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Strong-billed woodcreeper

April 12, 2024

The strong-billed woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.[2]

Strong-billed woodcreeper
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Furnariidae
Genus: Xiphocolaptes
Species:
X. promeropirhynchus
Binomial name
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
(Lesson, 1840)

Taxonomy and systematics edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) assigns it these 23 subspecies:[2]

The Clements taxonomy and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World add two others, X. p. ignotus (Ridgway, 1890) and X. p. fortis (Heine, 1860) and list the subspecies in a somewhat different linear sequence than the IOC.[3][4][2] X. p. fortis is known from a single specimen that was collected at an unknown location.[3] The IOC apparently includes X. p. ignotus within X. p. promeropirhynchus.[5]

The five Middle American subspecies (X. p. omiltemensis through X. p. panamensis in the above list) have been treated as a separate species. Similarly, the orenocensis group (X. p. solivagus and X. p. orenocensis through X. p. carajaensis in the list) has also been treated as a separate species.[6][5] "Clearly, a thorough analysis is required."[6]

This article follows the IOC 23-subspecies model.

Description edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper one of the largest members of the ovenbird family and is the heaviest woodcreeper, though the slender long-billed woodcreeper (Nasica longirostris) is longer and the great rufous woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes major) is larger overall.[7] The strong-billed is 28 to 31.5 cm (11 to 12 in) long. Weights range between 103 and 144 g (3.6 and 5.1 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies X. p. promeropirhynchus have a dark brown crown and nape with buff streaks. Most of the rest of their face is dusky, with buffy lores, supercilium, "moustache", and throat stripe. Their back, scapulars, and wing coverts are brown with faint buff streaks on the shoulder. Their lower back is russet that darkens to the rufous chestnut rump. The tail is dark chestnut with paler feather shafts. Their flight feathers are tawny brown with dusky tips and rufous chestnut inner webs. Their throat is plain buffy. Their breast and flanks are brownish and their belly and undertail coverts are tawny cinnamon with small dark spots or bars. The breast and belly have narrow buffy streaks. Their bill is long, stout, and somewhat decurved; its color ranges from gray to black. Their iris is dark brown, amber, or red and their legs and feet bluish gray, green, or grayish black. Juveniles have a deeper overall color than adults, with ochre tips on the wing coverts and paler streaks on the crown and breast.[5]

The other subspecies of the strong-billed woodcreeper differ from the nominate thus:[5]

  • X. p. omiltemensis, smaller, paler overall with paler streaking
  • X. p. sclateri, smaller, with a darker throat stripe and stronger streaking
  • X. p. emigrans, smaller, paler, with a weaker throat stripe
  • X. p. costaricensis, smaller, paler overall with paler streaking
  • X. p. panamensis, smaller, paler overall with paler streaking
  • X. p. rostratus, more rufescent overall with a heavier bill
  • X. p. sanctaemartae, no streaking on the back, no barring on the belly, limited streaking on the breast, and longer bill
  • X. p. virgatus, larger and darker
  • X. p. macarenae, darker upper body, paler throat, no streaks on the back
  • X. p. procerus, no streaking on the back, no barring on the belly, and limited streaking on the breast
  • X. p. tenebrosus, darker upperparts and a heavily streaked throat
  • X. p. neblinae, darker upperparts and a heavily streaked throat
  • X. p. crassirostris, smaller, darker crown, and bolder markings on the face
  • X. p. compressirostris, olive of back continues onto rump, finer streaks on crown, heavy streaks on throat, dusky streaks on face
  • X. p. phaeopygus, olive of back continues onto rump, almost no streaks on crown, heavy streaks on throat, dusky streaks on face
  • X. p. solivagus, larger, slightly more rufescent, paler and slightly larger bill
  • X. p. lineatocephalus, overall more brown with chestnut rump and tail, darker crown with buffy whitish streaks, whitish barring with black borders on throat, and blackish barring on belly
  • X. p. orenocensis, larger, more rufescent, weak spotting on belly, and larger and paler bill
  • X. p. berlepschi, larger, much more rufescent, and larger and paler bill
  • X. p. paraensis, larger, more rufescent, black crown, bolder streaks on back and bars on belly, and larger and paler bill
  • X. p. obsoletus, larger, more rufescent, paler and slightly larger bill
  • X. p. carajaensis, larger, more rufescent but paler underparts, narrow dense streaking, and larger and paler bill

