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Stigmergy

January 13, 2023

Stigmergy (/ˈstɪɡmərdʒi/ STIG-mər-jee) is a mechanism of indirect coordination, through the environment, between agents or actions.[1] The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an individual action stimulates the performance of a succeeding action by the same or different agent. Agents that respond to traces in the environment receive positive fitness benefits, reinforcing the likelihood of these behaviors becoming fixed within a population over time.[2]

Ant paths built from pheromone traces

Stigmergy is a form of self-organization. It produces complex, seemingly intelligent structures, without need for any planning, control, or even direct communication between the agents. As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents, who may lack memory or individual awareness of each other.[1][3]

History

The term "stigmergy" was introduced by French biologist Pierre-Paul Grassé in 1959 to refer to termite behavior. He defined it as: "Stimulation of workers by the performance they have achieved." It is derived from the Greek words στίγμα stigma "mark, sign" and ἔργον ergon "work, action", and captures the notion that an agent’s actions leave signs in the environment, signs that it and other agents sense and that determine and incite their subsequent actions.[4][5]

Later on, a distinction was made between the stigmergic phenomenon, which is specific to the guidance of additional work, and the more general, non-work specific incitation, for which the term sematectonic communication was coined[6] by E. O. Wilson, from the Greek words σῆμα sema "sign, token", and τέκτων tecton "craftsman, builder": "There is a need for a more general, somewhat less clumsy expression to denote the evocation of any form of behavior or physiological change by the evidences of work performed by other animals, including the special case of the guidance of additional work."

Stigmergy is now one of the key concepts in the field of swarm intelligence.[7]

Stigmergic behavior in non-human organisms

Stigmergy was first observed in social insects. For example, ants exchange information by laying down pheromones (the trace) on their way back to the nest when they have found food. In that way, they collectively develop a complex network of trails, connecting the nest in an efficient way to various food sources. When ants come out of the nest searching for food, they are stimulated by the pheromone to follow the trail towards the food source. The network of trails functions as a shared external memory for the ant colony.[8]

In computer science, this general method has been applied in a variety of techniques called ant colony optimization, which search for solutions to complex problems by depositing "virtual pheromones" along paths that appear promising.[9] In the field of artificial neural networks, stigmergy can be used as a computational memory. Federico Galatolo showed that a stigmergic memory can achieve the same performances of more complex and well established neural networks architectures like LSTM.[10][11]

Other eusocial creatures, such as termites, use pheromones to build their complex nests by following a simple decentralized rule set. Each insect scoops up a 'mudball' or similar material from its environment, infuses the ball with pheromones, and deposits it on the ground, initially in a random spot. However, termites are attracted to their nestmates' pheromones and are therefore more likely to drop their own mudballs on top of their neighbors'. The larger the heap of mud becomes, the more attractive it is, and therefore the more mud will be added to it (positive feedback). Over time this leads to the construction of pillars, arches, tunnels and chambers.[12]

Stigmergy has been observed in bacteria, various species of which differentiate into distinct cell types and which participate in group behaviors that are guided by sophisticated temporal and spatial control systems.[13] Spectacular examples of multicellular behavior can be found among the myxobacteria. Myxobacteria travel in swarms containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. Most myxobacteria are predatory: individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of extracellular enzymes which are used to digest prey microorganisms. When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies, within which the swarming cells transform themselves into dormant myxospores with thick cell walls. The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among the cellular slime molds. The best known of the myxobacteria, Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca, are studied in various laboratories as prokaryotic models of development.[14]

Analysis of human behavior

Stigmergy studied in eusocial creatures and physical systems, has been proposed as a model of analyzing some robotics systems,[15] multi-agent systems,[16] communication in computer networks, and online communities.[17]

On the Internet there are many collective projects where users interact only by modifying local parts of their shared virtual environment. Wikipedia is an example of this.[18][19] The massive structure of information available in a wiki,[20] or an open source software project such as the FreeBSD kernel[20] could be compared to a termite nest; one initial user leaves a seed of an idea (a mudball) which attracts other users who then build upon and modify this initial concept, eventually constructing an elaborate structure of connected thoughts.[21][22]

