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Staffordshire Potteries

January 01, 1970

The Staffordshire Potteries is the industrial area encompassing the six towns Burslem, Fenton, Hanley, Longton, Stoke and Tunstall,[1] which is now the city of Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England. North Staffordshire became a centre of ceramic production in the early 17th century,[2] due to the local availability of clay, salt, lead and coal.

Unglazed stoneware coffee pot, 1750–1775
Saggars outside a bottle oven in a pot-bank in Longton

Spread edit

Hundreds of companies produced all kinds of pottery, from tablewares and decorative pieces to industrial items. The main pottery types of earthenware, stoneware and porcelain were all made in large quantities, and the Staffordshire industry was a major innovator in developing new varieties of ceramic bodies such as bone china and jasperware, as well as pioneering transfer printing and other glazing and decorating techniques. In general Staffordshire was strongest in the middle and low price ranges, though the finest and most expensive types of wares were also made.[3]

By the late 18th century North Staffordshire was the largest producer of ceramics in Britain, despite significant centres elsewhere, and relied heavily on child labor throughout the production process.[4] Large export markets took Staffordshire pottery around the world, especially in the 19th century.[5] Production began to decline in the late 19th century, as other countries developed their industries. After World War II it declined steeply. Production continues in the area, but at a fraction of the levels at the peak of the industry.[citation needed]

History edit

The boom came after the discovery in 1720 by potter John Astbury of Shelton, that by adding heated and ground flint powder to the local reddish clay he could create a more palatable white or Creamware. The flint was sourced from either the South Coast of England or France, then shipped to the Port of Liverpool or to Shardlow on the River Trent.[6] After shipping by pack horses to the watermills local to the potteries, or to commercial flint grinding mills in either the Churnet Valley or Moddershall Valley, it was sorted to remove flint that had reddish hues, then heated to 1,200 °C (2,200 °F) to create an easily ground product.[6] A group involving James Brindley later patented a water-based process that reduced the generation of fine siliceous dust, lessening workers' risk of developing silicosis. In the early 1900s the process was converted to grinding bone, which had a similar effect.[6][7]

With the coming of pottery products distribution by railway that began in the 1840s, mainly by the London and North Western Railway and Midland Railway, there was a considerable increase in business.[citation needed]

Potteries active in the 19th century include Spode, Aynsley, Burleigh, Doulton, Dudson, Mintons, Moorcroft, Davenport, Twyford, and Wedgwood.

The Chartist 1842 General Strike was ignited by striking miners at collieries in the Potteries, and led to the 1842 Pottery Riots.

Heron Cross Pottery edit

William Hines and his brother Thomas Hines established the pottery firm Hines Brothers in Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent and built Heron Cross Pottery[8] in 1886, particularly making the classic brown earthenware teapots and tea services for the London Midland and Scottish Railway. The business was taken over in 1907 and became the Kensington Pottery in Hanley in about 1922: this pottery continued until 1937.

It is understood that in about 1850 William Hines was born either in Ellesmere, Shropshire or in St Oswalds, Welsh Marches. He married Mary Mellor on 10 March 1875 and remarried when she died (reportedly not until the evening of his marriage telling his second wife that he already had six children). He became a prominent rider in the North Staffordshire Hunt[9] and owner of a stable of horses. He spent considerable money building Wesleyan chapels. There is a Hines Street in Fenton.[10][11]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ The Six Towns thepotteries.org, January 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  2. ^ Fleming, John & Hugh Honour. (1977) The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts. London: Allen Lane, p. 752. ISBN 0713909412
  3. ^ Dawson, 200-205
  4. ^ Squires, Kirsty (2 January 2020). "All Work and No Play? The Well-Being of Children Living and Working in Nineteenth-Century Staffordshire, England". Childhood in the Past. 13 (1): 60–77. doi:10.1080/17585716.2020.1738630.
  5. ^ Dawson, 200-201
  6. ^ a b c Staffordshire County Council: Moddershall Valley- Conservation Area, designation No.76, 1987
  7. ^ Helsby, L.F.; Legge, D; Rushton, A.J. (1973). "Watermills of the Moddershall". Staffordshire Industrial Archaeology Society (4). Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  8. ^ "Listed Buildings in Stoke-on-Trent. (71a) Heron Cross pottery & bottle kiln".
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
  10. ^ Interview of David Hines (grandson of William Hines) in 1999 by W D Ogilvie: obituary of David Hines in London Daily Telegraph 8 April 2000 written by W D Ogilvie
  11. ^ Papers of Professor Robert Sidney Smith