Distribution and habitat edit

The subspecies of the strong-billed woodcreeper are found thus:[2][5]

  • X. p. omiltemensis, the Sierra Madre del Sur of southwestern Mexico's Guerrero state
  • X. p. sclateri, southeastern Mexico's states of San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, and Oaxaca
  • X. p. emigrans, from Chiapas in southern Mexico south through Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador into north central Nicaragua
  • X. p. costaricensis, central Costa Rica and western Panama
  • X. p. panamensis, the Pacific slope of southern Panama
  • X. p. rostratus, the northern Colombian departments of Córdoba and Bolívar
  • X. p. sanctaemartae, northern Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
  • X. p. virgatus, Colombia's Central Andes and Magdalena River valley
  • X. p. macarenae, Colombia's Serranía de la Macarena and Central Andes
  • X. p. promeropirhynchus, Colombia's Eastern Andes, western Venezuela's Andes, and Ecuador's northern Andes
  • X. p. procerus, northern and central Venezuela
  • X. p. tenebrosus, the tepuis of southeastern Venezuela and adjoining Guyana
  • X. p. neblinae, the tepuis of southern Venezuela and adjoining northwestern Brazil
  • X. p. crassirostris, the foothills of the Andes in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru
  • X. p. compressirostris, the Andes of northern Peru
  • X. p. phaeopygus, the Andes of central Peru's Department of Junín
  • X. p. solivagus, eastern Peru's departments of Junín and Huánuco
  • X. p. lineatocephalus, the Andes from southeastern Peru's Department of Cuzco to central Bolivia
  • X. p. orenocensis, lowlands of eastern Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; western Venezuela; and northwestern Brazil
  • X. p. berlepschi, the Amazon Basin of western Brazil south of the upper Amazon River (Rio Solimões) east to the Rio Madeira
  • X. p. paraensis, Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon and Rio Madeira into northern Mato Grosso state
  • X. p. obsoletus, northern and eastern Bolivia
  • X. p. carajaensis, Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon between the Zingu and Tocantins/Araguaia rivers

The strong-billed woodcreeper inhabits a very wide variety of temperate, subtropical, and tropical forested landscapes. It favors the interior of primary forest and also occurs at its edges, in semi-open forest, and in mature secondary forest. It mostly shuns fragmented forests, plantations, and young secondary forest. The subspecies found in Middle America occur in montane forest, principally oak and pine-oak associations, but also in lowland rainforest and pine-dominated ridges. The subspecies of the Amazon Basin inhabit humid forest, principally terra firme and várzea and only rarely gallery and permanently flooded forest. The remaining subspecies in the northern and central Andes, the coast ranges, and the tepuis inhabit humid evergreen forest, cloudforest, and also dryer forest.[5][8][9][10][11]

In elevation the species as a whole ranges from sea level to 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In Mexico it occurs between 1,500 and 3,500 m (4,900 and 11,500 ft), in northern Central America mostly from 1,200 to 2,850 m (3,900 to 9,400 ft) but also in lowlands, in southern Central America between 500 and 1,700 m (1,600 and 5,600 ft), in Colombia as low as 100 m (330 ft) but mostly above 1,500 m (4,900 ft), in Venezuela from near sea level to 2,800 m (9,200 ft) but mostly above 400 m (1,300 ft), in eastern Ecuador up to 600 m (2,000 ft) and in the Andes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft), in Peru up to 2,850 m (9,400 ft), and in Guyana and Brazil only in lowlands.[5][8][9][10]