In addition the concept of stigmergy has also been used to describe how cooperative work such as building design may be integrated. Designing a large contemporary building involves a large and diverse network of actors (e.g. architects, building engineers, static engineers, building services engineers). Their distributed activities may be partly integrated through practices of stigmergy.[23][24][25]

Analysis of human social movements

The rise of open source software in the 21st century has disrupted the business models of some proprietary software providers, and open content projects like Wikipedia have threatened the business models of companies like Britannica. Researchers have studied collaborative open source projects, arguing they provide insights into the emergence of large-scale peer production and the growth of gift economy.[26]

Stigmergic society

Heather Marsh, associated with the Occupy Movement, Wikileaks, and Anonymous, has proposed a new social system where competition as a driving force would be replaced with a more collaborative society.[27] This proposed society would not use representative democracy but new forms of idea and action based governance and collaborative methods including stigmergy.[28][29][30] "With stigmergy, an initial idea is freely given, and the project is driven by the idea, not by a personality or group of personalities. No individual needs permission (competitive) or consensus (cooperative) to propose an idea or initiate a project."[28]

Some at the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement in 2014 were quoted recommending stigmergy as a way forward.[31][32]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Marsh, L.; Onof, C. (2008). "Stigmergic epistemology, stigmergic cognition" (PDF). Cognitive Systems Research. 9 (1–2): 136–149. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.009. S2CID 23140721.
  2. ^ Lewis, Ted G. (June 12, 2012). "Cognitive stigmergy: A study of emergence in small-group social networks". Cognitive Systems Research. 21: 7–21. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2012.06.002. S2CID 40532871.
  3. ^ Heylighen, Francis (December 1, 2015). "Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism I: Definition and components". Cognitive Systems Research. 38: 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.002. S2CID 16431291.
  4. ^ Bonabeau, Eric (1999). "Editor's Introduction: Stigmergy". Artificial Life. 5 (2): 95–96. doi:10.1162/106454699568692. ISSN 1064-5462. S2CID 35422936.
  5. ^ Theraulaz, Guy (1999). "A Brief History of Stigmergy". Artificial Life. 5 (2): 97–116. doi:10.1162/106454699568700. PMID 10633572. S2CID 27679536.
  6. ^ Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, E.O. Wilson, 1975/2000, p.186
  7. ^ Parunak, H. v D. (2003). In Proc. of Conf. on Swarming and Network Enabled Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), McLean, Virginia, USA, January 2003.
  8. ^ Blum, Christian; Merkle, Daniel (2008-09-24). Swarm Intelligence: Introduction and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-3-540-74089-6.
  9. ^ Zedadra, Ouarda; Jouandeau, Nicolas; Seridi, Hamid; Fortino, Giancarlo (2017-02-02). "Multi-Agent Foraging: state-of-the-art and research challenges". Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling. 5 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s40294-016-0041-8. ISSN 2194-3206.
  10. ^ Galatolo, Federico A.; Cimino, Mario G.C.A.; Vaglini, Gigliola (2018). "Using stigmergy to incorporate the time into artificial neural networks". Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 11308: 248–258. arXiv:1811.10574. Bibcode:2018arXiv181110574G. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05918-7_22. ISBN 978-3-030-05917-0. S2CID 53774438.
  11. ^ Galatolo, Federico A.; Cimino, Mario G.C.A.; Vaglini, Gigliola (2019). "Using stigmergy as a computational memory in the design of recurrent neural networks". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. 1: 830–836. arXiv:1903.01341. Bibcode:2019arXiv190301341G. doi:10.5220/0007581508300836. ISBN 978-989-758-351-3. S2CID 67855787.
