[2][3][4][5]

Dimming and extinction

 
When the Sun was assumed to be powered by combustion, it was expected to burn out in the relatively near future.[3]

The dimming or extinction of the Sun has been a recurring theme.[2][3][4][5] The earliest such stories were inspired by the assumption that the heat and light of the Sun were products of combustion, and that the fuel sustaining it would eventually run out.[3][15] Physicist Lord Kelvin estimated in 1862 that the Sun would fade within a few million years, a timeframe that was later incorporated in stories by Camille Flammarion and H. G. Wells, among others.[4] In Flammarion's 1894 novel Omega: The Last Days of the World humanity survives an encounter with a comet but succumbs to the dimming of the Sun thousands of years later,[2][4][16][17] while the time traveller in Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine discovers a cooled and reddened Sun over a barren Earth in the far future.[2][4][18][19] Similarly, stories about the end of the world involving the death of the Sun were written in the early 1900s by among others George C. Wallis, whose 1901 short story "The Last Days of Earth" depicts the last survivors leaving a frozen Earth for a potentially habitable planet in another solar system,[3][4][20] and William Hope Hodgson, whose 1908 novel The House on the Borderland describes one character's vision of the destruction of both the Earth and Sun.[2][3][4][21]

By the 1920s, the combustion hypothesis was superseded by the notion that the Sun was fuelled by nuclear fusion, pioneered by astrophysicist Arthur Eddington.[3][4] As a result, science fiction authors started incorporating much longer solar lifespans in their stories, with J. B. S. Haldane's 1927 essay "The Last Judgment" and Olaf Stapledon's 1930 novel Last and First Men both outlining the future evolution of humanity throughout millions of years of variation in solar luminosity.[3][4][22][23] Stories depicting the Sun waning nevertheless kept appearing, such as Clark Ashton Smith's stories about the fictional future continent Zothique starting with the 1932 short story "The Empire of the Necromancers",[2][5] and Jack Vance's Dying Earth series starting with the 1950 anthology The Dying Earth which also gave its name to the dying earth subgenre of science fiction.[2][3][24][25] Nat Schachner's 1934 short story "When the Sun Dies" describes the entire Earth freezing over in the 1980s as a result of a reduction in solar activity,[2][5][26] and in Arthur C. Clarke's 1949 short story "History Lesson", future Venusians find humanity extinct due to the environmental changes brought about by the Sun fading.[5][27][28] Clarke also touched upon the subject in the 1938 poem "The Twilight of the Sun" and the 1979 novel The Fountains of Paradise.[5] In a variation on the theme, Fritz Leiber's 1951 short story "A Pail of Air" depicts Earth having been pulled away from the gravitational influence of the Sun and thus turned into a rogue planet, with a climate so cold that air has frozen and needs to be collected and thawed to turn it gaseous and breathable.[2][29] Edmond Hamilton's 1934 short story "Thundering Worlds" sees all the planets leaving the Solar System to find a new star as the Sun dies,[3][30] while his 1963 comic book story "Superman Under the Red Sun" depicts Superman travelling into the far future and losing his superpowers as a result of the aging red Sun.[5] Eric C. Williams' 1965 short story "Sunout" depicts scientists reacting to the realization that the Sun is about to go out and they are powerless to do anything about it.[3][31] In the 2019 film The Wandering Earth, the death of the Sun prompts humanity to relocate the entire Earth to a new solar system.[32]

A handful of stories describe efforts to reignite the fading Sun.[2][3][4] In Clark Ashton Smith's 1954 short story "Phoenix" (written c. 1935), this is accomplished by detonating several nuclear weapons on the Sun's surface.[3][4][33] In Gene Wolfe's 1980–1983 four-volume novel The Book of the New Sun and its sequels, a white hole is used to reinvigorate the dying Sun.[2][3][4][34] The concept of using an explosive device for this purpose is revisited in the 2007 film Sunshine.[1][3][32]

Exploding

See also: Supernovae in fiction
 
Artist's impression of an exploding star. Several stories depict the Sun undergoing such an event.

Several stories depict the Sun exploding, or "going nova".[2][3] It was recognized early on that the immense destructive power of such an event would leave little to no hope of survival for humanity, and so while Simon Newcomb's 1903 short story "The End of the World" depicts a few survivors in the immediate aftermath,[35][36] Hugh Kingsmill's 1924 short story "The End of the World" instead focuses on the anticipation of the destruction of the Earth.[3][4] According to science fiction writer Brian Stableford, writing in the 2006 work Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia, it was thus not until the concept of space travel became widespread in science fiction—hence making evacuation of the Earth a conceivable prospect—that such stories became popular.[35] In John W. Campbell's 1930 short story "The Voice of the Void" humanity leaves Earth ahead of this disaster,[35][37] while in Joseph W. Skidmore's 1931 short story "Dramatis Personae" the Sun explodes without warning, leaving a few people already in spaceships as the only survivors.[35][38] In Arthur C. Clarke's 1946 short story "Rescue Party", aliens come to Earth to save humanity from the violent demise of the Sun only to find evacuation already underway,[2][3][4][5][39] whereas in his 1954 short story "No Morning After", the aliens' warning goes unheeded.[5][40] J. T. McIntosh's 1954 novel One in Three Hundred deals with the allocation of the limited capacity aboard the evacuating spaceships.[3][4][41] In Norman Spinrad's 1966 novel The Solarians, the Sun is intentionally made to explode in an act of interstellar warfare,[3][4][35] while in Larry Niven's 1971 short story "The Fourth Profession" aliens seek to induce such an event to use as a power source for space travel.[2][42] In Edward Wellen's 1971 novel Hijack, the Mafia is duped into abandoning Earth by being misled that the Sun will turn into a nova.[3][4][43] Connie Willis' 1979 short story "Daisy, in the Sun" is a coming-of-age parable that relates a young girl getting her first period to the imminent end of the world.[4][44][45][46]

