Sound follower
A sound follower, also referred to as separate magnetic, sepmag, magnetic film recorder, or mag dubber, is a device for the recording and playback of film sound that is recorded on magnetic film.[1][2] This device is locked or synchronized with the motion picture film containing the picture. It operates like an analog reel-to-reel audio tape recording, but using film, not magnetic tape. The unit can be switched from manual control to sync control, where it will follow the film with picture.[3]
Operation edit
Many motion picture cameras do not record audio sound on the film, so in professional film production, there is a need to have the sound recorded and played back on a device that has a double-system recording to tapes, or by any means, for example DAT or Nagra, SD or other audio recording media and then transferred to 16mm or 35mm sprocketed magnetic film. The sound recording would then be synchronized with a movie projector[4] or a telecine. Either 35mm film or 16mm film that is fully coated with a magnetic material can be locked, sprocket hole by sprocket hole, to the film with the picture image. On the set, a clapperboard is used to mark the spot where the sound and picture will later be aligned in editing.[5]
Typical sound followers lock to the power line using a sync motor and toothed timing belts, or by using 240 Hz bi-phase interlocking pulse signals to sync sound to film.[6] The 240 Hz bi-phase is ten times the 24-frame rate.[7] Sound followers are found in many post-production studios for record and playback and in movie theater for sound playback.[8] In telecine use, the 24 frames per second is slowed to 23.976 frames/s to lock to SDTV and some HDTV standards, thus the digital bi-phase pulse is 239.76 Hz.[9]
The average feature film requires a large amount of 35mm film. One second of 35mm film uses 1.5 feet of film, moving at 18 inches per second (46 cm/s). One minute of film uses 90 feet (27.4 m), and one hour uses 5,400 feet (1.6 km). So, a two-hour movie with previews uses 11,250 feet or 2.13 miles (3.43 km) of film. For 16mm film, these numbers are all divided by 2.5 (36 ft/min.). Because a two-hour movie is so long, the whole is divided onto five or six reels. While a film projector uses an intermittent mechanism to play the film, a sound follower and most telecines use continuous motion.[10]
By having the sound and picture sync this way this clearly saves the expense and time of making an optical print or magnetic sound track strip on the edge of the film.[11] The Sepmag would follow a projector or a telecine or a hand-cranked or motorized film viewer on a workbench. The sepmag sound follower would stay in sync with the film. In post-production work, a dubbed sound track of sound effects, or a second language, could be added to other channels of the sepmag.[12]
Sepmag had different record head configurations. A device could have a single mono track, dual two track or 4 track. The tracks are very large and the magnetic film moving at the normal speed of 24 frames per second, gave very good sound reproduction.[13] As such, a mixing studio would have many units, to mix all the sound and effect down to 4, 2 and one track as needed.[14][15]
Magnetic film used is 3 to 5 mils thick, the same as the picture film, so the picture and sound have equal diameters on the film reels. The magnetic film has magnetic oxide coating on the complete width of the film.[14] and the standard monaural track in 16mm and 35mm is 200 mils wide. 35mm mag films may not be fully coated, but "striped" to permit editing marks to show through both sides. The first films used were acetate base till 1970, then replaced by polyester base. Acetate base is unstable, can have degradation, the ferric oxide coating and the Acetate base can cause vinegar degradation.[16][17]
In 1914, the first SEPMAG patent was filed. In 1929, the first sound follower was on the market and by 1941, AC biasing models were sold, giving better sound quality.[18] The Stille SEPMAG transport was one of the first SEPMAG systems.[19] Some of the older sound followers' interlock speeds were too slow to keep up with the high speed shuttle speeds of modern telecines; therefore, some 240 Hz bi-phase buffers were made to help solve this problem.
Models edit
The major makers of sound followers are M.T.E.'s Magna Tech,[20] RCA, and Sondor. Models can come in playback-only model or record-and-playback. Models can have the option of changing the number of tracks. Some are equipped with dual sets of sprockets that can use more than one size of magnetic film, 16mm or 35mm.[21]
- Magna Tech – M.T.E.
- Sondor
- MTM – Multi-Track Magnetics Inc.
- Rank Cintel
- FeRRIT[36] Modern microprocessor transport control.
- MWA Nova GmbH – MWA Albrecht GmbH[37]
- RCA
- RCA PM85 6 Channel 35mm Magnetic Film Recorder[42] Stepper motor transport
- TEAC
- Steenbeck[45]
- ST3514[46]
- Kinevox – Portable vacuum tube model, Burbank, California, CA[47]
- Kinevox Synchronous Magnetic Film Recorder (pre-1951)[48]
Alternate uses edit
Sound followers were also used in the 1960s strictly for audio recording & record album mastering, for the magnetic film format at the time had several advantages over standard magnetic recording tape. Magnetic film's extra thickness over tape made it less susceptible to "print-through", and its sprocket-driven nature made it less likely to suffer from tape flutter and other speed variations. Command Records in the 1960s released several albums that were recorded and mastered on 35mm magnetic film for several artists on the label, such as Enoch Light, Tony Mottola, and others.
