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Stable isotope ratio

February 15, 2024

This article is about stable isotope ratios. For the general category of stable nuclides, see Stable nuclide.

The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural form stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundance of such stable isotopes can be measured experimentally (isotope analysis), yielding an isotope ratio that can be used as a research tool. Theoretically, such stable isotopes could include the radiogenic daughter products of radioactive decay, used in radiometric dating. However, the expression stable-isotope ratio is preferably used to refer to isotopes whose relative abundances are affected by isotope fractionation in nature. This field is termed stable isotope geochemistry.

Stable-isotope ratios edit

See also: Isotope fractionation

Measurement of the ratios of naturally occurring stable isotopes (isotope analysis) plays an important role in isotope geochemistry, but stable isotopes (mostly hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur) are also finding uses in ecological and biological studies. Other workers have used oxygen isotope ratios to reconstruct historical atmospheric temperatures, making them important tools for paleoclimatology.

These isotope systems for lighter elements that exhibit more than one primordial isotope for each element have been under investigation for many years in order to study processes of isotope fractionation in natural systems. The long history of study of these elements is in part because the proportions of stable isotopes in these light and volatile elements is relatively easy to measure. However, recent advances in isotope ratio mass spectrometry (i.e. multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) now enable the measurement of isotope ratios in heavier stable elements, such as iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, etc.

Applications edit

The variations in oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios have applications in hydrology since most samples lie between two extremes, ocean water and Arctic/Antarctic snow.[1] Given a sample of water from an aquifer, and a sufficiently sensitive tool to measure the variation in the isotopic ratio of hydrogen in the sample, it is possible to infer the source, be it ocean water or precipitation seeping into the aquifer, and even to estimate the proportions from each source.[2] Stable isotopologues of water are also used in partitioning water sources for plant transpiration and groundwater recharge.[3][4]

Another application is in paleotemperature measurement for paleoclimatology. For example, one technique is based on the variation in isotopic fractionation of oxygen by biological systems with temperature.[5] Species of Foraminifera incorporate oxygen as calcium carbonate in their shells. The ratio of the oxygen isotopes oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 incorporated into the calcium carbonate varies with temperature and the oxygen isotopic composition of the water. This oxygen remains "fixed" in the calcium carbonate when the foraminifera dies, falls to the sea bed, and its shell becomes part of the sediment. It is possible to select standard species of foraminifera from sections through the sediment column, and by mapping the variation in oxygen isotopic ratio, deduce the temperature that the Forminifera encountered during life if changes in the oxygen isotopic composition of the water can be constrained.[6] Paleotemperature relationships have also enabled isotope ratios from calcium carbonate in barnacle shells to be used to infer the movement and home foraging areas of the sea turtles and whales on which some barnacles grow.[7]

In ecology, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios are widely used to determine the broad diets of many free-ranging animals. They have been used to determine the broad diets of seabirds, and to identify the geographical areas where individuals spend the breeding and non-breeding season in seabirds[8] and passerines.[9] Numerous ecological studies have also used isotope analyses to understand migration, food-web structure, diet, and resource use,[10] such as hydrogen isotopes to measure how much energy from stream-side trees supports fish growth in aquatic habitats.[11] Determining diets of aquatic animals using stable isotopes has been particularly common, as direct observations are difficult.[12] They also enable researchers to measure how human interactions with wildlife, such as fishing, may alter natural diets.[13]

In forensic science, research suggests that the variation in certain isotope ratios in drugs derived from plant sources (cannabis, cocaine) can be used to determine the drug's continent of origin.[14]

In food science, stable isotope ratio analysis has been used to determine the composition of beer,[15] shoyu sauce[16] and dog food.[17]

Stable isotope ratio analysis also has applications in doping control, to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous (synthetic) sources of hormones.[18][19]

The accurate measurement of stable isotope ratios relies on proper procedures of analysis, sample preparation and storage.[20]

Chondrite meteorites are classified using the oxygen isotope ratios. In addition, an unusual signature of carbon-13 confirms the non-terrestrial origin for organic compounds found in carbonaceous chondrites, as in the Murchison meteorite.

The uses of stable isotope ratios described above pertain to measurements of naturally occurring ratios. Scientific research also relies on the measurement of stable isotope ratios that have been artificially perturbed by the introduction of isotopically enriched material into the substance, process or system under study. Isotope dilution involves adding enriched stable isotope to a substance in order to quantify the amount of that substance by measuring the resulting isotope ratios. Isotope labeling uses enriched isotope to label a substance in order to trace its progress through, for example, a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway or biological system. Some applications of isotope labeling rely on the measurement of stable isotope ratios to accomplish this.