Other

The heat of the Sun dooms life on Earth when the Earth's orbit is disrupted in John Hawkins's 1938 short story "Ark of Fire" and the 1961 film The Day the Earth Caught Fire.[2][3] More fancifully, Clare Winger Harris' 1928 short story "The Menace of Mars" depicts an increase in heat from the Sun threatening the Earth as a result of a general cosmological change in the properties of the universe, which leads Mars to adjust Earth's orbit to serve as a shield against the Sun's radiation.[2][47]

Solar storms such as solar flares appear in some stories.[4] In Larry Niven's 1971 short story "Inconstant Moon", the sudden brightening of the Moon in the night sky leads the characters to conclude that the Sun has undergone a nova event that will destroy all life on Earth, though they later realize that a large solar flare would produce the same effect and that all hope might not be lost.[2][3][4][48] The 1990 film Solar Crisis depicts a mission to bomb the Sun to avert the destruction that could be caused by an immense predicted solar flare,[32] while the 2005 novel Sunstorm by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter portrays mankind constructing a large shielding object at the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point as protection against the threat posed by a similar event.[3][4][49]

More long-lasting changes in solar output appear in Arthur G. Stangland's 1932 short story "50th Century Revolt", where an increase in solar activity forces humanity to slow the rotation of the Earth to a synchronous rotation—where the same side of the Earth faces the Sun at all times, thus protecting the other half of the planet from the scorching heat—for two millennia until the Sun dims again,[4][50] and George O. Smith's 1953 novel Troubled Star, where aliens seek to turn the Sun into a variable star.[3][4]

Properties and phenomena

Orbital mechanics

See also: Fictional planets of the Solar System § Counter-Earth
 
Schematic diagram of the shared orbit of Earth and the fictional Counter-Earth (Gor). The two planets are always hidden from each other's view by the Sun. In reality, this orbital arrangement would be unstable.[51]

The Sun hides Counter-Earth—a planet diametrically opposite Earth in its orbit—in some stories including Edgar Wallace's 1929 novel Planetoid 127 and John Norman's Gor series starting with the 1966 novel Tarnsman of Gor.[2][51] The 1972 anthology The Day the Sun Stood Still contains three different short stories (by Poul Anderson, Robert Silverberg, and Gordon R. Dickson) where the Sun stops in the sky as in the Biblical Book of Joshua.[3][52]

Power source

The energy output of the Sun was harnessed for power production in fiction as early as Hugo Gernsback's 1911 novel Ralph 124C 41+ and in several stories since, with Robert A. Heinlein's 1940 short story "Let There Be Light" describing economically viable solar panels and Isaac Asimov's 1941 short story "Reason" (later included in the 1950 fix-up novel I, Robot) depicting solar power produced in space but consumed on Earth.[5] Other works have depicted solar arrays in close orbits around the Sun itself.[1] The Sun is also the source of comic book superhero Superman's superpowers,[32] as well as those of supervillains Sun Girl from DC Comics and Solarr from Marvel Comics.[5]

Solar wind

See also: Space travel in science fiction

Following German astronomer Ludwig Biermann's 1951 discovery of the solar wind—a stream of charged particles from the Sun—stories emerged about spacecraft with solar sails. These devices capture the small amount of pressure pointing away from the Sun exerted by the solar wind, as well as the radiation pressure from the sunlight itself, and use it for propulsion.[1][4][5][53][54] The idea was popular in 1960s science fiction, appearing among others in Jack Vance's 1962 short story "Gateway to Strangeness" and Cordwainer Smith's 1963 short story "Think Blue, Count Two".[53] Arthur C. Clarke's 1964 short story "Sunjammer" (a.k.a. "The Wind from the Sun") depicts a race to the Moon between solar sail-propelled spacecraft.[4][5][53][55] A proto-variation on the concept appears in Robert A. Heinlein's 1939 short story "Misfit".[53] The 1990 anthology Project Solar Sail edited by Clarke and David Brin collects various stories and essays about solar sails.[5][53]

Eclipses

Further information: Solar eclipses in fiction and List of films featuring eclipses
 
The 1961 film Barabbas portrayed the crucifixion darkness by filming during the totality of the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961.

Solar eclipses are plot points in many stories.[4][56] The earliest work of fiction in which an eclipse appears is the ancient Sumerian c. 2100 BCE Epic of Gilgamesh.[56] Using understanding of the underlying astronomy to be able to predict eclipses mathematically is a common trope—says Stableford, it "became a key method by which European explorers could impress superstitious native populations in adventure stories".[4] Several sources attribute the popularity of this trope to the possibly-apocryphal story of Christopher Columbus using foreknowledge of the March 1504 lunar eclipse to defuse a situation of increasingly strained relations with the Arawak people on Jamaica by pretending to cause the eclipse.[56][57][58][59][60] H. Rider Haggard's 1885 novel King Solomon's Mines originally featured a solar eclipse in this manner, though later editions substituted a lunar eclipse to address the issue of the event having a several-hour duration, whereas solar eclipses last for a maximum of a few minutes.[4][56] In a variation on the theme, Mark Twain's 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court depicts a time traveller using an almanac in this way to impress the people in Medieval Britain and become a person of influence.[4][56] The eclipse prediction motif recurred in fiction until the 1930s or 1940s, by which time it fell out of favour.[56] Eclipses continued to appear, but much more rarely.[4] In William Lemkin's 1930 short story "The Eclipse Special", scientists construct an aircraft that will allow them to move with the eclipse's path of totality and remain in the Sun's umbra for longer in order to extend the amount of time available to study the eclipse.[4][61] The 1961 film Barabbas portrays the crucifixion darkness during the Biblical crucifixion of Jesus as a solar eclipse, and the scene was filmed during the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961.[56] According to science fiction scholar Lisa Yaszek, the decades around the turn of the millennium saw the emergence of a trend wherein marginalized groups "experience a reversal of fortunes when the Moon takes center stage and blots out the Sun".[56]