Behavior edit

Movement edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range.[5]

Feeding edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper feeds mostly on arthropods but its diet also includes small vertebrates. It sometimes follows army ant swarms, where it forages on the ground or on low trunks to capture prey disturbed by the ants. Away from ant swarms it forages as high as the subcanopy. It creeps up trunks and along limbs and probes foliage, bark, dead wood, leaf litter, bromeliads, and epiphytes; it less often sallies out to glean from foliage. It typically forages singly or in pairs; sources differ about how frequently it joins mixed-species feeding flocks, stating variously from seldom to often.[5][8][9][10][12]

Breeding edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper appears to be socially monogamous; both members of a pair contribute to nest building and caring for young. The species' nesting season varies widely across its range, for instance March to May in northern Middle America and northern South America and including October in Brazil. Only three nests are known; all were in nest boxes whose floor the pair lined with leaves. The clutch size at them was two to three. The incubation period has not been determined; fledging occurs about three to four weeks after hatch.[5]

 

Songs and calls
Listen to strong-billed woodcreeper on xeno-canto

Vocalization edit

The strong-billed woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn and dusk. Its vocalizations vary among the populations, but very generally are "a long, ringing, descending sequence of 4-8 or 3-10 disyllabic whistles".[5][13] In northern Central America it makes "a thin, nasal, rising teeeeuuuuuWEEEK!" that falls in volume during a long series.[8] In Costa Rica it "repeats a loud KEW-WEE about 10 times."[9] In Ecuador it is "a series of 3-5 paired notes...'pt-teeu, pt-teeu, pt-teeu, pt-teeu."[10] In Brazil it is a "high, loud, descending series...'weetju weetju...' notes."[11]

"A comprehensive review of variation in song across populations of Strong-billed Woodcreeper has not been attempted."[5]

Status edit

The IUCN has assessed the strong-billed woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population between 50,000 and 500,000 mature individuals. However, the population is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] "Strong-billed Woodcreeper faces heightened risk because of its specialization on threatened tropical highland forest habitats...The primary threat to this species is loss of this habitat type due to unsustainable logging, wood harvesting, clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, and urbanization."[5]

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Strong-billed Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22703063A140069049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22703063A140069049.en. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  4. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Smith, T. (2020). Strong-billed Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stbwoo1.01 retrieved June 26, 2023
  6. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
  7. ^ . www.lynxeds.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-02.
  8. ^ a b c d Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
  9. ^ a b c d Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.
  10. ^ a b c d Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 381–382. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  11. ^ a b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
  12. ^ McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
  13. ^ Lane, Daniel (2012). "Novel song types among Mexican and Colombian populations of Strong-billed Woodcreeper Xiphocoplaptes promeropirhynchus" (PDF). Cotinga. 34: 82–86.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Strong-billed woodcreeper at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Strong-billed woodcreeper at Wikispecies