See also edit

Bibliography edit

References edit

  1. ^ Han LF, Gröning M, Aggarwal P, Helliker BR (2006). "Reliable determination of oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in atmospheric water vapour adsorbed on 3A molecular sieve". Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20 (23): 3612–8. Bibcode:2006RCMS...20.3612H. doi:10.1002/rcm.2772. PMID 17091470.
  2. ^ Weldeab S, Lea DW, Schneider RR, Andersen N (2007). "155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal evolution". Science. 316 (5829): 1303–7. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1303W. doi:10.1126/science.1140461. PMID 17540896. S2CID 1667564.
  3. ^ Good, Stephen P.; Noone, David; Bowen, Gabriel (2015-07-10). "Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes". Science. 349 (6244): 175–177. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..175G. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5931. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26160944.
  4. ^ Evaristo, Jaivime; Jasechko, Scott; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. (2015). "Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow". Nature. 525 (7567): 91–94. Bibcode:2015Natur.525...91E. doi:10.1038/nature14983. PMID 26333467. S2CID 4467297.
  5. ^ Tolosa I, Lopez JF, Bentaleb I, Fontugne M, Grimalt JO (1999). "Carbon isotope ratio monitoring-gas chromatography mass spectrometric measurements in the marine environment: biomarker sources and paleoclimate applications". Sci. Total Environ. 237–238: 473–81. Bibcode:1999ScTEn.237..473T. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00159-X. PMID 10568296.
  6. ^ Shen JJ, You CF (2003). "A 10-fold improvement in the precision of boron isotopic analysis by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry". Anal. Chem. 75 (9): 1972–7. doi:10.1021/ac020589f. PMID 12720329.
  7. ^ Pearson, Ryan M.; van de Merwe, Jason P.; Gagan, Michael K.; Limpus, Colin J.; Connolly, Rod M. (2019). "Distinguishing between sea turtle foraging areas using stable isotopes from commensal barnacle shells". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6565. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6565P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42983-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6483986. PMID 31024029.
  8. ^ Graña Grilli, M.; Cherel, Y. (2017). "Skuas (Stercorarius spp.) moult body feathers during both the breeding and inter-breeding periods: implications for stable isotope investigations in seabirds". Ibis. 159 (2): 266–271. doi:10.1111/ibi.12441. S2CID 88836874.
  9. ^ Franzoi, A.; Bontempo, L.; Kardynal, K.J.; Camin, F.; Pedrini, P.; Hobson, K.A. (2020). "Natal origins and timing of migration of two passerine species through the southern Alps: inferences from multiple stable isotopes (δ 2H, δ 13C, δ 15N, δ 34S) and ringing data". Ibis. 162 (2): 293–306. doi:10.1111/ibi.12717.
  10. ^ Pearson, RM; van de Merwe, JP; Limpus, CJ; Connolly, RM (2017). "Realignment of sea turtle isotope studies needed to match conservation priorities". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 583: 259–271. Bibcode:2017MEPS..583..259P. doi:10.3354/meps12353. hdl:10072/373398. ISSN 0171-8630. S2CID 3947779.
  11. ^ Doucett, Richard R.; Marks, Jane C.; Blinn, Dean W.; Caron, Melanie; Hungate, Bruce A. (June 2007). "Measuring Terrestrial Subsidies to Aquatic Food Webs Using Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen". Ecology. 88 (6): 1587–1592. doi:10.1890/06-1184. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 17601150.
  12. ^ Gutmann Roberts, Catherine; Britton, J. Robert (2018-09-01). "Trophic interactions in a lowland river fish community invaded by European barbel Barbus barbus (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)". Hydrobiologia. 819 (1): 259–273. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3644-6. ISSN 1573-5117.
  13. ^ Gutmann Roberts, Catherine; Bašić, Tea; Trigo, Fatima Amat; Britton, J. Robert (2017). "Trophic consequences for riverine cyprinid fishes of angler subsidies based on marine-derived nutrients" (PDF). Freshwater Biology. 62 (5): 894–905. doi:10.1111/fwb.12910. ISSN 1365-2427. S2CID 90349366.
  14. ^ Casale J, Casale E, Collins M, Morello D, Cathapermal S, Panicker S (2006). "Stable isotope analyses of heroin seized from the merchant vessel Pong Su". J. Forensic Sci. 51 (3): 603–6. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00123.x. PMID 16696708. S2CID 38051016.
  15. ^ Brooks, J. Renée; Buchmann, Nina; Phillips, Sue; Ehleringer, Bruce; Evans, R. David; Lott, Mike; Martinelli, Luiz A.; Pockman, William T.; Sandquist, Darren; Sparks, Jed P.; Sperry, Lynda; Williams, Dave; Ehleringer, James R. (October 2002). "Heavy and Light Beer: A Carbon Isotope Approach To Detect C4 Carbon in Beers of Different Origins, Styles, and Prices". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (22): 6413–6418. doi:10.1021/jf020594k. PMID 12381126. S2CID 18600025.
  16. ^ Morais, M.C.; Pellegrinetti, T.A.; Sturion, L.C.; Sattolo, T.M.S.; Martinelli, L.A. (February 2019). "Stable carbon isotopic composition indicates large presence of maize in Brazilian soy sauces (shoyu)". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2019.01.020. S2CID 242358379.
  17. ^ Galera, Leonardo de Aro; Abdalla Filho, Adibe Luiz; Reis, Luiza Santos; Souza, Janaina Leite de; Hernandez, Yeleine Almoza; Martinelli, Luiz Antonio (20 February 2019). "Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil". PeerJ. 7: e5828. doi:10.7717/peerj.5828. PMC 6387582. PMID 30809425.
  18. ^ Author, A (2012). "Stable isotope ratio analysis in sports anti-doping". Drug Testing and Analysis. 4 (12): 893–896. doi:10.1002/dta.1399. PMID 22972693. {{cite journal}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ Cawley, Adam T.; Kazlauskas, Rymantas; Trout, Graham J.; Rogerson, Jill H.; George, Adrian V. (1985). "Isotopic Fractionation of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Its Relationship to Doping Control in Sports". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 43 (1): 32–38. doi:10.1093/chromsci/43.1.32. PMID 15808004.
  20. ^ Tsang, Man-Yin; Yao, Weiqi; Tse, Kevin (2020). Kim, Il-Nam (ed.). "Oxidized silver cups can skew oxygen isotope results of small samples". Experimental Results. 1: e12. doi:10.1017/exp.2020.15. ISSN 2516-712X.