Sunspots

The 11-year solar cycle of sunspot activity appears in a small number of works such as Clifford D. Simak's 1940 short story "Sunspot Purge" and Philip Latham's 1959 short story "Disturbing Sun".[3][4] In Robert A. Heinlein's 1952 short story "The Year of the Jackpot", this cycle is one of many that herald the end of the world when they align.[3][62][63] Hyman Kaner's 1946 novel The Sun Queen is set on a sunspot, where two humans from Earth encounter two factions at war.[3][4][64]

Close encounters

The Sun appears as a hazard to spaceships that approach it too closely in some stories.[3][4] In John W. Campbell's 1935 short story "Blindness", a scientist studies the Sun at close range at great personal cost in order to solve the mysteries of nuclear energy, only to find that the method for getting there was worth more than the discoveries made.[5][65] Willy Ley's 1937 short story "At the Perihelion" involves a close approach to the Sun as part of an escape from Mars,[3][4][66] and Charles L. Harness' 1949 novel The Paradox Men (a.k.a. Flight into Yesterday) is a space opera that climaxes with a swordfight atop a space station on the surface of the Sun.[3][4][67][68] In Ray Bradbury's 1953 short story "The Golden Apples of the Sun", a crewed solar sample-return mission requires a spaceship to be cooled to near-absolute zero to endure the extreme heat during the critical phase.[3][5][69] A fleet of near-Sun spacecraft that modulate the solar output for weather control purposes appears in Theodore L. Thomas' 1962 short story "The Weather Man".[3][4][70] David Brin's 1980 novel Sundiver revolves around a hard science fiction journey into the Sun.[3][4][71][72]

Sentient

 
The Sun in the 1904 short The Impossible Voyage, an early science fiction film by Georges Méliès[73]

Some works depict the Sun as being sentient.[2][3][5][74] According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, this is more commonly applied to other stars;[3] in Olaf Stapledon's 1937 novel Star Maker, all stars are sentient,[5] and in Diana Wynne Jones' 1975 novel Dogsbody, both the Sun and Sirius are sentient.[3][5] In Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund's 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods, aliens come to the Solar System to communicate with the Sun.[2][3][5] According to The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, the Sun is usually male in fictional mythologies where it is personified, though some exceptions exist such as the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien, in whose cosmology it is female.[74] The Sun is likewise female in Alasdair Gray's 1983 short story "The Problem", and concerned with her spots.[2]

See also

Neptune in fictionUranus in fictionSaturn in fictionJupiter in fictionMars in fictionEarth in science fictionMoon in science fictionVenus in fictionMercury in fiction 
Click on a planet to see the article about its depiction in fiction.

References

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Further reading

General
Sun exploding
Solar eclipses
  • White, Abbey (2017-08-18). "Solar eclipses have been a science fiction theme for thousands of years". Vox. Interview with Lisa Yaszek. from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
Solar wind

