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Narrow-nosed rhinoceros

January 01, 1970

The narrow-nosed rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus hemitoechus), also known as the steppe rhinoceros is an extinct species of rhinoceros belonging to the genus Stephanorhinus that lived in western Eurasia, including Europe, as well as North Africa[1] during the Pleistocene. It first appeared in Europe some 600,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene and survived there until at least 34,000 years Before Present.

Narrow-nosed rhinoceros
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene–Late Pleistocene
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Skull of Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
Stephanorhinus hemitoechus life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Rhinocerotidae
Genus: †Stephanorhinus
Species:
†S. hemitoechus
Binomial name
†Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
Falconer, 1859
Synonyms
  • Dicerorhinus hemitoechus Falconer, 1859
  • Rhinoceros hemitoechus Falconer, 1859
  • Rhinoceros binagadensis Dzhafarov, 1955
  • Rhinoceros subinermis Pomel, 1895

Description edit

 
Skulls from top to bottom. S. kirchbergensis, S. hemitoechus and the woolly rhinoceros, showing the difference in head angle

The narrow-nosed rhinoceros was a large animal, reaching a shoulder height of as much as 2 m (6.6 ft).[2] It can be distinguished from other species of Stephanorhinus by its very long and low skull. Its nasals are relatively low, and its horn base poorly developed. Teeth are forward shifting.[3]

The narrow-nosed rhinoceros probably favored temperate open areas rich in low-growing vegetation. It displayed many similarities to its better known extinct relative, the woolly rhinoceros. It was probably not a pure grazer, but a mixed feeder, eating low-growing vegetation in open habitats, with its diet varying according to local conditions.[3][4][5][6]

In Apulia in southern Italy, remains of narrow-nosed rhinoceros from the middle Late Pleistocene were found to be smaller than those of other areas, indicating they may have been an insular form.[7]

Age and distribution edit

In comparison to the widespread Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis), the narrow-nosed rhinoceros had a more restricted distribution, including Europe,[8][9] as well as West Asia[10] and North Africa.[1] Remains found in Azerbaijan were previously referred to the species Rhinoceros binagadensis, while those in North Africa were referred to Rhinoceros subinermis.[11]

It had its widest distribution in Europe during interglacial periods where it would extend as far north as Great Britain, co-occurring alongside other large megafauna like the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), as well as the hippopotamus.[12]

In North Africa, remains of the narrow-nosed rhinoceros are known dating between 109-53,000 years ago.[1]

The narrow-nosed rhinoceros survived latest in southern Europe. The last records in Italy date to around 41,000 years ago,[6] while remains dating to 40,000 years ago are knowns from Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria.[13] In the Iberian Peninsula, the latest records of the species date to 34,000 years ago.[14]