February 15, 2024
stable, isotope, ratio, this, article, about, stable, isotope, ratios, general, category, stable, nuclides, stable, nuclide, term, stable, isotope, meaning, similar, stable, nuclide, preferably, used, when, speaking, nuclides, specific, element, hence, plural,. This article is about stable isotope ratios For the general category of stable nuclides see Stable nuclide The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element Hence the plural form stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element The relative abundance of such stable isotopes can be measured experimentally isotope analysis yielding an isotope ratio that can be used as a research tool Theoretically such stable isotopes could include the radiogenic daughter products of radioactive decay used in radiometric dating However the expression stable isotope ratio is preferably used to refer to isotopes whose relative abundances are affected by isotope fractionation in nature This field is termed stable isotope geochemistry Contents 1 Stable isotope ratios 2 Applications 3 See also 4 Bibliography 5 ReferencesStable isotope ratios editSee also Isotope fractionation Measurement of the ratios of naturally occurring stable isotopes isotope analysis plays an important role in isotope geochemistry but stable isotopes mostly hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen and sulfur are also finding uses in ecological and biological studies Other workers have used oxygen isotope ratios to reconstruct historical atmospheric temperatures making them important tools for paleoclimatology These isotope systems for lighter elements that exhibit more than one primordial isotope for each element have been under investigation for many years in order to study processes of isotope fractionation in natural systems The long history of study of these elements is in part because the proportions of stable isotopes in these light and volatile elements is relatively easy to measure However recent advances in isotope ratio mass spectrometry i e multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry now enable the measurement of isotope ratios in heavier stable elements such as iron copper zinc molybdenum etc Applications editThe variations in oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios have applications in hydrology since most samples lie between two extremes ocean water and Arctic Antarctic snow 1 Given a sample of water from an aquifer and a sufficiently sensitive tool to measure the variation in the isotopic ratio of hydrogen in the sample it is possible to infer the source be it ocean water or precipitation seeping into the aquifer and even to estimate the proportions from each source 2 Stable isotopologues of water are also used in partitioning water sources for plant transpiration and groundwater recharge 3 4 Another application is in paleotemperature measurement for paleoclimatology For example one technique is based on the variation in isotopic fractionation of oxygen by biological systems with temperature 5 Species of Foraminifera incorporate oxygen as calcium carbonate in their shells The ratio of the oxygen isotopes oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 incorporated into the calcium carbonate varies with temperature and the oxygen isotopic composition of the water This oxygen remains fixed in the calcium carbonate when the foraminifera dies falls to the sea bed and its shell becomes part of the sediment It is possible to select standard species of foraminifera from sections through the sediment column and by mapping the variation in oxygen isotopic ratio deduce the temperature that the Forminifera encountered during life if changes in the oxygen isotopic composition of the water can be constrained 6 Paleotemperature relationships have also enabled isotope ratios from calcium carbonate in barnacle shells to be used to infer the movement and home foraging areas of the sea turtles and whales on which some barnacles grow 7 In ecology carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios are widely used to determine the broad diets of many free ranging