May 07, 2023
fiction, appeared, setting, fiction, since, least, classical, antiquity, long, time, received, relatively, sporadic, attention, many, early, depictions, viewed, basically, earth, like, thus, potentially, habitable, body, once, common, belief, about, celestial,. The Sun has appeared as a setting in fiction since at least classical antiquity but for a long time it received relatively sporadic attention Many of the early depictions viewed it as a basically Earth like and thus potentially habitable body a once common belief about celestial objects in general known as the plurality of worlds and depicted various kinds of solar inhabitants Once more became known about the Sun through advances in astronomy in particular its temperature solar inhabitants fell out of favour save for the occasional more exotic alien lifeforms Instead many stories focused on the eventual death of the Sun and the havoc it would wreak on life on Earth Before it was understood that the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion the prevailing assumption among writers was that combustion was the source of its heat and light and it was expected to run out of fuel relatively soon Even after the true source of the Sun s energy was discovered in the 1920s the dimming or extinction of the Sun remained a recurring theme in disaster stories The theme of averting disaster by reigniting the Sun appears occasionally Another common way for the Sun to cause destruction is by exploding going nova and other mechanisms such as solar flares also appear on occasion Surveying a Dying Sun cover of If magazine November 1953 Besides being a source of destruction the Sun has been used in fiction as a source of power both in the form of solar power and superpowers The solar wind is also used for propulsion by spacecraft equipped with solar sails Solar eclipses have appeared in a large number of stories initially often used as a ruse by characters who know that they can be predicted mathematically against those who do not by pretending to cause them perhaps inspired by the story of Christopher Columbus doing the same with a lunar eclipse When audiences grew weary of this trope by the 1930s or 1940s eclipses became much more rare in fiction writing though they saw a comeback towards the end of the century as harbingers of social upheaval Sunspots and their 11 year cycle of frequency in occurrence appear in a small number of works The Sun poses a danger to spacecraft that approach it closely a situation that occurs by necessity or design in several stories The Sun is sometimes depicted as being sentient though this is rare compared to other stars getting the same treatment The Sun remains relatively uncommon as a point of focus in science fiction particularly in comparison to Mars and Venus in fiction 1 Says science fiction bibliographer Richard Bleiler in the 2005 reference work The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy Perhaps because it is generally taken for granted the fictive potential of the Sun has barely been tapped 2 Contents 1 Early depictions inhabited 2 Disaster 2 1 Dimming and extinction 2 2 Exploding 2 3 Other 3 Properties and phenomena 3 1 Orbital mechanics 3 2 Power source 3 3 Solar wind 3 4 Eclipses 3 5 Sunspots 4 Close encounters 5 Sentient 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingEarly depictions inhabited EditSee also Extraterrestrials in fiction Although the Moon was visited early and often in science fiction the fictive potential of the Sun was not explored until relatively late Richard Bleiler The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy The Sun entry 2 The Sun received comparatively little specific attention in early science fiction but a large proportion of the works that did focus on it portrayed it as having inhabitants 2 3 4 5 In Lucian of Samosata s work True History from the second century CE described by science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl as the first depiction of space travel in fiction the inhabitants of the Sun are at war with those of the Moon 5 Later stories with an inhabited Sun include Athanasius Kircher s 1656 work Itinerarium exstaticum 3 6 7 and Cyrano de Bergerac s posthumously published 1657 novel Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon 2 In the 1700s solar inhabitants were depicted by French authors Chevalier de Bethune whose 1750 novel Relation du Monde de Mercure describes them ruling over the inhabitants of Mercury 8 and Marie Anne de Roumier Robert whose 1765 novel Voyage de Milord Ceton dans les sept planetes fr portrays a society on the Sun characterized by equality of the sexes 9 The concept of the plurality of worlds the notion that other heavenly bodies should be essentially Earth like and therefore habitable endured in fiction with regard to the Sun well into the 1800s 3 4 These works include George Fowler s 1813 novel A Flight to the Moon or The Vision of Randalthus the anonymously published 1837 novel Journeys into the Moon Several Planets and the Sun and Joel R Peabody s 1838 novel A World of Wonders 2 3 4 5 Even in the early 1900s when the temperature of the surface of the Sun had been determined by spectroscopic measurement the portrayal of the Sun as inhabited persisted in some works of juvenile fiction such as John Mastin s 1909 novel Through the Sun in an Airship and Donald Horner s 1910 novel By Aeroplane to the Sun 2 3 4 5 In the 1900s more exotic solar lifeforms started appearing in fiction 4 5 Some of these live inside the Sun itself rather than on its surface as in Jack Williamson s 1935 short story Islands of the Sun Raymond Z Gallun s 1935 short story Nova Solis and Henry J Kostkos 1936 short story We of the Sun 4 5 Others take up residence elsewhere in the Solar System in Leigh Brackett s 1942 short story Child of the Sun an intelligent alien from the Sun lives on the fictional planet Vulcan inside the orbit of Mercury 5 10 and the titular creatures of Olaf Stapledon s 1947 novel The Flames are lizard like solar beings residing inside igneous rocks on Earth 2 5 11 Arthur C Clarke s 1958 short story Out of the Sun features life formed of tangles of magnetic flux on the surface of our Sun 3 4 5 12 and Edmond Hamilton s 1962 short story Sunfire depicts an energy based lifeform living in the Sun s corona 4 13 14 Disaster EditSee also Apocalyptic and post apocalyptic fiction The Sun has been a source of destruction or the threat thereof in many stories most commonly either by fading or exploding 2 3 4 5 Dimming and extinction Edit When the Sun was assumed to be powered by combustion it was expected to burn out in the relatively near future 3 The dimming or extinction of the Sun has been a recurring theme 2 3 4 5 The earliest such stories were inspired by the assumption that the heat and light of the Sun were products of combustion and that the fuel sustaining it would eventually run out 3 15 Physicist Lord Kelvin estimated in 1862 that the Sun would fade within a few million years a timeframe that was later incorporated in stories by Camille Flammarion and H G Wells among others 4 In Flammarion s 1894 novel Omega The Last Days of the World humanity survives an encounter with a comet but succumbs to the dimming of the Sun thousands of years later 2 4 16 17 while the time traveller in Wells 1895 novel The Time Machine discovers a cooled and reddened Sun over a barren Earth in the far future 2 4 18 19 Similarly stories about the end of the world involving the death of the Sun were written in the early 1900s by among