  12. ^ Beckers, R., Holland, O. E. and Deneubourg, J.L. "From local actions to global tasks: Stigmergy and collective robotics." 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Artificial life IV. 1994, p.181-189.
  13. ^ Shapiro, James A. (June 1988). (PDF). Scientific American. 258 (6): 82–89. Bibcode:1988SciAm.258f..82S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0688-82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  14. ^ Dworkin, Martin (2007). "Lingering Puzzles about Myxobacteria". Microbe. 2 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1128/microbe.2.18.1.
  15. ^ Ranjbar-Sahraei, B., Weiss G., and Nakisaee, A. (2012). A Multi-Robot Coverage Approach based on Stigmergic Communication. In Proc. of the 10th German Conference on Multiagent System Technologies, Vol. 7598, pp. 126-138.
  16. ^ Giovanna Castellano, Mario G.C.A.Cimino, et al. A multi-agent system for enabling collaborative situation awareness via position-based stigmergy and neuro-fuzzy learning, Neurocomputing, Vol. 135 (2014) pp. 86-97
  17. ^ Mario G.C.A. Cimino, Federico Galatolo, Alessandro Lazzeri, Gigliola Vaglini. Spikiness Assessment of Term Occurrences in Microblogs: an Approach Based on Computational Stigmergy, ICPRAM 2017
  18. ^ Mark Elliott on stigmergy, citizen wikis, collaborative environments. YouTube. 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
  19. ^ Tkacz, Nathaniel (2014). Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. University of Chicago Press. p. 46. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226192444.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-19230-7.
  20. ^ a b Infoworld: A conversation with Steve Burbeck about multicellular computing 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Heylighen F. (2007). Why is Open Access Development so Successful? Stigmergic organization and the economics of information 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, in: B. Lutterbeck, M. Baerwolff & R. A. Gehring (eds.), Open Source Jahrbuch 2007, Lehmanns Media, 2007, p. 165-180.
  22. ^ Marko A. Rodriguez|Rodriguez M.A. (2008). A Collectively Generated Model of the World 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, in: Collective Intelligence: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace, eds. M. Tovey, pages 261-264, EIN Press, ISBN 0-9715661-6-X, Oakton, Virginia, November 2007
  23. ^ Christensen, L. R. (2007). Practices of stigmergy in architectural work. In Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM Conference on Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, November 04–07, 2007). GROUP 2007. ACM, New York, NY, 11-20.
  24. ^ Christensen, L. R. (2008). The Logic of Practices of Stigmergy: Representational Artifacts in Architectural Design. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (San Diego, CA, USA, November 8–12, 2008). CSCW '08. ACM, New York, NY, 559-568.
  25. ^ Christensen, Lars Rune (2014). "Practices of Stigmergy in the Building Process". Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). 23 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10606-012-9181-3. S2CID 2902658.
  26. ^ Elliott, Mark (2006). "Stigmergic Collaboration: The Evolution of Group Work: Introduction". M/C Journal. 9 (2). doi:10.5204/mcj.2599.
  27. ^ Marsh, Heather (2013-06-08). Binding Chaos: Mass collaboration on a global scale. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781489527684. ASIN 1489527680.
  28. ^ a b Heather Marsh (2012-01-09). . Archived from the original on 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
  29. ^ Heather Marsh (2011-12-24). . Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
  30. ^ Heather Marsh (2012-02-22). . Archived from the original on 2013-08-31. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
  31. ^ Leavenworth, Stuart (2014-11-19). . McClatchy. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-24. carrying a sign board for the “Stigmergy Society.” The term refers to the social organization of anthills, in which coordination isn’t achieved by a formal leadership structure but by independent action among those with shared goals.
  32. ^ "Occupy Central - Part 1". www.zonaeuropa.com. Retrieved 2016-01-13.