Further reading edit

  • Beaver, Stanley H. "The Potteries: A Study in the Evolution of a Cultural Landscape" Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), No. 34 (Jun., 1964), pp. 1–31 online, with maps, diagrams and photographs
  • Dawson Aileen, "The Growth of the Staffordshire Ceramic Industry", in Freestone, Ian, Gaimster, David R. M. (eds), Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions, 1997, British Museum Publications, ISBN 071411782X
  • Dolan, Brian. Wedgwood: The First Tycoon (2004).
  • McKendrick, Neil. "The Victorian View of Midland History: A Historiograpidcal Study of the Potteries." Midland History 1.1 (1971): 34–47.
  • Meiklejohn, A. "The Successful Prevention of Lead Poisoning in the Glazing of Earthenware in the North Staffordshire Potteries" British Journal of Industrial Medicine 20#3 (1963), pp. 169–180 online
  • Reilly, Robin. Josiah Wedgwood 1730-1795 (1992), scholarly biography
  • Shaw, Simeon. History of the Staffordshire Potteries: And the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain; with References to Genuine Specimens, and Notices of Eminent Potters (Scott, Greenwood, & Son, 1900) online.
  • Weatherill, Lorna. The pottery trade and North Staffordshire, 1660-1760 (Manchester University Press, 1971).
  • Wedgewood, Josiah C. Staffordshire Pottery and its History (1913) 229pp; covers the development of English pottery, the history of the pottery families, and the evolution of the pottery industry; online

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staffordshire pottery.
  • The Potteries website.
  • The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery.
  • "Potteries, The" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 212.