others George C Wallis whose 1901 short story The Last Days of Earth depicts the last survivors leaving a frozen Earth for a potentially habitable planet in another solar system 3 4 20 and William Hope Hodgson whose 1908 novel The House on the Borderland describes one character s vision of the destruction of both the Earth and Sun 2 3 4 21 By the 1920s the combustion hypothesis was superseded by the notion that the Sun was fuelled by nuclear fusion pioneered by astrophysicist Arthur Eddington 3 4 As a result science fiction authors started incorporating much longer solar lifespans in their stories with J B S Haldane s 1927 essay The Last Judgment and Olaf Stapledon s 1930 novel Last and First Men both outlining the future evolution of humanity throughout millions of years of variation in solar luminosity 3 4 22 23 Stories depicting the Sun waning nevertheless kept appearing such as Clark Ashton Smith s stories about the fictional future continent Zothique starting with the 1932 short story The Empire of the Necromancers 2 5 and Jack Vance s Dying Earth series starting with the 1950 anthology The Dying Earth which also gave its name to the dying earth subgenre of science fiction 2 3 24 25 Nat Schachner s 1934 short story When the Sun Dies describes the entire Earth freezing over in the 1980s as a result of a reduction in solar activity 2 5 26 and in Arthur C Clarke s 1949 short story History Lesson future Venusians find humanity extinct due to the environmental changes brought about by the Sun fading 5 27 28 Clarke also touched upon the subject in the 1938 poem The Twilight of the Sun and the 1979 novel The Fountains of Paradise 5 In a variation on the theme Fritz Leiber s 1951 short story A Pail of Air depicts Earth having been pulled away from the gravitational influence of the Sun and thus turned into a rogue planet with a climate so cold that air has frozen and needs to be collected and thawed to turn it gaseous and breathable 2 29 Edmond Hamilton s 1934 short story Thundering Worlds sees all the planets leaving the Solar System to find a new star as the Sun dies 3 30 while his 1963 comic book story Superman Under the Red Sun depicts Superman travelling into the far future and losing his superpowers as a result of the aging red Sun 5 Eric C Williams 1965 short story Sunout depicts scientists reacting to the realization that the Sun is about to go out and they are powerless to do anything about it 3 31 In the 2019 film The Wandering Earth the death of the Sun prompts humanity to relocate the entire Earth to a new solar system 32 A handful of stories describe efforts to reignite the fading Sun 2 3 4 In Clark Ashton Smith s 1954 short story Phoenix written c 1935 this is accomplished by detonating several nuclear weapons on the Sun s surface 3 4 33 In Gene Wolfe s 1980 1983 four volume novel The Book of the New Sun and its sequels a white hole is used to reinvigorate the dying Sun 2 3 4 34 The concept of using an explosive device for this purpose is revisited in the 2007 film Sunshine 1 3 32 Exploding Edit See also Supernovae in fiction Artist s impression of an exploding star Several stories depict the Sun undergoing such an event Several stories depict the Sun exploding or going nova 2 3 It was recognized early on that the immense destructive power of such an event would leave little to no hope of survival for humanity and so while Simon Newcomb s 1903 short story The End of the World depicts a few survivors in the immediate aftermath 35 36 Hugh Kingsmill s 1924 short story The End of the World instead focuses on the anticipation of the destruction of the Earth 3 4 According to science fiction writer Brian Stableford writing in the 2006 work Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia it was thus not until the concept of space travel became widespread in science fiction hence making evacuation of the Earth a conceivable prospect that such stories became popular 35 In John W Campbell s 1930 short story The Voice of the Void humanity leaves Earth ahead of this disaster 35 37 while in Joseph W Skidmore s 1931 short story Dramatis Personae the Sun explodes without warning leaving a few people already in spaceships as the only survivors 35 38 In Arthur C Clarke s 1946 short story Rescue Party aliens come to Earth to save humanity from the violent demise of the Sun only to find evacuation already underway 2 3 4 5 39 whereas in his 1954 short story No Morning After the aliens warning goes unheeded 5 40 J T McIntosh s 1954 novel One in Three Hundred deals with the allocation of the limited capacity aboard the evacuating spaceships 3 4 41 In Norman Spinrad s 1966 novel The Solarians the Sun is intentionally made to explode in an act of interstellar warfare 3 4 35 while in Larry Niven s 1971 short story The Fourth Profession aliens seek to induce such an event to use as a power source for space travel 2 42 In Edward Wellen s 1971 novel Hijack the Mafia is duped into abandoning Earth by being misled that the Sun will turn into a nova 3 4 43 Connie Willis 1979 short story Daisy in the Sun is a coming of age parable that relates a young girl getting her first period to the imminent end of the world 4 44 45 46 Other Edit The heat of the Sun dooms life on Earth when the Earth s orbit is disrupted in John Hawkins s 1938 short story Ark of Fire and the 1961 film The Day the Earth Caught Fire 2 3 More fancifully Clare Winger Harris 1928 short story The Menace of Mars depicts an increase in heat from the Sun threatening the Earth as a result of a general cosmological change in the properties of the universe which leads Mars to adjust Earth s orbit to serve as a shield against the Sun s radiation 2 47 A coronal mass ejection a type of solar storm Solar storms such as solar flares appear in some stories 4 In Larry Niven s 1971 short story Inconstant Moon the sudden brightening of the Moon in the night sky leads the characters to conclude that the Sun has undergone a nova event that will destroy all life on Earth though they later realize that a large solar flare would produce the same effect and that all hope might not be lost 2 3 4 48 The 1990 film Solar Crisis depicts a mission to bomb the Sun to avert the destruction that could be caused by an immense predicted solar flare 32 while the 2005 novel Sunstorm by Arthur C Clarke and Stephen Baxter portrays mankind constructing a large shielding object at the Sun Earth L1 Lagrange point as protection against the threat posed by a similar event 3 4 49 More long lasting changes in solar output appear in Arthur G Stangland s 1932 short story 50th Century Revolt where an increase in solar activity forces humanity to slow the rotation of the Earth to a synchronous rotation where the same side of the Earth faces the Sun at all times thus protecting the other half of the planet from the scorching heat for two millennia until the Sun dims again 4 50 and George O Smith s 1953 novel Troubled Star where aliens seek to turn the Sun into a variable star 3 4 Properties and phenomena EditOrbital mechanics Edit See also Fictional planets of the Solar System Counter Earth Schematic diagram of the shared orbit of Earth and the fictional Counter Earth Gor The two planets are always hidden from each other s view by the Sun In reality this orbital arrangement would be unstable 51 The Sun hides Counter Earth a planet diametrically opposite Earth in its orbit in some stories including Edgar Wallace s 1929 novel Planetoid 127 and John Norman s Gor series starting with the 1966 novel Tarnsman of Gor 2 51 The 1972 anthology