Further reading

  • Bonabeau, Eric, ed. (Spring 1999). "Special issue on Stigmergy". Artificial Life. 5 (2): 95–96. doi:10.1162/106454699568692. ISSN 1064-5462. S2CID 35422936.
  • Doyle, Margery J.; Marsh, Leslie (2013). "Special issue: Stigmergy in the Human Domain". Cognitive Systems Research. 21: 1–74. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2012.06.001. ISSN 1389-0417. S2CID 40609378.
  • Elliott, Mark (May 2006). "Stigmergic Collaboration: The Evolution of Group Work". M/C Journal. 9 (2). doi:10.5204/mcj.2599. ISSN 1441-2616.
  • Heylighen, Francis (2016). "Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism I: Definition and components". Cognitive Systems Research. 38: 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.002. ISSN 1389-0417. S2CID 16431291.
  • Heylighen, Francis (2016). "Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism II: Varieties and evolution". Cognitive Systems Research. 38: 50–59. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.007. ISSN 1389-0417. S2CID 15095421.

January 13, 2023
stigmergy, stig, mər, mechanism, indirect, coordination, through, environment, between, agents, actions, principle, that, trace, left, environment, individual, action, stimulates, performance, succeeding, action, same, different, agent, agents, that, respond, . Stigmergy ˈ s t ɪ ɡ m er dʒ i STIG mer jee is a mechanism of indirect coordination through the environment between agents or actions 1 The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an individual action stimulates the performance of a succeeding action by the same or different agent Agents that respond to traces in the environment receive positive fitness benefits reinforcing the likelihood of these behaviors becoming fixed within a population over time 2 Ant paths built from pheromone traces Stigmergy is a form of self organization It produces complex seemingly intelligent structures without need for any planning control or even direct communication between the agents As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents who may lack memory or individual awareness of each other 1 3 Contents 1 History 2 Stigmergic behavior in non human organisms 3 Analysis of human behavior 3 1 Analysis of human social movements 3 2 Stigmergic society 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory EditThe term stigmergy was introduced by French biologist Pierre Paul Grasse in 1959 to refer to termite behavior He defined it as Stimulation of workers by the performance they have achieved It is derived from the Greek words stigma stigma mark sign and ἔrgon ergon work action and captures the notion that an agent s actions leave signs in the environment signs that it and other agents sense and that determine and incite their subsequent actions 4 5 Later on a distinction was made between the stigmergic phenomenon which is specific to the guidance of additional work and the more general non work specific incitation for which the term sematectonic communication was coined 6 by E O Wilson from the Greek words sῆma sema sign token and tektwn tecton craftsman builder There is a need for a more general somewhat less clumsy expression to denote the evocation of any form of behavior or physiological change by the evidences of work performed by other animals including the special case of the guidance of additional work Stigmergy is now one of the key concepts in the field of swarm intelligence 7 Stigmergic behavior in non human organisms EditStigmergy was first observed in social insects For example ants exchange information by laying down pheromones the trace on their way back to the nest when they have found food In that way they collectively develop a complex network of trails connecting the nest in an efficient way to various food sources When ants come out of the nest searching for food they are stimulated by the pheromone to follow the trail towards the food source The network of trails functions as a shared external memory for the ant colony 8 In computer science this general method has been applied in a variety of techniques called ant colony optimization which search for solutions to complex problems by depositing virtual pheromones along paths that appear promising 9 In the field of artificial neural networks stigmergy can be used as a computational memory Federico Galatolo showed that a stigmergic memory can achieve the same performances of more complex and well established neural networks architectures like LSTM 10 11 Other eusocial creatures such as termites use pheromones to build their complex nests by following a simple decentralized rule set Each insect scoops up a mudball or similar material from its environment infuses the ball with pheromones and deposits it on the ground initially in a random spot However termites are attracted to their nestmates pheromones and are therefore more likely to drop their own mudballs on top of their neighbors The larger the heap of mud becomes the more attractive it is and therefore the more mud will be added to it positive feedback Over time this leads to the construction of pillars arches tunnels and chambers 12 Stigmergy has been observed in bacteria various species of which differentiate into distinct cell types and which participate in group behaviors that are guided by sophisticated temporal and spatial control systems 13 Spectacular