animals They have been used to determine the broad diets of seabirds and to identify the geographical areas where individuals spend the breeding and non breeding season in seabirds 8 and passerines 9 Numerous ecological studies have also used isotope analyses to understand migration food web structure diet and resource use 10 such as hydrogen isotopes to measure how much energy from stream side trees supports fish growth in aquatic habitats 11 Determining diets of aquatic animals using stable isotopes has been particularly common as direct observations are difficult 12 They also enable researchers to measure how human interactions with wildlife such as fishing may alter natural diets 13 In forensic science research suggests that the variation in certain isotope ratios in drugs derived from plant sources cannabis cocaine can be used to determine the drug s continent of origin 14 In food science stable isotope ratio analysis has been used to determine the composition of beer 15 shoyu sauce 16 and dog food 17 Stable isotope ratio analysis also has applications in doping control to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous synthetic sources of hormones 18 19 The accurate measurement of stable isotope ratios relies on proper procedures of analysis sample preparation and storage 20 Chondrite meteorites are classified using the oxygen isotope ratios In addition an unusual signature of carbon 13 confirms the non terrestrial origin for organic compounds found in carbonaceous chondrites as in the Murchison meteorite The uses of stable isotope ratios described above pertain to measurements of naturally occurring ratios Scientific research also relies on the measurement of stable isotope ratios that have been artificially perturbed by the introduction of isotopically enriched material into the substance process or system under study Isotope dilution involves adding enriched stable isotope to a substance in order to quantify the amount of that substance by measuring the resulting isotope ratios Isotope labeling uses enriched isotope to label a substance in order to trace its progress through for example a chemical reaction metabolic pathway or biological system Some applications of isotope labeling rely on the measurement of stable isotope ratios to accomplish this See also editRadiocarbon dating Isotope analysisBibliography editAllegre C J 2008 Isotope Geology Cambridge University Press Faure G Mensing T M 2004 Isotopes Principles and Applications John Wiley amp Sons Hoefs J 2004 Stable Isotope Geochemistry Springer Verlag Sharp Z 2006 Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry Prentice Hall References edit Han LF Groning M Aggarwal P Helliker BR 2006 Reliable determination of oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in atmospheric water vapour adsorbed on 3A molecular sieve Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20 23 3612 8 Bibcode 2006RCMS 20 3612H doi 10 1002 rcm 2772 PMID 17091470 Weldeab S Lea DW Schneider RR Andersen N 2007 155 000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal evolution Science 316 5829 1303 7 Bibcode 2007Sci 316 1303W doi 10 1126 science 1140461 PMID 17540896 S2CID 1667564 Good Stephen P Noone David Bowen Gabriel 2015 07 10 Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes Science 349 6244 175 177 Bibcode 2015Sci 349 175G doi 10 1126 science aaa5931 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 26160944 Evaristo Jaivime Jasechko Scott McDonnell Jeffrey J 2015 Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow Nature 525 7567 91 94 Bibcode 2015Natur 525 91E doi 10 1038 nature14983 PMID 26333467 S2CID 4467297 Tolosa I Lopez JF Bentaleb I Fontugne M Grimalt JO 1999 Carbon isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography mass spectrometric measurements in the marine environment biomarker sources and paleoclimate applications Sci Total Environ 237 238 473 81 Bibcode 1999ScTEn 237 473T doi 10 1016 S0048 9697 99 00159 X PMID 10568296 Shen JJ You CF 2003 A 10 fold improvement in the precision of boron isotopic analysis by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry