The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large genomes relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million nucleotides except for Anaeromyxobacter[2] and Vulgatibacter.[3] One species of myxobacteria, Minicystis rosea,[4] has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides. The second largest is another myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum.[5][6]
Myxobacteria can move by gliding.[7] They typically travel in swarms (also known as wolf packs), containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular enzymes that are used to digest food; this in turn increases feeding efficiency. Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside the cell.[8]
Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model Myxococcus xanthus which have four different mechanisms[9] of polysaccharide secretion and where a new Wzx/Wzy mechanism producing a new polysaccharide was identified in 2020.[9]
When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies (not to be confused with those in fungi), a process long-thought to be mediated by chemotaxis but now considered to be a function of a form of contact-mediated signaling.[11][12] These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species. Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells, and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, analogous to spores in other organisms, are more likely to survive until nutrients are more plentiful. The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among certain amoebae, called cellular slime molds.
Various myxobacterial species as sketched by Roland Thaxter in 1892: Chondromyces crocatus (figs. 1–11), Stigmatella aurantiaca (figs. 12–19 and 25-28), Melittangium lichenicola (figs. 20–23), Archangium gephyra (fig. 24), Myxococcus coralloides (figs. 29-33), Polyangium vitellinum (figs. 34-36), and Myxococcus fulvus (figs. 37-41). Thaxter was the first taxonomist to recognize the bacterial nature of the myxobacteria. Previously, they had been misclassified as members of the fungi imperfecti.[15]
It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes.[16]
Myxobacteria are also known to produce gephyronic acid, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for cancer chemotherapy.[18]
^Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, Loy A, Naganuma T, Nakai R, Whitman WB, Hahn MW, Kuever J, Hugenholtz P. (2020). "Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (11): 5972–6016. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004213. PMID 33151140.
^Thomas SH, Wagner RD, Arakaki AK, Skolnick J, Kirby JR, Shimkets LJ, Sanford RA, Löffler FE (May 2008). "The mosaic genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta-proteobacteria". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2103. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2103T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002103. PMC2330069. PMID 18461135.
^Shilpee Pal, Gaurav Sharma & Srikrishna Subramanian (2021-09-13). "Complete genome sequence and identification of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis genes of the myxobacterium Minicystis rosea DSM 24000T". BMC Genomics. 22 (1): 655. doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07955-x. PMC8436480. PMID 34511070.
^Schneiker S, Perlova O, Kaiser O, Gerth K, Alici A, Altmeyer MO, et al. (November 2007). "Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium, Sorangium cellulosum". Nat. Biotechnol. 25 (11): 1281–9. doi:10.1038/nbt1354. PMID 17965706.
^Land M, Hauser L, Jun SR, Nookaew I, Leuze MR, Ahn TH, Karpinets T, Lund O, Kora G, Wassenaar T, Poudel S, Ussery DW (March 2015). "Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing". Funct. Integr. Genomics. 15 (2): 141–61. doi:10.1007/s10142-015-0433-4. PMC4361730. PMID 25722247.
^Mauriello EM, Mignot T, Yang Z, Zusman DR (June 2010). "Gliding motility revisited: how do the myxobacteria move without flagella?". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74 (2): 229–49. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00043-09. PMC2884410. PMID 20508248.
^Reichenbach H (September 2001). "Myxobacteria, producers of novel bioactive substances". J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27 (3): 149–56. doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000025. PMID 11780785. S2CID 34964313.
^ abIslam ST, Vergara Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, et al. (June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000728. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000728. PMC7310880. PMID 32516311.
^Islam ST, Vergara Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, et al. (June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000728. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000728. PMC7310880. PMID 32516311.
^Kiskowski MA, Jiang Y, Alber MS (December 2004). "Role of streams in myxobacteria aggregate formation". Phys Biol. 1 (3–4): 173–83. Bibcode:2004PhBio...1..173K. doi:10.1088/1478-3967/1/3/005. PMID 16204837. S2CID 18846289.
^Sozinova O, Jiang Y, Kaiser D, Alber M (August 2005). "A three-dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact-mediated interactions". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (32): 11308–12. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211308S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504259102. PMC1183571. PMID 16061806.
^Yu YT, Yuan X, Velicer GJ (May 2010). "Adaptive evolution of an sRNA that controls Myxococcus development". Science. 328 (5981): 993. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..993Y. doi:10.1126/science.1187200. PMC3027070. PMID 20489016.
^Fiegna F, Yu YT, Kadam SV, Velicer GJ (May 2006). "Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator". Nature. 441 (7091): 310–4. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..310F. doi:10.1038/nature04677. PMID 16710413. S2CID 4371886.
^Thaxter R (1892). "On the Myxobacteriaceæ, a New Order of Schizomycetes". Botanical Gazette. 17 (12): 389–406. doi:10.1086/326866. ISSN 0006-8071.