It is generally accepted that Everest Records subsidiary of the Belock Instrument Corporation based in College Point New York pioneered the use of three channel 35mm magnetic film from around 1959. When the company transferred to Hollywood under new ownership in 1961 the Everest Bayside Recording Studio was sold and the 35mm equipment to Mercury Records and later Command Classics. Improvements in standard tape technology and the high cost of the 35mm process led to its discontinuance.[citation needed]
Fate edit
Sound followers are not used for most new film productions (the major exception being IMAX). Sound followers are still in use, as there are many separate magnetic films in film vaults. Reel to reel tape, then later hard disk drive and solid-state drive recording system replaced sound followers.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Audio post production for television and film an introduction to technology, By Hilary Wyatt, Tim Amyes, page 73
- ^ Georgia State University, How record heads work.
- ^ thefreedictionary.com sepmag
- ^ The primary goal is to achieve perfect timing of the audio track in relation to the visual footage. This can be achieved in two ways: Traditionally by recording a pilot track in an area of the tape that serves as a "clock" upon playback. This can be 60 Hz (in the US) or 50 Hz elsewhere, where there is a power line frequency of 50 Hz. In the studio, the playback of the original tape "pilotone" is compared to the power line frequency, and servo locks the playback machine to that power line frequency, while the Mag Film recorder's motor runs synchronously, transporting the 16mm or 35mm magnetic film being recorded. The newer methods take advantage of the timing of the microprocessor clock accuracy, and rely on playback timing that is nearly absolute, for the length of a typical "take" anyway. Most 16mm film loads are limited to 11 min, as the magazines typically hold 400 ft of film. This second method requires that the camera's drive system runs at a nearly absolute speed. Typically, this is achieved using a crystal frequency standard, which runs the camera motor. The motor drives sprocketed film, so there is no error from slippage, as found in the recording tape process. abctvgorehill.com.au mag unit at ABC in the 1950s, to play the sound locked to a film chain
- ^ soundonsound.com A Practical Guide To Working With Pictures, Part 3,Tips & Tricks, Published August 2000.
- ^ digitalpostservices.com, Glossary of Film Terms
- ^ The Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society Syncwriter 1983–1986, Film and Sepmag
- ^ n70mm.com, Todd-AO studios, use of room full of Magnatech units in post production.
- ^ History of Telecine at the BBC, 1994
- ^ The Editors Guild Magazine, "Math of Movies", Vol. 24, No. 1 – January/February 2003.
- ^ Sound recording, the life story of a technology, by David L. Morton, Jr.
- ^ *Film into video: a guide to merging the technologies by Stuart Blake Jones, Richard H. Kallenberger, George D. Cvjetnicanin, page 169 to 173
- ^ College of Communication – The University of Texas at Austin How to use a Magnatech
- ^ a b Stan Ginsel, Video Producer Classic Movie Making – What’s a Dubber and Mag Stock?
- ^ The Editors Guild Magazine Vol. 25, No.1 page 126- January/February 2004, by Gregg Rudloff, Film Mixing.
- ^ Presto Page 8, PRESTO – Preservation Technologies for European Broadcast Archives, IST-1999-20013, 3/05/2001
- ^ http://tech.ebu.ch/ Preservation and Reuse of Film material for television May 2001, page 5
- ^ Audio Engineering Society AES E-Library Magnetic Film Transport Based on the SEPMAG Method: Basis and Developmental Program from the First Unit up to the Present Time
- ^ Audio Engineering Society Audio Technology in Berlin to 1943: Magnetic Sound Activities – Heinz H. K. Thiele
- ^ magna-tech.com M.T.E history
- ^ National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, by Graham A. Jones, Edmund A. Williams, David H. Layer, Thomas G. Osenkowsky, pages 456–459.
- ^ magna-tech.com SERIES 600
- ^ youtube.com Magna Tech 10036-3 Film Sound Follower Recorder Player.
- ^ Magna Tech 10036-3 Film Sound Follower Recorder Player 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ *College of Communication – The University of Texas at Austin, How to use a Magnatech.
- ^ http://magna-tech.com Magnetic Film Recorders
- ^ sondor.ch OMA E
- ^ sondor.ch BASIC
- ^ sondor.ch SOUNDHOUSE
- ^ Swiss National Sound Archives
- ^ sondor.ch ALTRA
- ^ Summertone on Sondor
- ^ SMPTE MTM add, page 5
- ^ Ranger Tone by MTM
- ^ journal.smpte.org MTM add, page 517
- ^ brunswickfilms.com Brunswick gets a Rank Cintel Ferrit, Sep. 18, 2009
- ^ damsmart.com.au MWA-Nova history
- ^ MWA Nova GmbH
- ^ flashscan8.us Model MB51
- ^ www.mwa-nova.com/ MWA Albrecht GmbH, Model MB51
- ^ film-tech.com Magnatech
- ^ SMPTE RCA page 2, and Magna Tech page 19
- ^ openreel.net TEAC 35mm mag film sound recorder, 1968
- ^ *openreel.net TEAC 16mm mag film sound recorder, 1968
- ^ [1] http://www.steenbeck.com
- ^ steenbeck.com Steenbeck ST3514 with sepmag option
- ^ radiomuseum.org Kinevox history
- ^ radiomuseum.org Kinevox Synchronous Magnetic Film Recorder
- TV and Video Engineering, by A.M. Dhake.