April 12, 2024
strong, billed, woodcreeper, strong, billed, woodcreeper, xiphocolaptes, promeropirhynchus, species, bird, subfamily, dendrocolaptinae, ovenbird, family, furnariidae, found, belize, bolivia, brazil, colombia, costa, rica, ecuador, salvador, guatemala, guyana, . The strong billed woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae It is found in Belize Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru and Venezuela 2 Strong billed woodcreeperConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FurnariidaeGenus XiphocolaptesSpecies X promeropirhynchusBinomial nameXiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus Lesson 1840 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy and systematics editThe strong billed woodcreeper s taxonomy is unsettled The International Ornithological Committee IOC assigns it these 23 subspecies 2 X p omiltemensis Nelson 1903 X p sclateri Ridgway 1890 X p emigrans Sclater PL amp Salvin 1859 X p costaricensis Ridgway 1889 X p panamensis Griscom 1927 X p rostratus Todd 1917 X p sanctaemartae Hellmayr 1925 X p virgatus Ridgway 1890 X p macarenae Blake 1959 X p promeropirhynchus Lesson 1840 X p procerus Cabanis amp Heine 1860 X p tenebrosus Zimmer JT amp Phelps WH 1948 X p neblinae Phelps WH amp Phelps WH Jr 1955 X p crassirostris Taczanowski amp Berlepsch 1885 X p compressirostris Taczanowski 1882 X p phaeopygus Berlepsch amp Stolzmann 1896 X p solivagus Bond J 1950 X p lineatocephalus Gray GR 1847 X p orenocensis Berlepsch amp Hartert EJO 1902 X p berlepschi Snethlage E 1908 X p paraensis Pinto 1945 X p obsoletus Todd 1917 X p carajaensis Cardoso da Silva Novaes amp Oren 2002 The Clements taxonomy and BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World add two others X p ignotus Ridgway 1890 and X p fortis Heine 1860 and list the subspecies in a somewhat different linear sequence than the IOC 3 4 2 X p fortis is known from a single specimen that was collected at an unknown location 3 The IOC apparently includes X p ignotus within X p promeropirhynchus 5 The five Middle American subspecies X p omiltemensis through X p panamensis in the above list have been treated as a separate species Similarly the orenocensis group X p solivagus and X p orenocensis through X p carajaensis in the list has also been treated as a separate species 6 5 Clearly a thorough analysis is required 6 This article follows the IOC 23 subspecies model Description editThe strong billed woodcreeper one of the largest members of the ovenbird family and is the heaviest woodcreeper though the slender long billed woodcreeper Nasica longirostris is longer and the great rufous woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes major is larger overall 7 The strong billed is 28 to 31 5 cm 11 to 12 in long Weights range between 103 and 144 g 3 6 and 5 1 oz The sexes have the same plumage Adults of the nominate subspecies X p promeropirhynchus have a dark brown crown and nape with buff streaks Most of the rest of their face is dusky with buffy lores supercilium moustache and throat stripe Their back scapulars and wing coverts are brown with faint buff streaks on the shoulder Their lower back is russet that darkens to the rufous chestnut rump The tail is dark chestnut with paler feather shafts Their flight feathers are tawny brown with dusky tips and rufous chestnut inner webs Their throat is plain buffy Their breast and flanks are brownish and their belly and undertail coverts are tawny cinnamon with small dark spots or bars The breast and belly have narrow buffy streaks Their bill is long stout and somewhat decurved its color ranges from gray to black Their iris is dark brown amber or red and their legs and feet bluish gray green or grayish black Juveniles have a deeper overall color than adults with ochre tips on the wing coverts and paler streaks on the crown and breast 5 The other subspecies of the strong billed woodcreeper differ from the nominate thus 5 X p omiltemensis smaller paler overall with paler streaking X p sclateri smaller with a darker throat stripe and stronger streaking X p emigrans smaller paler with a weaker throat stripe X p costaricensis smaller paler overall with paler streaking X p panamensis smaller paler overall with paler streaking X p rostratus more rufescent overall with a heavier bill X p sanctaemartae no streaking on the back no barring on the belly limited streaking on the breast and longer bill X p virgatus larger and darker X p macarenae darker upper body paler throat no streaks on the back X p procerus no streaking on the back no barring on the belly and limited streaking on the breast X p tenebrosus darker upperparts and a heavily streaked throat X p neblinae darker upperparts and a heavily streaked throat X p crassirostris smaller darker crown and bolder markings on the face X p compressirostris