The Day the Sun Stood Still contains three different short stories by Poul Anderson Robert Silverberg and Gordon R Dickson where the Sun stops in the sky as in the Biblical Book of Joshua 3 52 Power source Edit The energy output of the Sun was harnessed for power production in fiction as early as Hugo Gernsback s 1911 novel Ralph 124C 41 and in several stories since with Robert A Heinlein s 1940 short story Let There Be Light describing economically viable solar panels and Isaac Asimov s 1941 short story Reason later included in the 1950 fix up novel I Robot depicting solar power produced in space but consumed on Earth 5 Other works have depicted solar arrays in close orbits around the Sun itself 1 The Sun is also the source of comic book superhero Superman s superpowers 32 as well as those of supervillains Sun Girl from DC Comics and Solarr from Marvel Comics 5 Solar wind Edit See also Space travel in science fiction Following German astronomer Ludwig Biermann s 1951 discovery of the solar wind a stream of charged particles from the Sun stories emerged about spacecraft with solar sails These devices capture the small amount of pressure pointing away from the Sun exerted by the solar wind as well as the radiation pressure from the sunlight itself and use it for propulsion 1 4 5 53 54 The idea was popular in 1960s science fiction appearing among others in Jack Vance s 1962 short story Gateway to Strangeness and Cordwainer Smith s 1963 short story Think Blue Count Two 53 Arthur C Clarke s 1964 short story Sunjammer a k a The Wind from the Sun depicts a race to the Moon between solar sail propelled spacecraft 4 5 53 55 A proto variation on the concept appears in Robert A Heinlein s 1939 short story Misfit 53 The 1990 anthology Project Solar Sail edited by Clarke and David Brin collects various stories and essays about solar sails 5 53 Eclipses Edit Further information Solar eclipses in fiction and List of films featuring eclipses The 1961 film Barabbas portrayed the crucifixion darkness by filming during the totality of the solar eclipse of February 15 1961 Solar eclipses are plot points in many stories 4 56 The earliest work of fiction in which an eclipse appears is the ancient Sumerian c 2100 BCE Epic of Gilgamesh 56 Using understanding of the underlying astronomy to be able to predict eclipses mathematically is a common trope says Stableford it became a key method by which European explorers could impress superstitious native populations in adventure stories 4 Several sources attribute the popularity of this trope to the possibly apocryphal story of Christopher Columbus using foreknowledge of the March 1504 lunar eclipse to defuse a situation of increasingly strained relations with the Arawak people on Jamaica by pretending to cause the eclipse 56 57 58 59 60 H Rider Haggard s 1885 novel King Solomon s Mines originally featured a solar eclipse in this manner though later editions substituted a lunar eclipse to address the issue of the event having a several hour duration whereas solar eclipses last for a maximum of a few minutes 4 56 In a variation on the theme Mark Twain s 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur s Court depicts a time traveller using an almanac in this way to impress the people in Medieval Britain and become a person of influence 4 56 The eclipse prediction motif recurred in fiction until the 1930s or 1940s by which time it fell out of favour 56 Eclipses continued to appear but much more rarely 4 In William Lemkin s 1930 short story The Eclipse Special scientists construct an aircraft that will allow them to move with the eclipse s path of totality and remain in the Sun s umbra for longer in order to extend the amount of time available to study the eclipse 4 61 The 1961 film Barabbas portrays the crucifixion darkness during the Biblical crucifixion of Jesus as a solar eclipse and the scene was filmed during the solar eclipse of February 15 1961 56 According to science fiction scholar Lisa Yaszek the decades around the turn of the millennium saw the emergence of a trend wherein marginalized groups experience a reversal of fortunes when the Moon takes center stage and blots out the Sun 56 Sunspots Edit The 11 year solar cycle of sunspot activity appears in a small number of works such as Clifford D Simak s 1940 short story Sunspot Purge and Philip Latham s 1959 short story Disturbing Sun 3 4 In Robert A Heinlein s 1952 short story The Year of the Jackpot this cycle is one of many that herald the end of the world when they align 3 62 63 Hyman Kaner s 1946 novel The Sun Queen is set on a sunspot where two humans from Earth encounter two factions at war 3 4 64 Close encounters EditThe Sun appears as a hazard to spaceships that approach it too closely in some stories 3 4 In John W Campbell s 1935 short story Blindness a scientist studies the Sun at close range at great personal cost in order to solve the mysteries of nuclear energy only to find that the method for getting there was worth more than the discoveries made 5 65 Willy Ley s 1937 short story At the Perihelion involves a close approach to the Sun as part of an escape from Mars 3 4 66 and Charles L Harness 1949 novel The Paradox Men a k a Flight into Yesterday is a space opera that climaxes with a swordfight atop a space station on the surface of the Sun 3 4 67 68 In Ray Bradbury s 1953 short story The Golden Apples of the Sun a crewed solar sample return mission requires a spaceship to be cooled to near absolute zero to endure the extreme heat during the critical phase 3 5 69 A fleet of near Sun spacecraft that modulate the solar output for weather control purposes appears in Theodore L Thomas 1962 short story The Weather Man 3 4 70 David Brin s 1980 novel Sundiver revolves around a hard science fiction journey into the Sun 3 4 71 72 Sentient Edit The Sun in the 1904 short The Impossible Voyage an early science fiction film by Georges Melies 73 Some works depict the Sun as being sentient 2 3 5 74 According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction this is more commonly applied to other stars 3 in Olaf Stapledon s 1937 novel Star Maker all stars are sentient 5 and in Diana Wynne Jones 1975 novel Dogsbody both the Sun and Sirius are sentient 3 5 In Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund s 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods aliens come to the Solar System to communicate with the Sun 2 3 5 According to The Encyclopedia of Fantasy the Sun is usually male in fictional mythologies where it is personified though some exceptions exist such as the legendarium of J R R Tolkien in whose cosmology it is female 74 The Sun is likewise female in Alasdair Gray s 1983 short story The Problem and concerned with her spots 2 See also Edit Click on a planet to see the article about its depiction in fiction The Sun in cultureReferences Edit a b c d Caryad Romer Thomas Zingsem Vera 2014 Rote Riesen und kalte Sonnen Red Giants and Cold Suns Wanderer am Himmel Die Welt der Planeten in Astronomie und Mythologie Wanderers in the Sky The World of the Planets in Astronomy and Mythology in German Springer Verlag p 38 ISBN 978 3 642 55343 1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Bleiler Richard 2005 Sun In Westfahl Gary ed The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy Themes Works and Wonders Greenwood Publishing Group pp 764 766 ISBN 978 0 313 32952 4 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Stableford Brian Langford David 2021 Sun In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 