examples of multicellular behavior can be found among the myxobacteria Myxobacteria travel in swarms containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals Most myxobacteria are predatory individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of extracellular enzymes which are used to digest prey microorganisms When nutrients are scarce myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies within which the swarming cells transform themselves into dormant myxospores with thick cell walls The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group swarm of myxobacteria rather than isolated cells Similar life cycles have developed among the cellular slime molds The best known of the myxobacteria Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca are studied in various laboratories as prokaryotic models of development 14 Analysis of human behavior EditStigmergy studied in eusocial creatures and physical systems has been proposed as a model of analyzing some robotics systems 15 multi agent systems 16 communication in computer networks and online communities 17 On the Internet there are many collective projects where users interact only by modifying local parts of their shared virtual environment Wikipedia is an example of this 18 19 The massive structure of information available in a wiki 20 or an open source software project such as the FreeBSD kernel 20 could be compared to a termite nest one initial user leaves a seed of an idea a mudball which attracts other users who then build upon and modify this initial concept eventually constructing an elaborate structure of connected thoughts 21 22 In addition the concept of stigmergy has also been used to describe how cooperative work such as building design may be integrated Designing a large contemporary building involves a large and diverse network of actors e g architects building engineers static engineers building services engineers Their distributed activities may be partly integrated through practices of stigmergy 23 24 25 Analysis of human social movements Edit The rise of open source software in the 21st century has disrupted the business models of some proprietary software providers and open content projects like Wikipedia have threatened the business models of companies like Britannica Researchers have studied collaborative open source projects arguing they provide insights into the emergence of large scale peer production and the growth of gift economy 26 Stigmergic society Edit Heather Marsh associated with the Occupy Movement Wikileaks and Anonymous has proposed a new social system where competition as a driving force would be replaced with a more collaborative society 27 This proposed society would not use representative democracy but new forms of idea and action based governance and collaborative methods including stigmergy 28 29 30 With stigmergy an initial idea is freely given and the project is driven by the idea not by a personality or group of personalities No individual needs permission competitive or consensus cooperative to propose an idea or initiate a project 28 Some at the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement in 2014 were quoted recommending stigmergy as a way forward 31 32 See also EditAnt mill Biosemiotics Extended mind thesis Path dependence Spontaneous order Swarm intelligence Watchmaker analogy r placeReferences Edit a b Marsh L Onof C 2008 Stigmergic epistemology stigmergic cognition PDF Cognitive Systems Research 9 1 2 136 149 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2007 06 009 S2CID 23140721 Lewis Ted G June 12 2012 Cognitive stigmergy A study of emergence in small group social networks Cognitive Systems Research 21 7 21 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2012 06 002 S2CID 40532871 Heylighen Francis December 1 2015 Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism I Definition and components Cognitive Systems Research 38 4 13 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2015 12 002 S2CID 16431291 Bonabeau Eric 1999 Editor s Introduction Stigmergy Artificial Life 5 2 95 96 doi 10 1162 106454699568692 ISSN 1064 5462 S2CID 35422936 Theraulaz Guy 1999 A Brief History of Stigmergy Artificial Life 5 2 97 116 doi 10 1162 106454699568700 PMID 10633572 S2CID 27679536 Sociobiology The New Synthesis E O Wilson 1975 2000 p 186 Parunak H v D 2003 Making swarming happen In Proc of Conf on Swarming and Network Enabled Command Control Communications Computers Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance C4ISR McLean Virginia USA January 2003 Blum Christian Merkle Daniel 2008 09 24 Swarm Intelligence Introduction and Applications Springer Science amp Business Media pp 9 12 ISBN 978 3 540 74089 6 Zedadra Ouarda Jouandeau Nicolas Seridi Hamid Fortino Giancarlo 2017 02 02 Multi Agent Foraging state of the art and research challenges Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling 5 1 3 doi 10 1186 s40294 016 0041 8 ISSN 2194 3206 Galatolo Federico A Cimino Mario G C A Vaglini Gigliola 2018 Using stigmergy to incorporate the time into artificial neural networks Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11308 248 258 arXiv 1811 10574 Bibcode 2018arXiv181110574G doi 10 1007 978 3 030 05918 7 22 ISBN 978 3 030 05917 0 S2CID 53774438 Galatolo Federico A Cimino Mario G C A Vaglini Gigliola 2019 Using