olive of back continues onto rump finer streaks on crown heavy streaks on throat dusky streaks on face X p phaeopygus olive of back continues onto rump almost no streaks on crown heavy streaks on throat dusky streaks on face X p solivagus larger slightly more rufescent paler and slightly larger bill X p lineatocephalus overall more brown with chestnut rump and tail darker crown with buffy whitish streaks whitish barring with black borders on throat and blackish barring on belly X p orenocensis larger more rufescent weak spotting on belly and larger and paler bill X p berlepschi larger much more rufescent and larger and paler bill X p paraensis larger more rufescent black crown bolder streaks on back and bars on belly and larger and paler bill X p obsoletus larger more rufescent paler and slightly larger bill X p carajaensis larger more rufescent but paler underparts narrow dense streaking and larger and paler billDistribution and habitat editThe subspecies of the strong billed woodcreeper are found thus 2 5 X p omiltemensis the Sierra Madre del Sur of southwestern Mexico s Guerrero state X p sclateri southeastern Mexico s states of San Luis Potosi Veracruz and Oaxaca X p emigrans from Chiapas in southern Mexico south through Belize Guatemala Honduras and El Salvador into north central Nicaragua X p costaricensis central Costa Rica and western Panama X p panamensis the Pacific slope of southern Panama X p rostratus the northern Colombian departments of Cordoba and Bolivar X p sanctaemartae northern Colombia s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta X p virgatus Colombia s Central Andes and Magdalena River valley X p macarenae Colombia s Serrania de la Macarena and Central Andes X p promeropirhynchus Colombia s Eastern Andes western Venezuela s Andes and Ecuador s northern Andes X p procerus northern and central Venezuela X p tenebrosus the tepuis of southeastern Venezuela and adjoining Guyana X p neblinae the tepuis of southern Venezuela and adjoining northwestern Brazil X p crassirostris the foothills of the Andes in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru X p compressirostris the Andes of northern Peru X p phaeopygus the Andes of central Peru s Department of Junin X p solivagus eastern Peru s departments of Junin and Huanuco X p lineatocephalus the Andes from southeastern Peru s Department of Cuzco to central Bolivia X p orenocensis lowlands of eastern Colombia Ecuador and Peru western Venezuela and northwestern Brazil X p berlepschi the Amazon Basin of western Brazil south of the upper Amazon River Rio Solimoes east to the Rio Madeira X p paraensis Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon and Rio Madeira into northern Mato Grosso state X p obsoletus northern and eastern Bolivia X p carajaensis Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon between the Zingu and Tocantins Araguaia rivers The strong billed woodcreeper inhabits a very wide variety of temperate subtropical and tropical forested landscapes It favors the interior of primary forest and also occurs at its edges in semi open forest and in mature secondary forest It mostly shuns fragmented forests plantations and young secondary forest The subspecies found in Middle America occur in montane forest principally oak and pine oak associations but also in lowland rainforest and pine dominated ridges The subspecies of the Amazon Basin inhabit humid forest principally terra firme and varzea and only rarely gallery and permanently flooded forest The remaining subspecies in the northern and central Andes the coast ranges and the tepuis inhabit humid evergreen forest cloudforest and also dryer forest 5 8 9 10 11 In elevation the species as a whole ranges from sea level to 3 500 m 11 500 ft In Mexico it occurs between 1 500 and 3 500 m 4 900 and 11 500 ft in northern Central America mostly from 1 200 to 2 850 m 3 900 to 9 400 ft but also in lowlands in southern Central America between 500 and 1 700 m 1 600 and 5 600 ft in Colombia as low as 100 m 330 ft but mostly above 1 500 m 4 900 ft in Venezuela from near sea level to 2 800 m 9 200 ft but mostly above 400 m 1 300 ft in eastern Ecuador up to 600 m 2 000 ft and in the Andes between 1 000 and 3 000 m 3 300 and 9 800 ft in Peru up to 2 850 m 9 400 ft and in Guyana and Brazil only in lowlands 5 8 9 10 Behavior editMovement edit The strong billed woodcreeper is a year round resident throughout its range 5 Feeding edit The strong billed woodcreeper feeds mostly on arthropods but its diet also includes small vertebrates It sometimes follows army ant swarms where it forages on the ground or on low trunks to capture prey disturbed by the ants Away from ant swarms it forages as high as the subcanopy It creeps up trunks and along limbs and probes foliage bark dead wood leaf litter bromeliads and epiphytes it less often sallies