02 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Stableford Brian 2006 Sun The Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis pp 506 507 ISBN 978 0 415 97460 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Westfahl Gary 2021 The Sun Science Fiction Literature through History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 619 620 ISBN 978 1 4408 6617 3 Udias Agustin 2021 Athanasius Kircher s Vision of the Universe The Ecstatic Heavenly Journey Universidad Complutense de Madrid pp 9 11 Archived from the original on 2022 06 21 Retrieved 2023 03 06 Glomski Jacqueline 2015 15 Religion the Cosmos and Counter Reformation Latin Athanasius Kircher s Itinerarium exstaticum 1656 In Steiner Weber Astrid Anenkel Karl A E eds Acta Conventus Neo Latini Monasteriensis Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congress of Neo Latin Studies Munster 2012 Brill p 234 doi 10 1163 9789004289185 016 ISBN 978 90 04 28918 5 Roberts Adam 2016 Eighteenth Century SF Big Little The History of Science Fiction Second ed London p 106 doi 10 1057 978 1 137 56957 8 5 ISBN 978 1 137 56957 8 OCLC 956382503 Clute John 2022 de Roumier Robert Marie Anne In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 02 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Westfahl Gary 2021 Mercury Science Fiction Literature through History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 442 444 ISBN 978 1 4408 6617 3 Ashley Mike Clute John 2022 Stapledon Olaf In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 19 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Baxter Stephen 2011 SETI in Science Fiction In Shuch H Paul ed Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence SETI Past Present and Future The Frontiers Collection Springer Science amp Business Media p 356 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 13196 7 19 ISBN 978 3 642 13196 7 Stableford Brian 1987 Themes and Trends in Science Fiction The Sociology of Science Fiction Wildside Press LLC p 118 ISBN 978 0 89370 265 6 Also in 1962 Hamilton wrote Sunfire in which an encounter with an alien being that lives in the sun s corona has all the force of a religious revelation in its effect on a human astronaut Ashley Mike 2005 Transformations The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970 Liverpool University Press p 227 ISBN 978 0 85323 779 2 Hamilton had a resurgence in the magazine with a handful of superb tales including Sunfire Amazing September 1962 about sentient energy life on Mercury Stableford Brian 1999 Sun The The Dictionary of Science Fiction Places New York Wonderland Press p 294 ISBN 978 0 684 84958 4 Reports filed before it was understood that the Sun s radiation was the result of nuclear fusion rather than combustion often feature Earths grown cold and dark by virtue of the sun s burning out Stableford Brian Langford David 2022 End of the World In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 22 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Bleiler Everett Franklin 1990 Flammarion Nicolas Camille 1842 1925 Science fiction the Early Years A Full Description of More Than 3 000 Science fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 with Author Title and Motif Indexes With the assistance of Richard J Bleiler Kent State University Press pp 249 250 ISBN 978 0 87338 416 2 Clute John Stableford Brian 2023 Wells H G In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 22 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Bleiler Everett Franklin 1990 Wells H erbert G eorge 1866 1946 Science fiction the Early Years A Full Description of More Than 3 000 Science fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 with Author Title and Motif Indexes With the assistance of Richard J Bleiler Kent State University Press pp 796 797 ISBN 978 0 87338 416 2 Bleiler Everett Franklin 1990 Wallis George C Science fiction the Early Years A Full Description of More Than 3 000 Science fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 with Author Title and Motif Indexes With the assistance of Richard J Bleiler Kent State University Press p 786 ISBN 978 0 87338 416 2 Bleiler Everett Franklin 1990 Hodgson William Hope 1877 1918 Science fiction the Early Years A Full Description of More Than 3 000 Science fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 with Author Title and Motif Indexes With the assistance of Richard J Bleiler Kent State University Press pp 364 365 ISBN 978 0 87338 416 2 Stableford Brian Langford David 2022 Haldane J B S In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 24 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Adams Mark B 2004 The Quest for Immortality Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature In Post Stephen G Binstock Robert H eds The Fountain of Youth Cultural Scientific and Ethical Perspectives on a Biomedical Goal Oxford Oxford University Press pp 47 51 ISBN 978 1 4294 3812 4 OCLC 79833716 Clute John Edwards Malcolm 2022 Vance Jack In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 26 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Clute John Langford David 2013 Dying Earth In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 26 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Corbett Chan Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 84 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 Westfahl Gary 2021 Venus and Venusians Science Fiction Literature through History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 672 ISBN 978 1 4408 6617 3 Westfahl Gary 2022 Venus Venus of Dreams and Nightmares Changing Images of Earth s Sister Planet The Stuff of Science Fiction Hardware Settings Characters McFarland p 169 ISBN 978 1 4766 8659 2 Yeates Robert 2021 Listening to ruins on the radio American Cities in Post Apocalyptic Science Fiction UCL Press p 66 ISBN 978 1 80008 098 0 Stableford Brian 1995 Edmond Hamilton and Leigh Brackett An Appreciation Outside the Human Aquarium Masters of Science Fiction Wildside Press LLC p 10 ISBN 978 0 89370 457 5 Bailey Hilary November 1965 Moorcock Michael ed Sorry About the Sound Effects Daddy New Worlds Vol 49 no 156 Roberts amp Vinter Ltd p 125 ISSN 0028 7075 a b c d Sun NASA Solar System Exploration Archived from the original on 2023 04 11 Retrieved 2023 04 14 Wright Peter 2003 The Last Thrilling Wonder Story Intergeneric Operations Attending Daedalus Gene Wolfe Artifice and the Reader Oxford University Press p 102 ISBN 978 0 85323 818 8 Roberts Adam 2016 Gene Wolfe s The Book of the New Sun 1980 3 and Its Sequels The History of Science Fiction Second ed London pp 434 439 doi 10 1057 978 1 137 56957 8 14 ISBN 978 1 137 56957 8 OCLC 956382503 a b c d e Stableford Brian 2006 Nova Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis pp 334 335 ISBN 978 0 415 97460 8 Bleiler Everett Franklin 1990 Newcomb Simon 1835 1909 Science fiction the Early Years A Full Description of More Than 3 000 Science fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930 with Author Title and Motif Indexes With the assistance of Richard J Bleiler Kent State University Press p 541 ISBN 978 0 87338 416 2 Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Campbell John W ood Jr 1910 1971 Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 56 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Skidmore Joseph William 1890 1938 Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 384 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 James Edward 2008 Arthur C Clarke In Seed David ed A Companion to Science Fiction