Human exploitation edit

Specimens of S. hemitoechus from the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 12, 478,000-424,000 years ago) Caune de l'Arago site in Southern France shows extensive evidence of butchery by archaic humans (presumably by Tautavel Man, which is found at the same site). The ratios of skeletal elements implies that only the parts of the body with the most meat were carried to the site. The profile of ages of rhino bones in the cave resembles natural mortality curves, suggesting that there was not selective hunting, and the fact that marks of other carnivores are rare implies that the carcasses were acquired by hunting or active scavenging.[15] A skull from Cueva Des-Cubierta in central Spain, dating to the early-mid Late Pleistocene (MIS 4-early MIS 3, ~71-43,000 years ago) exhibits fracturing and cut marks consistent with butchery likely by Neanderthals. The missing pieces of the skull were not found in the cave, suggesting that it had been butchered off-site. It has been proposed that the skull was kept as a hunting trophy along with the skulls of aurochs and bison.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Faith, J. Tyler (2014). "Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa". Earth-Science Reviews. 128: 105–121. Bibcode:2014ESRv..128..105F. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.009.
  2. ^ "Narrow-nosed Rhinoceros(Stephanorhinus hemitoechus)". Gibraltar National Museum.
  3. ^ a b Fortelius, M.; Mazza, P.; Sala, B. (1993). "Stephanorhinus (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) of the Western European Pleistocene, with a revision of S. etruscus (Falconer, 1868)". Palaeontographia Italica, Pisa. 80: 63–155.
  4. ^ Salari, L. (2019). "The Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Cava Muracci (Latium, Italy): Palaeoenvironmental implications for coastal central Italy during MIS 3". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (1): 51–71. Bibcode:2019CRPal..18...51G. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2018.04.006. S2CID 135071773.
  5. ^ Rivals, Florent; Lister, Adrian M. (August 2016). "Dietary flexibility and niche partitioning of large herbivores through the Pleistocene of Britain". Quaternary Science Reviews. 146: 116–133. Bibcode:2016QSRv..146..116R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.007.
  6. ^ a b Pandolfi, Luca; Boscato, Paolo; Crezzini, Jacopo; Gatta, Maurizio; Moroni, Adriana; Rolfo, Mario; Tagliacozzo, Antonio (2017-04-13). "LATE PLEISTOCENE LAST OCCURRENCES OF THE NARROW-NOSED RHINOCEROS STEPHANORHINUS HEMITOECHUS (MAMMALIA, PERISSODACTYLA) IN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 123: N. 2 (2017). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/8300.
  7. ^ Pandolfi, Luca; Petronio, Carmelo (2011). "The small-sized rhinoceroses from the Late Pleistocene of Apulia (southern Italy)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 117 (3): 509–520. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/5989.
  8. ^ Pandolfi, Luca; Tagliacozzo, Antonio (1 March 2015). "Stephanorhinus hemitoechus (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Valle Radice (Sora, Central Italy) and re-evaluation of the morphometric variability of the species in Europe". Geobios. 48 (2): 169–191. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2015.02.002. ISSN 0016-6995. Retrieved 13 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  9. ^ Diana Pushkina: The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage. Mammal Review, 2007. Volume 37 Issue 3, Pages 224 - 245
  10. ^ Pokines, James T.; Lister, Adrian M.; Ames, Christopher J. H.; Nowell, April; Cordova, Carlos E. (March 2019). "Faunal remains from recent excavations at Shishan Marsh 1 (SM1), a Late Lower Paleolithic open-air site in the Azraq Basin, Jordan". Quaternary Research. 91 (2): 768–791. Bibcode:2019QuRes..91..768P. doi:10.1017/qua.2018.113. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 134216492.
  11. ^ Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X. (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.), "The Fossil Record of Rhinocerotids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) in Greece", Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 409–500, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_14, ISBN 978-3-030-68441-9, retrieved 2023-11-19
  12. ^ Pushkina, Diana (July 2007). "The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage". Mammal Review. 37 (3): 224–245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x. ISSN 0305-1838.
  13. ^ Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., 2007. Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia. In: Kahlke, R.-D., Maul, L.C., Mazza, P. (Eds.), Late Neogene and Quaternary Biodiversity and Evolution: Regional Developments and Interregional Correlations Vol. II, Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 259, pp. 287-297.
  14. ^ Sala, Nohemi; Pablos, Adrián; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Antonio; Arriolabengoa, Martin; Alcaraz-Castaño, Manuel; Cubas, Miriam; Posth, Cosimo; Nägele, Kathrin; Pantoja-Pérez, Ana; Arlegi, Mikel; Rodríguez-Almagro, Manuel; Conde-Valverde, Mercedes; Cuenca-Bescós, Gloria; Arribas, Alfonso; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier (February 2021). "Cueva de los Torrejones revisited. New insights on the paleoecology of inland Iberia during the Late Pleistocene". Quaternary Science Reviews. 253: 106765. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106765.
  15. ^ Chen, Xi; Moigne, Anne-Marie (November 2018). "Rhinoceros ( Stephanorhinus hemitoechus ) exploitation in Level F at the Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénéés-Orientales, France) during MIS 12". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 28 (6): 669–680. doi:10.1002/oa.2682. S2CID 80923883.
  16. ^ Baquedano, Enrique; Arsuaga, Juan L.; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Laplana, César; Márquez, Belén; Huguet, Rosa; Gómez-Soler, Sandra; Villaescusa, Lucía; Galindo-Pellicena, M. Ángeles; Rodríguez, Laura; García-González, Rebeca; Ortega, M.-Cruz; Martín-Perea, David M.; Ortega, Ana I.; Hernández-Vivanco, Lucía (March 2023). "A symbolic Neanderthal accumulation of large herbivore crania". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (3): 342–352. doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01503-7. ISSN 2397-3374. PMC 10038806. PMID 36702939.