January 01, 1970
staffordshire, potteries, industrial, area, encompassing, towns, burslem, fenton, hanley, longton, stoke, tunstall, which, city, stoke, trent, staffordshire, england, north, staffordshire, became, centre, ceramic, production, early, 17th, century, local, avail. The Staffordshire Potteries is the industrial area encompassing the six towns Burslem Fenton Hanley Longton Stoke and Tunstall 1 which is now the city of Stoke on Trent in Staffordshire England North Staffordshire became a centre of ceramic production in the early 17th century 2 due to the local availability of clay salt lead and coal Unglazed stoneware coffee pot 1750 1775 Saggars outside a bottle oven in a pot bank in Longton Contents 1 Spread 2 History 3 Heron Cross Pottery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksSpread editHundreds of companies produced all kinds of pottery from tablewares and decorative pieces to industrial items The main pottery types of earthenware stoneware and porcelain were all made in large quantities and the Staffordshire industry was a major innovator in developing new varieties of ceramic bodies such as bone china and jasperware as well as pioneering transfer printing and other glazing and decorating techniques In general Staffordshire was strongest in the middle and low price ranges though the finest and most expensive types of wares were also made 3 By the late 18th century North Staffordshire was the largest producer of ceramics in Britain despite significant centres elsewhere and relied heavily on child labor throughout the production process 4 Large export markets took Staffordshire pottery around the world especially in the 19th century 5 Production began to decline in the late 19th century as other countries developed their industries After World War II it declined steeply Production continues in the area but at a fraction of the levels at the peak of the industry citation needed History editThe boom came after the discovery in 1720 by potter John Astbury of Shelton that by adding heated and ground flint powder to the local reddish clay he could create a more palatable white or Creamware The flint was sourced from either the South Coast of England or France then shipped to the Port of Liverpool or to Shardlow on the River Trent 6 After shipping by pack horses to the watermills local to the potteries or to commercial flint grinding mills in either the Churnet Valley or Moddershall Valley it was sorted to remove flint that had reddish hues then heated to 1 200 C 2 200 F to create an easily ground product 6 A group involving James Brindley later patented a water based process that reduced the generation of fine siliceous dust lessening workers risk of developing silicosis In the early 1900s the process was converted to grinding bone which had a similar effect 6 7 With the coming of pottery products distribution by railway that began in the 1840s mainly by the London and North Western Railway and Midland Railway there was a considerable increase in business citation needed Potteries active in the 19th century include Spode Aynsley Burleigh Doulton Dudson Mintons Moorcroft Davenport Twyford and Wedgwood The Chartist 1842 General Strike was ignited by striking miners at collieries in the Potteries and led to the 1842 Pottery Riots Heron Cross Pottery editWilliam Hines and his brother Thomas Hines established the pottery firm Hines Brothers in Fenton Stoke on Trent and built Heron Cross Pottery 8 in 1886 particularly making the classic brown earthenware teapots and tea services for the London Midland and Scottish Railway The business was taken over in 1907 and became the Kensington Pottery in Hanley in about 1922 this pottery continued until 1937 It is understood that in about 1850 William Hines was born either in Ellesmere Shropshire or in St Oswalds Welsh Marches He married Mary Mellor on 10 March 1875 and remarried when she died reportedly not until the evening of his marriage telling his second wife that he already had six children He became a prominent rider in the North Staffordshire Hunt 9 and owner of a stable of horses He spent considerable money building Wesleyan chapels There is a Hines Street in Fenton 10 11 See also editCategory Staffordshire pottery Stoke on Trent Built up Area Gladstone Pottery Museum Bottle oven Ceramic and Allied Trades Union Trent and Mersey Canal Staffordshire figure Staffordshire dog figurine Edwin Bennett apprenticed here together with his brothers Arnold Bennett wrote extensively on the regionReferences edit The Six Towns thepotteries org January 2008 Retrieved 24 July 2013 Archived here Fleming John amp Hugh Honour 1977 The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts London Allen Lane p 752 ISBN 0713909412 Dawson 200 205 Squires Kirsty 2 January 2020 All Work and No Play The Well Being of Children Living and Working in Nineteenth Century Staffordshire England Childhood in the Past 13 1 60 77 doi 10 1080 17585716 2020 1738630 Dawson 200 201 a b c Staffordshire County Council Moddershall Valley Conservation Area designation No 76 1987 Helsby L F Legge D Rushton A J 1973 Watermills of the Moddershall Staffordshire Industrial Archaeology Society 4 Retrieved 10 January 2014 Listed Buildings in Stoke on Trent 71a Heron Cross pottery amp bottle kiln The North Staffordshire Hounds Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Interview of David Hines grandson of William Hines in 1999 by W D Ogilvie obituary of David Hines in London Daily Telegraph 8 April 2000 written by W D Ogilvie Papers of Professor Robert Sidney SmithFurther reading editBeaver Stanley H The Potteries A Study in the Evolution of a Cultural Landscape Transactions and Papers Institute of British Geographers No 34 Jun 1964 pp 1 31 online with maps diagrams and photographs Dawson Aileen The Growth of the Staffordshire Ceramic Industry in Freestone Ian Gaimster David R M eds Pottery in the Making World Ceramic Traditions 1997 British Museum Publications ISBN 071411782X Dolan Brian Wedgwood The First Tycoon 2004 McKendrick Neil The Victorian View of Midland History A Historiograpidcal Study of the Potteries Midland History 1 1 1971 34 47 Meiklejohn A The Successful Prevention of Lead Poisoning in the Glazing of Earthenware in the North Staffordshire Potteries British Journal of Industrial Medicine 20 3 1963 pp 169 180 online Reilly Robin Josiah Wedgwood 1730 1795 1992 scholarly biography Shaw Simeon History of the Staffordshire Potteries And the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain with References to Genuine Specimens and Notices of Eminent Potters Scott Greenwood amp Son 1900 online Weatherill Lorna The pottery trade and North Staffordshire 1660 1760 Manchester University Press 1971 Wedgewood Josiah C Staffordshire Pottery and its History 1913 229pp covers the development of English pottery the history of the pottery families and the evolution of the pottery industry onlineExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staffordshire pottery The Potteries website The Potteries Museum amp Art Gallery Potteries The Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed 1911 p 212 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Staffordshire Potteries amp oldid 1221181177, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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