^Hoshino, Y.; Gaucher, E.A. (2021). "Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis". PNAS. 118 (25): e2101276118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2101276118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC8237579. PMID 34131078.
^"FDA Approval for Ixabepilone". National Cancer Institute.
^Sasse F, Steinmetz H, Höfle G, Reichenbach H (January 1995). "Gephyronic acid, a novel inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis from Archangium gephyra (myxobacteria). Production, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties, and mechanism of action". J. Antibiot. 48 (1): 21–5. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.48.21. PMID 7868385.
Myxococcus xanthus preying on an E. coli colony on YouTube
January 31, 2023
myxobacteria, confused, with, slime, mold, myxobacteria, slime, bacteria, group, bacteria, that, predominantly, live, soil, feed, insoluble, organic, substances, myxobacteria, have, very, large, genomes, relative, other, bacteria, million, nucleotides, except,. Not to be confused with Slime mold The myxobacteria slime bacteria are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances The myxobacteria have very large genomes relative to other bacteria e g 9 10 million nucleotides except for Anaeromyxobacter 2 and Vulgatibacter 3 One species of myxobacteria Minicystis rosea 4 has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides The second largest is another myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum 5 6 MyxobacteriaMyxococcus xanthusScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum MyxococcotaClass MyxococciaWaite et al 2020 1 Order MyxococcalesTchan et al 1948Families amp GeneraAnaeromyxobacteraceae Archangiaceae Kofleriaceae Labilitrichaceae Myxococcaceae Nannocystaceae Phaselicystidaceae Polyangiaceae Sandaracinaceae VulgatibacteraceaeSynonyms Myxococcidae Cavalier Smith 2020Myxobacteria can move by gliding 7 They typically travel in swarms also known as wolf packs containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular enzymes that are used to digest food this in turn increases feeding efficiency Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals such as antibiotics and export those chemicals outside the cell 8 Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram negative bacteria like the model Myxococcus xanthus which have four different mechanisms 9 of polysaccharide secretion and where a new Wzx Wzy mechanism producing a new polysaccharide was identified in 2020 9 Myxobacteria are also good models to study the multicellularity in the bacterial world 10 Contents 1 Life cycle 2 Clinical use 3 Phylogeny 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksLife cycle EditWhen nutrients are scarce myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies not to be confused with those in fungi a process long thought to be mediated by chemotaxis but now considered to be a function of a form of contact mediated signaling 11 12 These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors depending on the species Within the fruiting bodies cells begin as rod shaped vegetative cells and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls These myxospores analogous to spores in other organisms are more likely to survive until nutrients are more plentiful The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group swarm of myxobacteria rather than as isolated cells Similar life cycles have developed among certain amoebae called cellular slime molds At a molecular level initiation of fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus is regulated by Pxr sRNA 13 14 Myxobacteria such as Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca are used as model organisms for the study of development Various myxobacterial species as sketched by Roland Thaxter in 1892 Chondromyces crocatus figs 1 11 Stigmatella aurantiaca figs 12 19 and 25 28 Melittangium lichenicola figs 20 23 Archangium gephyra fig 24 Myxococcus coralloides figs 29 33 Polyangium vitellinum figs 34 36 and Myxococcus fulvus figs 37 41 Thaxter was the first taxonomist to recognize the bacterial nature of the myxobacteria Previously they had been misclassified as members of the fungi imperfecti 15 It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes 16 Clinical use EditMetabolites secreted by Sorangium cellulosum known as epothilones have been noted to have antineoplastic activity This has led to the development of analogs which mimic its activity One such analog known as Ixabepilone is a U S Food and Drug Administration approved chemotherapy agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer 17 Myxobacteria are also known to produce gephyronic acid an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for cancer chemotherapy 18 Phylogeny EditThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN 19 and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 20 16S rRNA based LTP 01 2022 21 22 23 120 marker proteins based GTDB 07 RS207 24 25 26 Myxo Deferrisomatales DeferrisomataceaeBradymonadales BradymonadaceaeMyxococcales Cystobacterineae VulgatibacteraceaeAnaeromyxobacteraceaeMyxococcaceae incl Archangiaceae Jahn 1924 Nannocystineae Kofleriaceae Reichenbach 2007NannocystaceaeSorangiineae Polyangiaceae incl Sandaracinaceae Phaselicystidaceae amp Labilitrichaceae coccota Myxo Myxococcia Myxococcales Anaeromyxobacteraceae Yamamoto et al 2014Vulgatibacteraceae Yamamoto et al 2014Myxococcaceae Jahn 1924 incl Archangiaceae