Strophomenida is an extinct order of articulatebrachiopods which lived from the lower Ordovician period to the mid Carboniferous period.[1] Strophomenida is part of the extinct class Strophomenata, and was the largest known order of brachiopods, encompassing over 400 genera. Some of the largest and heaviest known brachiopod species belong to this class. Strophomenids were among the most diverse and abundant brachiopods during the Ordovician, but their diversity was strongly impacted at the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Survivors rediversified into new morphologies in the Silurian,[2] only to be impacted once again at the Late Devonian mass extinction. However, they still survived till the mid Carboniferous.[1]
Adult strophomenids lack an opening for the pedicle (stalk), so in life, they either lay free or cemented the ventral valve (lower shell) onto a firm substrate at the umbo (hinge). In juveniles, a tiny hole for the pedicle was present on the ventral valve near the umbo, but this is closed up through development. The dorsal valve was typically concave or flat, though occasionally it was convex; the ventral valve was always convex. The hinge line at the rear of the shell was quite wide and strophic in shape, meaning that it was nearly straight. Many strophomenid shells are wider than long. The interior of the valves have a distinctive pseudopunctate microtexture: deflections in the mineralized shell layers stack up and unfurl into tiny bumps, which are usually supported by calcite rods known as a taleolae.[3]
Strophomenid brachiopod Leptaena from the Upper Ordovician of Iowa.
References
^ abCarlson, Sandra J. (2016). "The Evolution of Brachiopoda". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 44: 409–438. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348.
^Sclafani, Judith A.; Congreve, Curtis R.; Krug, Andrew Z.; Patzkowsky, Mark E. (2018-08-31). "Effects of mass extinction and recovery dynamics on long-term evolutionary trends: a morphological study of Strophomenida (Brachiopoda) across the Late Ordovician mass extinction". Paleobiology. 44 (4): 603–619. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.24. ISSN 0094-8373.
^Williams, Alwyn; Brunton, C.H.C.; Carlson, S.J.; et al. (1997–2007). Roger L. Kaesler (1997–2006); Paul Selden (2007) (eds.). Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, CO; Lawrence, KS: Geological Society of America.
^Congreve, Curtis R.; Krug, Andrew Z.; Patzkowsky, Mark E. (2015-06-17). "Phylogenetic revision of the Strophomenida, a diverse and ecologically important Palaeozoic brachiopod order". Palaeontology. 58 (4): 743–758. doi:10.1111/pala.12177. ISSN 0031-0239.
Thompson, Ida (1982). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 648. ISBN0-394-52412-8.
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strophomenida, extinct, order, articulate, brachiopods, which, lived, from, lower, ordovician, period, carboniferous, period, part, extinct, class, strophomenata, largest, known, order, brachiopods, encompassing, over, genera, some, largest, heaviest, known, b. Strophomenida is an extinct order of articulate brachiopods which lived from the lower Ordovician period to the mid Carboniferous period 1 Strophomenida is part of the extinct class Strophomenata and was the largest known order of brachiopods encompassing over 400 genera Some of the largest and heaviest known brachiopod species belong to this class Strophomenids were among the most diverse and abundant brachiopods during the Ordovician but their diversity was strongly impacted at the Late Ordovician mass extinction Survivors rediversified into new morphologies in the Silurian 2 only to be impacted once again at the Late Devonian mass extinction However they still survived till the mid Carboniferous 1 StrophomenidaTemporal range Ordovician Carboniferous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NAn Ordovician strophomenid with encrusting inarticulate brachiopods the craniid Philhedra and a bryozoan Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum BrachiopodaClass StrophomenataOrder StrophomenidaOpik 1934Adult strophomenids lack an opening for the pedicle stalk so in life they either lay free or cemented the ventral valve lower shell onto a firm substrate at the umbo hinge In juveniles a tiny hole for the pedicle was present on the ventral valve near the umbo but this is closed up through development The dorsal valve was typically concave or flat though occasionally it was convex the ventral valve was always convex The hinge line at the rear of the shell was quite wide and strophic in shape meaning that it was nearly straight Many strophomenid shells are wider than long The interior of the valves have a distinctive pseudopunctate microtexture deflections in the mineralized shell layers stack up and unfurl into tiny bumps which are usually supported by calcite rods known as a taleolae 3 Subtaxa superfamilies Edit Plectambonitoidea paraphyletic 4 StrophomenoideaGallery Edit Strophomenid brachiopod with encrusting cornulitid tubeworm Upper Ordovician SE Indiana Strophomenid brachiopod Leptaena from the Upper Ordovician of Iowa References Edit a b Carlson Sandra J 2016 The Evolution of Brachiopoda Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44 409 438 doi 10 1146 annurev earth 060115 012348 Sclafani Judith A Congreve Curtis R Krug Andrew Z Patzkowsky Mark E 2018 08 31 Effects of mass extinction and recovery dynamics on long term evolutionary trends a morphological study of Strophomenida Brachiopoda across the Late Ordovician mass extinction Paleobiology 44 4 603 619 doi 10 1017 pab 2018 24 ISSN 0094 8373 Williams Alwyn Brunton C H C Carlson S J et al 1997 2007 Roger L Kaesler 1997 2006 Paul Selden 2007 eds Part H Brachiopoda Revised Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Boulder CO Lawrence KS Geological Society of America Congreve Curtis R Krug Andrew Z Patzkowsky Mark E 2015 06 17 Phylogenetic revision of the Strophomenida a diverse and ecologically important Palaeozoic brachiopod order Palaeontology 58 4 743 758 doi 10 1111 pala 12177 ISSN 0031 0239 Thompson Ida 1982 National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils New York Alfred A Knopf pp 648 ISBN 0 394 52412 8 Wikispecies has information related to Strophomenata This prehistoric protostome article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte This brachiopod related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Strophomenida amp oldid 1136315946, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