John Wiley amp Sons p 434 ISBN 978 0 470 79701 3 Westfahl Gary 2021 Apocalypse Science Fiction Literature through History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 126 ISBN 978 1 4408 6617 3 Clute John 2022 McIntosh J T In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 30 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Easton Tom 2006 The Science Technology Link Off the Main Sequence Wildside Press LLC p 182 ISBN 978 0 8095 1205 8 Clute John 2022 Wellen Edward In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 31 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Ashley Mike 2007 Back to the Future The Final Gateways Gateways to Forever The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1970 to 1980 Liverpool University Press p 311 ISBN 978 1 84631 317 2 Raham Gary 2004 1950 2000 A Half Century of Space Travel Computers and Biorevolutions Teaching Science Fact with Science Fiction Libraries Unlimited p 39 ISBN 978 1 56308 939 8 Sorg Arley December 2022 Women Have Always Been Here A Conversation with Lisa Yaszek Clarkesworld Magazine No 195 ISSN 1937 7843 Archived from the original on 2023 02 24 Retrieved 2023 04 15 Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Harris Clare Winger 1891 1969 Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 173 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 D Ammassa Don 2005 Inconstant Moon Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Facts On File p 196 ISBN 978 0 8160 5924 9 Langford David Nicholls Peter 2015 Lagrange Point In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 01 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Stangland Arthur G olend 1908 Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 405 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 a b Langford David 2022 Counter Earth In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 10 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Nahin Paul J 2014 What If God Revealed Himself Holy Sci Fi Where Science Fiction and Religion Intersect Science and Fiction Springer Science amp Business Media pp 178 180 doi 10 1007 978 1 4939 0618 5 8 ISBN 978 1 4939 0618 5 a b c d e Nicholls Peter Langford David 2016 Solar Wind In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 02 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Pilkington Ace G 2017 Solar Sail Science Fiction and Futurism Their Terms and Ideas Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy Vol 58 McFarland p 126 ISBN 978 0 7864 9856 7 Samuelson David N 1999 Sir Arthur C Clarke In Bleiler Richard ed Science Fiction Writers Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day Revision and update by Gary Westfahl 2nd ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 205 ISBN 0 684 80593 6 OCLC 40460120 a b c d e f g h White Abbey 2017 08 18 Solar eclipses have been a science fiction theme for thousands of years Vox Interview with Lisa Yaszek Archived from the original on 2017 10 07 Retrieved 2023 03 20 Rao Joe 2014 10 12 How a Total Lunar Eclipse Saved Christopher Columbus Space com Archived from the original on 2023 03 21 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Wanner Noel Solar Eclipse The Sun Eating Dragon Eclipse Stories Myths and Legends Exploratorium Archived from the original on 2023 04 02 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Elhassan Khalid 2021 05 11 Only History Buffs Will Know the Fact from Fiction in these Unbelievable Stories History Collection Archived from the original on 2022 12 09 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Hickman Matt 9 Movies Starring Solar Eclipses TreeHugger Archived from the original on 2023 01 23 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Lemkin William Ph D 1897 1978 Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press pp 250 251 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 Sudbery Tony Nicholls Peter Langford David 2022 Mathematics In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 04 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Slusser George Edgar 1977 The Classic Years of Robert A Heinlein Wildside Press LLC pp 22 23 ISBN 978 0 89370 216 8 Bleiler Everett Franklin 1983 Kaner H yman The Guide to Supernatural Fiction Kent State University Press p 284 ISBN 978 0 87338 288 5 Bleiler Everett Franklin Bleiler Richard 1998 Stuart Don A Science fiction The Gernsback Years a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines from 1926 Through 1936 Kent State University Press p 422 ISBN 978 0 87338 604 3 Buss Jared S 2020 Adventures of a Romantic Naturalist Willy Ley Prophet of the Space Age PDF University Press of Florida pp 93 94 doi 10 5744 florida 9780813054438 003 0005 ISBN 978 0 8130 6824 4 JSTOR j ctvx074v9 11 McAulay Ian November 1964 Peyton Roger G ed The Paradox Men by Charles L Harness PDF Book Reviews and News Vector No 29 British Science Fiction Association p 35 ISSN 0505 0448 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 12 24 Pringle David 2014 Charles L Harness The Paradox Men Science Fiction The 100 Best Novels Orion pp 39 40 ISBN 978 1 4732 0807 0 D Ammassa Don 2005 The Golden Apples of the Sun Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Facts On File pp 163 164 ISBN 978 0 8160 5924 9 Nicholls Peter Langford David 2022 Weather Control In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 13 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Clute John 2023 Brin David In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 14 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Stableford Brian 1999 David Brin In Bleiler Richard ed Science Fiction Writers Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day 2nd ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 107 108 ISBN 0 684 80593 6 OCLC 40460120 Brosnan John Nicholls Peter 2017 Voyage a Travers l Impossible Le In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 04 12 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link a b Clute John 1997 Sun In Clute John Grant John eds The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Retrieved 2023 03 17 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Further reading EditGeneralBleiler Richard 2005 Sun In Westfahl Gary ed The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy Themes Works and Wonders Greenwood Publishing Group pp 764 766 ISBN 978 0 313 32952 4 Stableford Brian 2006 Sun The Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis pp 506 507 ISBN 978 0 415 97460 8 Stableford Brian Langford David 2021 Sun In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 02 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Westfahl Gary 2021 The Sun Science Fiction Literature through History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 619 620 ISBN 978 1 4408 6617 3 Sun explodingStableford Brian 2006 Nova Science Fact and Science Fiction An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis pp 334 335 ISBN 978 0 415 97460 8 Solar eclipsesWhite Abbey 2017 08 18 Solar eclipses have been a science fiction theme for thousands of years Vox Interview with Lisa Yaszek Archived from the original on 2017 10 07 Retrieved 2023 03 20 Solar windNicholls Peter Langford David 2016 Solar Wind In Clute John Langford David Sleight Graham eds The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4th ed Retrieved 2023 03 02 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sun in fiction amp oldid 1153593057, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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