January 01, 1970
narrow, nosed, rhinoceros, narrow, nosed, rhinoceros, stephanorhinus, hemitoechus, also, known, steppe, rhinoceros, extinct, species, rhinoceros, belonging, genus, stephanorhinus, that, lived, western, eurasia, including, europe, well, north, africa, during, p. The narrow nosed rhinoceros Stephanorhinus hemitoechus also known as the steppe rhinoceros is an extinct species of rhinoceros belonging to the genus Stephanorhinus that lived in western Eurasia including Europe as well as North Africa 1 during the Pleistocene It first appeared in Europe some 600 000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene and survived there until at least 34 000 years Before Present Narrow nosed rhinocerosTemporal range Middle Pleistocene Late Pleistocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skull of Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Stephanorhinus hemitoechus life restoration Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae Genus Stephanorhinus Species S hemitoechus Binomial name Stephanorhinus hemitoechusFalconer 1859 Synonyms Dicerorhinus hemitoechus Falconer 1859 Rhinoceros hemitoechus Falconer 1859 Rhinoceros binagadensis Dzhafarov 1955 Rhinoceros subinermis Pomel 1895 Contents 1 Description 2 Age and distribution 3 Human exploitation 4 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp Skulls from top to bottom S kirchbergensis S hemitoechus and the woolly rhinoceros showing the difference in head angle The narrow nosed rhinoceros was a large animal reaching a shoulder height of as much as 2 m 6 6 ft 2 It can be distinguished from other species of Stephanorhinus by its very long and low skull Its nasals are relatively low and its horn base poorly developed Teeth are forward shifting 3 The narrow nosed rhinoceros probably favored temperate open areas rich in low growing vegetation It displayed many similarities to its better known extinct relative the woolly rhinoceros It was probably not a pure grazer but a mixed feeder eating low growing vegetation in open habitats with its diet varying according to local conditions 3 4 5 6 In Apulia in southern Italy remains of narrow nosed rhinoceros from the middle Late Pleistocene were found to be smaller than those of other areas indicating they may have been an insular form 7 Age and distribution editIn comparison to the widespread Merck s rhinoceros Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis the narrow nosed rhinoceros had a more restricted distribution including Europe 8 9 as well as West Asia 10 and North Africa 1 Remains found in Azerbaijan were previously referred to the species Rhinoceros binagadensis while those in North Africa were referred to Rhinoceros subinermis 11 It had its widest distribution in Europe during interglacial periods where it would extend as far north as Great Britain co occurring alongside other large megafauna like the straight tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus as well as the hippopotamus 12 In North Africa remains of the narrow nosed rhinoceros are known dating between 109 53 000 years ago 1 The narrow nosed rhinoceros survived latest in southern Europe The last records in Italy date to around 41 000 years ago 6 while remains dating to 40 000 years ago are knowns from Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria 13 In the Iberian Peninsula the latest records of the species date to 34 000 years ago 14 Human exploitation editSpecimens of S hemitoechus from the Middle Pleistocene MIS 12 478 000 424 000 years ago Caune de l Arago site in Southern France shows extensive evidence of butchery by archaic humans presumably by Tautavel Man which is found at the same site The ratios of skeletal elements implies that only the parts of the body with the most meat were carried to the site The profile of ages of rhino bones in the cave resembles natural mortality curves suggesting that there was not selective hunting and the fact that marks of other carnivores are rare implies that the carcasses were acquired by hunting or active scavenging 15 A skull from Cueva Des Cubierta in central Spain dating to the early mid Late Pleistocene MIS 4 early MIS 3 71 43 000 years ago exhibits fracturing and cut marks consistent with butchery likely by Neanderthals The missing pieces of the skull were not found in the cave suggesting that it had been butchered off site It has been proposed that the skull was kept as a hunting trophy along with the skulls of aurochs and bison 16 References edit a b c Faith J Tyler 2014 Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa Earth Science Reviews 128 105 121 Bibcode 2014ESRv 128 105F doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2013 10 009 Narrow nosed Rhinoceros Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Gibraltar National Museum a b Fortelius M Mazza P Sala B 1993 Stephanorhinus Mammalia Rhinocerotidae of the Western European Pleistocene with a revision of S etruscus Falconer 1868 Palaeontographia Italica Pisa 80 63 155 Salari L 2019 The Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Cava Muracci Latium Italy Palaeoenvironmental implications for coastal central Italy during MIS 3 Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 1 51 71 Bibcode 2019CRPal 18 51G doi 10 1016 j crpv 2018 04 006 S2CID 135071773 Rivals Florent Lister Adrian M August 2016 Dietary flexibility and niche partitioning of large herbivores through the Pleistocene of Britain Quaternary Science Reviews 146 116 133 Bibcode 2016QSRv 146 116R doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2016 06 007 a b Pandolfi Luca Boscato Paolo Crezzini Jacopo Gatta Maurizio Moroni Adriana Rolfo Mario Tagliacozzo Antonio 2017 04 13 LATE PLEISTOCENE LAST OCCURRENCES OF THE NARROW NOSED RHINOCEROS STEPHANORHINUS HEMITOECHUS MAMMALIA PERISSODACTYLA IN ITALY Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy 123 N 2 2017 doi 10 13130 2039 4942 8300 Pandolfi Luca Petronio Carmelo 2011 The small sized rhinoceroses from the Late Pleistocene of Apulia southern Italy Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 117 3 509 520 doi 10 13130 2039 4942 5989 Pandolfi Luca Tagliacozzo Antonio 1 March 2015 Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Mammalia Rhinocerotidae from the Late Pleistocene of Valle Radice Sora Central Italy and re evaluation of the morphometric variability of the species in Europe Geobios 48 2 169 191 doi 10 1016 j geobios 2015 02 002 ISSN 0016 6995 Retrieved 13 January 2024 via Elsevier Science Direct Diana Pushkina The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage Mammal Review 2007 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 224 245 Pokines James T Lister Adrian M Ames Christopher J H Nowell April Cordova Carlos E March 2019 Faunal remains from recent excavations at Shishan Marsh 1 SM1 a Late Lower Paleolithic open air site in the Azraq Basin Jordan Quaternary Research 91 2 768 791 Bibcode 2019QuRes 91 768P doi 10 1017 qua 2018 113 ISSN 0033 5894 S2CID 134216492 Giaourtsakis Ioannis X 2022 Vlachos Evangelos ed The Fossil Record of Rhinocerotids Mammalia Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae in Greece Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol 2 Cham Springer International Publishing pp 409 500 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 68442 6 14 ISBN 978 3 030 68441 9 retrieved 2023 11 19 Pushkina Diana July 2007 The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage Mammal Review 37 3 224 245 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2907 2007 00109 x ISSN 0305 1838 Stuart A J Lister A M 2007 Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia In Kahlke R D Maul L C Mazza P Eds Late Neogene and Quaternary Biodiversity and Evolution Regional Developments and Interregional Correlations Vol II Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 259 pp 287 297 Sala Nohemi Pablos Adrian Rodriguez Hidalgo Antonio Arriolabengoa Martin Alcaraz Castano Manuel Cubas Miriam Posth Cosimo Nagele Kathrin Pantoja Perez Ana Arlegi Mikel Rodriguez Almagro Manuel Conde Valverde Mercedes Cuenca Bescos Gloria Arribas Alfonso Gomez Olivencia Asier February 2021 Cueva de los Torrejones revisited New insights on the paleoecology of inland Iberia during the Late Pleistocene Quaternary Science Reviews 253 106765 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2020 106765 Chen Xi Moigne Anne Marie November 2018 Rhinoceros Stephanorhinus hemitoechus exploitation in Level F at the Caune de l Arago Tautavel Pyrenees Orientales France during MIS 12 International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 28 6 669 680 doi 10 1002 oa 2682 S2CID 80923883 Baquedano Enrique Arsuaga Juan L Perez Gonzalez Alfredo Laplana Cesar Marquez Belen Huguet Rosa Gomez Soler Sandra Villaescusa Lucia Galindo Pellicena M Angeles Rodriguez Laura Garcia Gonzalez Rebeca Ortega M Cruz Martin Perea David M Ortega Ana I Hernandez Vivanco Lucia March 2023 A symbolic Neanderthal accumulation of large herbivore crania Nature Human Behaviour 7 3 342 352 doi 10 1038 s41562 022 01503 7 ISSN 2397 3374 PMC 10038806 PMID 36702939 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Narrow nosed rhinoceros amp oldid 1219571368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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