stigmergy as a computational memory in the design of recurrent neural networks Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods 1 830 836 arXiv 1903 01341 Bibcode 2019arXiv190301341G doi 10 5220 0007581508300836 ISBN 978 989 758 351 3 S2CID 67855787 Beckers R Holland O E and Deneubourg J L From local actions to global tasks Stigmergy and collective robotics Archived 2013 11 04 at the Wayback Machine Artificial life IV 1994 p 181 189 Shapiro James A June 1988 Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms PDF Scientific American 258 6 82 89 Bibcode 1988SciAm 258f 82S doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0688 82 Archived from the original PDF on 26 May 2012 Retrieved 8 September 2013 Dworkin Martin 2007 Lingering Puzzles about Myxobacteria Microbe 2 1 18 23 doi 10 1128 microbe 2 18 1 Ranjbar Sahraei B Weiss G and Nakisaee A 2012 A Multi Robot Coverage Approach based on Stigmergic Communication In Proc of the 10th German Conference on Multiagent System Technologies Vol 7598 pp 126 138 Giovanna Castellano Mario G C A Cimino et al A multi agent system for enabling collaborative situation awareness via position based stigmergy and neuro fuzzy learning Neurocomputing Vol 135 2014 pp 86 97 Mario G C A Cimino Federico Galatolo Alessandro Lazzeri Gigliola Vaglini Spikiness Assessment of Term Occurrences in Microblogs an Approach Based on Computational Stigmergy ICPRAM 2017 Mark Elliott on stigmergy citizen wikis collaborative environments YouTube 26 August 2009 Archived from the original on 2021 12 11 Tkacz Nathaniel 2014 Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness University of Chicago Press p 46 doi 10 7208 chicago 9780226192444 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 226 19230 7 a b Infoworld A conversation with Steve Burbeck about multicellular computing Archived 2008 12 11 at the Wayback Machine Heylighen F 2007 Why is Open Access Development so Successful Stigmergic organization and the economics of information Archived 2008 10 02 at the Wayback Machine in B Lutterbeck M Baerwolff amp R A Gehring eds Open Source Jahrbuch 2007 Lehmanns Media 2007 p 165 180 Marko A Rodriguez Rodriguez M A 2008 A Collectively Generated Model of the World Archived 2009 01 06 at the Wayback Machine in Collective Intelligence Creating a Prosperous World at Peace eds M Tovey pages 261 264 EIN Press ISBN 0 9715661 6 X Oakton Virginia November 2007 Christensen L R 2007 Practices of stigmergy in architectural work In Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM Conference on Conference on Supporting Group Work Sanibel Island Florida USA November 04 07 2007 GROUP 2007 ACM New York NY 11 20 Christensen L R 2008 The Logic of Practices of Stigmergy Representational Artifacts in Architectural Design In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work San Diego CA USA November 8 12 2008 CSCW 08 ACM New York NY 559 568 Christensen Lars Rune 2014 Practices of Stigmergy in the Building Process Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW 23 1 1 19 doi 10 1007 s10606 012 9181 3 S2CID 2902658 Elliott Mark 2006 Stigmergic Collaboration The Evolution of Group Work Introduction M C Journal 9 2 doi 10 5204 mcj 2599 Marsh Heather 2013 06 08 Binding Chaos Mass collaboration on a global scale CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 9781489527684 ASIN 1489527680 a b Heather Marsh 2012 01 09 A proposal for governance Stigmergy Archived from the original on 2016 01 17 Retrieved 2016 01 13 Heather Marsh 2011 12 24 A proposal for governance in the post 2011 world Archived from the original on 2013 09 01 Retrieved 2013 07 15 Heather Marsh 2012 02 22 A proposal for governance Concentric User Groups and Epistemic Communities Archived from the original on 2013 08 31 Retrieved 2013 07 15 Leavenworth Stuart 2014 11 19 Hong Kong protesters facing divisions wait for police to act McClatchy Archived from the original on 2018 04 25 Retrieved 2018 04 24 carrying a sign board for the Stigmergy Society The term refers to the social organization of anthills in which coordination isn t achieved by a formal leadership structure but by independent action among those with shared goals Occupy Central Part 1 www zonaeuropa com Retrieved 2016 01 13 Further reading EditBonabeau Eric ed Spring 1999 Special issue on Stigmergy Artificial Life 5 2 95 96 doi 10 1162 106454699568692 ISSN 1064 5462 S2CID 35422936 Doyle Margery J Marsh Leslie 2013 Special issue Stigmergy in the Human Domain Cognitive Systems Research 21 1 74 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2012 06 001 ISSN 1389 0417 S2CID 40609378 Elliott Mark May 2006 Stigmergic Collaboration The Evolution of Group Work M C Journal 9 2 doi 10 5204 mcj 2599 ISSN 1441 2616 Heylighen Francis 2016 Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism I Definition and components Cognitive Systems Research 38 4 13 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2015 12 002 ISSN 1389 0417 S2CID 16431291 Heylighen Francis 2016 Stigmergy as a universal coordination mechanism II Varieties and evolution Cognitive Systems Research 38 50 59 doi 10 1016 j cogsys 2015 12 007 ISSN 1389 0417 S2CID 15095421 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stigmergy amp oldid 1132558641, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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