Bradymonadales Bradymonadaceae Microvenatoraceae Wang Chen amp Du 2022Bradymonadaceae Wang et al 2015Polyangiia Haliangiales Haliangiaceae Waite et al 2020 incl Kofleriaceae Nannocystales Nannocystaceae Reichenbach 2006Polyangiales Sandaracinaceae Mohr et al 2012Polyangiaceae Jahn 1924 incl Phaselicystidaceae coccotaSee also EditList of bacterial orders List of bacteria generaReferences Edit Waite DW Chuvochina M Pelikan C Parks DH Yilmaz P Wagner M Loy A Naganuma T Nakai R Whitman WB Hahn MW Kuever J Hugenholtz P 2020 Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70 11 5972 6016 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 004213 PMID 33151140 Thomas SH Wagner RD Arakaki AK Skolnick J Kirby JR Shimkets LJ Sanford RA Loffler FE May 2008 The mosaic genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP C suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta proteobacteria PLOS ONE 3 5 e2103 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2103T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002103 PMC 2330069 PMID 18461135 Vulgatibacter incomptus strain DSM 27710 complete genome 2015 08 19 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Shilpee Pal Gaurav Sharma amp Srikrishna Subramanian 2021 09 13 Complete genome sequence and identification of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis genes of the myxobacterium Minicystis rosea DSM 24000T BMC Genomics 22 1 655 doi 10 1186 s12864 021 07955 x PMC 8436480 PMID 34511070 Schneiker S Perlova O Kaiser O Gerth K Alici A Altmeyer MO et al November 2007 Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum Nat Biotechnol 25 11 1281 9 doi 10 1038 nbt1354 PMID 17965706 Land M Hauser L Jun SR Nookaew I Leuze MR Ahn TH Karpinets T Lund O Kora G Wassenaar T Poudel S Ussery DW March 2015 Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing Funct Integr Genomics 15 2 141 61 doi 10 1007 s10142 015 0433 4 PMC 4361730 PMID 25722247 Mauriello EM Mignot T Yang Z Zusman DR June 2010 Gliding motility revisited how do the myxobacteria move without flagella Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74 2 229 49 doi 10 1128 MMBR 00043 09 PMC 2884410 PMID 20508248 Reichenbach H September 2001 Myxobacteria producers of novel bioactive substances J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 27 3 149 56 doi 10 1038 sj jim 7000025 PMID 11780785 S2CID 34964313 a b Islam ST Vergara Alvarez I Saidi F Guiseppi A Vinogradov E Sharma G et al June 2020 Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio specific polysaccharide secretion PLOS Biology 18 6 e3000728 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 3000728 PMC 7310880 PMID 32516311 Islam ST Vergara Alvarez I Saidi F Guiseppi A Vinogradov E Sharma G et al June 2020 Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio specific polysaccharide secretion PLOS Biology 18 6 e3000728 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 3000728 PMC 7310880 PMID 32516311 Kiskowski MA Jiang Y Alber MS December 2004 Role of streams in myxobacteria aggregate formation Phys Biol 1 3 4 173 83 Bibcode 2004PhBio 1 173K doi 10 1088 1478 3967 1 3 005 PMID 16204837 S2CID 18846289 Sozinova O Jiang Y Kaiser D Alber M August 2005 A three dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact mediated interactions Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 32 11308 12 Bibcode 2005PNAS 10211308S doi 10 1073 pnas 0504259102 PMC 1183571 PMID 16061806 Yu YT Yuan X Velicer GJ May 2010 Adaptive evolution of an sRNA that controls Myxococcus development Science 328 5981 993 Bibcode 2010Sci 328 993Y doi 10 1126 science 1187200 PMC 3027070 PMID 20489016 Fiegna F Yu YT Kadam SV Velicer GJ May 2006 Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator Nature 441 7091 310 4 Bibcode 2006Natur 441 310F doi 10 1038 nature04677 PMID 16710413 S2CID 4371886 Thaxter R 1892 On the Myxobacteriaceae a New Order of Schizomycetes Botanical Gazette 17 12 389 406 doi 10 1086 326866 ISSN 0006 8071 Hoshino Y Gaucher E A 2021 Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis PNAS 118 25 e2101276118 doi 10 1073 pnas 2101276118 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 8237579 PMID 34131078 FDA Approval for Ixabepilone National Cancer Institute Sasse F Steinmetz H Hofle G Reichenbach H January 1995 Gephyronic acid a novel inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis from Archangium gephyra myxobacteria Production isolation physico chemical and biological properties and mechanism of action J Antibiot 48 1 21 5 doi 10 7164 antibiotics 48 21 PMID 7868385 J P Euzeby Deltaproteobacteria List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN Retrieved 2022 09 09 Sayers et al Deltaproteobacteria National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2022 09 09 The LTP Retrieved 23 February 2022 LTP all tree in newick format Retrieved 23 February 2022 LTP 01 2022 Release Notes PDF Retrieved 23 February 2022 GTDB release 07 RS207 Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 bac120 r207 sp labels Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 Taxon History Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 External links EditThe Myxobacteria Web Page Schwarmentwicklung und Morphogenese bei Myxobakterien on YouTube Myxobacteria form Fruiting Bodies on YouTube Myxococcus xanthus preying on an E coli colony on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Myxobacteria amp oldid 1128336827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