Anal Chem 75 9 1972 7 doi 10 1021 ac020589f PMID 12720329 Pearson Ryan M van de Merwe Jason P Gagan Michael K Limpus Colin J Connolly Rod M 2019 Distinguishing between sea turtle foraging areas using stable isotopes from commensal barnacle shells Scientific Reports 9 1 6565 Bibcode 2019NatSR 9 6565P doi 10 1038 s41598 019 42983 4 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6483986 PMID 31024029 Grana Grilli M Cherel Y 2017 Skuas Stercorarius spp moult body feathers during both the breeding and inter breeding periods implications for stable isotope investigations in seabirds Ibis 159 2 266 271 doi 10 1111 ibi 12441 S2CID 88836874 Franzoi A Bontempo L Kardynal K J Camin F Pedrini P Hobson K A 2020 Natal origins and timing of migration of two passerine species through the southern Alps inferences from multiple stable isotopes d 2H d 13C d 15N d 34S and ringing data Ibis 162 2 293 306 doi 10 1111 ibi 12717 Pearson RM van de Merwe JP Limpus CJ Connolly RM 2017 Realignment of sea turtle isotope studies needed to match conservation priorities Marine Ecology Progress Series 583 259 271 Bibcode 2017MEPS 583 259P doi 10 3354 meps12353 hdl 10072 373398 ISSN 0171 8630 S2CID 3947779 Doucett Richard R Marks Jane C Blinn Dean W Caron Melanie Hungate Bruce A June 2007 Measuring Terrestrial Subsidies to Aquatic Food Webs Using Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen Ecology 88 6 1587 1592 doi 10 1890 06 1184 ISSN 0012 9658 PMID 17601150 Gutmann Roberts Catherine Britton J Robert 2018 09 01 Trophic interactions in a lowland river fish community invaded by European barbel Barbus barbus Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Hydrobiologia 819 1 259 273 doi 10 1007 s10750 018 3644 6 ISSN 1573 5117 Gutmann Roberts Catherine Basic Tea Trigo Fatima Amat Britton J Robert 2017 Trophic consequences for riverine cyprinid fishes of angler subsidies based on marine derived nutrients PDF Freshwater Biology 62 5 894 905 doi 10 1111 fwb 12910 ISSN 1365 2427 S2CID 90349366 Casale J Casale E Collins M Morello D Cathapermal S Panicker S 2006 Stable isotope analyses of heroin seized from the merchant vessel Pong Su J Forensic Sci 51 3 603 6 doi 10 1111 j 1556 4029 2006 00123 x PMID 16696708 S2CID 38051016 Brooks J Renee Buchmann Nina Phillips Sue Ehleringer Bruce Evans R David Lott Mike Martinelli Luiz A Pockman William T Sandquist Darren Sparks Jed P Sperry Lynda Williams Dave Ehleringer James R October 2002 Heavy and Light Beer A Carbon Isotope Approach To Detect C4 Carbon in Beers of Different Origins Styles and Prices Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 22 6413 6418 doi 10 1021 jf020594k PMID 12381126 S2CID 18600025 Morais M C Pellegrinetti T A Sturion L C Sattolo T M S Martinelli L A February 2019 Stable carbon isotopic composition indicates large presence of maize in Brazilian soy sauces shoyu Journal of Food Composition and Analysis doi 10 1016 j jfca 2019 01 020 S2CID 242358379 Galera Leonardo de Aro Abdalla Filho Adibe Luiz Reis Luiza Santos Souza Janaina Leite de Hernandez Yeleine Almoza Martinelli Luiz Antonio 20 February 2019 Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil PeerJ 7 e5828 doi 10 7717 peerj 5828 PMC 6387582 PMID 30809425 Author A 2012 Stable isotope ratio analysis in sports anti doping Drug Testing and Analysis 4 12 893 896 doi 10 1002 dta 1399 PMID 22972693 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a last1 has generic name help Cawley Adam T Kazlauskas Rymantas Trout Graham J Rogerson Jill H George Adrian V 1985 Isotopic Fractionation of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Its Relationship to Doping Control in Sports Journal of Chromatographic Science 43 1 32 38 doi 10 1093 chromsci 43 1 32 PMID 15808004 Tsang Man Yin Yao Weiqi Tse Kevin 2020 Kim Il Nam ed Oxidized silver cups can skew oxygen isotope results of small samples Experimental Results 1 e12 doi 10 1017 exp 2020 15 ISSN 2516 712X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stable isotope ratio amp oldid 1191987436, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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