out to glean from foliage It typically forages singly or in pairs sources differ about how frequently it joins mixed species feeding flocks stating variously from seldom to often 5 8 9 10 12 Breeding edit The strong billed woodcreeper appears to be socially monogamous both members of a pair contribute to nest building and caring for young The species nesting season varies widely across its range for instance March to May in northern Middle America and northern South America and including October in Brazil Only three nests are known all were in nest boxes whose floor the pair lined with leaves The clutch size at them was two to three The incubation period has not been determined fledging occurs about three to four weeks after hatch 5 nbsp Songs and callsListen to strong billed woodcreeper on xeno canto Vocalization edit The strong billed woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn and dusk Its vocalizations vary among the populations but very generally are a long ringing descending sequence of 4 8 or 3 10 disyllabic whistles 5 13 In northern Central America it makes a thin nasal rising teeeeuuuuuWEEEK that falls in volume during a long series 8 In Costa Rica it repeats a loud KEW WEE about 10 times 9 In Ecuador it is a series of 3 5 paired notes pt teeu pt teeu pt teeu pt teeu 10 In Brazil it is a high loud descending series weetju weetju notes 11 A comprehensive review of variation in song across populations of Strong billed Woodcreeper has not been attempted 5 Status editThe IUCN has assessed the strong billed woodcreeper as being of Least Concern It has a very large range and an estimated population between 50 000 and 500 000 mature individuals However the population is believed to be decreasing No immediate threats have been identified 1 Strong billed Woodcreeper faces heightened risk because of its specialization on threatened tropical highland forest habitats The primary threat to this species is loss of this habitat type due to unsustainable logging wood harvesting clearing for agriculture livestock grazing and urbanization 5 References edit a b BirdLife International 2020 Strong billed Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22703063A140069049 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22703063A140069049 en Retrieved 26 June 2023 a b c d Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds January 2023 Ovenbirds woodcreepers IOC World Bird List v 13 1 Retrieved 27 April 2023 a b Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage S M Billerman B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2022 The eBird Clements checklist of birds of the world v2022 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download retrieved November 10 2022 HBW and BirdLife International 2022 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 7 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v7 Dec22 zip retrieved December 13 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Smith T 2020 Strong billed Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus version 1 0 In Birds of the World T S Schulenberg Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow stbwoo1 01 retrieved June 26 2023 a b Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt G Del Rio A Jaramillo D F Lane M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 31 May 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved May 31 2023 HBW 8 Family text Dendrocolaptidae Woodcreepers Lynx Edicions www lynxeds com Archived from the original on 2010 01 02 a b c d Fagan Jesse Komar Oliver 2016 Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America Peterson Field Guides Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 242 ISBN 978 0 544 37326 6 a b c d Garrigues Richard Dean Robert 2007 The Birds of Costa Rica Ithaca Zona Tropical Comstock Cornell University Press p 174 ISBN 978 0 8014 7373 9 a b c d Ridgely Robert S Greenfield Paul J 2001 The Birds of Ecuador Field Guide Vol II Ithaca Cornell University Press pp 381 382 ISBN 978 0 8014 8721 7 a b van Perlo Ber 2009 A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil New York Oxford University Press p 202 ISBN 978 0 19 530155 7 McMullan Miles Donegan Thomas M Quevedo Alonso 2010 Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia Bogota Fundacion ProAves p 125 ISBN 978 0 9827615 0 2 Lane Daniel 2012 Novel song types among Mexican and Colombian populations of Strong billed Woodcreeper Xiphocoplaptes promeropirhynchus PDF Cotinga 34 82 86 External links edit nbsp Media related to Strong billed woodcreeper at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Strong billed woodcreeper at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Strong billed woodcreeper amp oldid 1167941994, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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