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Susu people

April 10, 2024

The Susu people are a Mande-speaking ethnic group living primarily in Guinea and Northwestern Sierra Leone, particularly in Kambia District.[4][5] Influential in Guinea, smaller communities of Susu people are also found in the neighboring Guinea-Bissau and Senegal.[citation needed]

Susu
Sosso
Susu men with traditional musical instruments in 1935
Total population
c. 2.98 million
Regions with significant populations
 Guinea2,730,114 (21.2%)[1]
 Sierra Leone203,779 (2.9%) [2]
 Senegal49,000[citation needed]
 Guinea Bissau5,318 (0.36%) [3]
Languages
Susu, French, English, Krio
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Mandé-speaking peoples, especially the Yalunka people, Soninke people, Mikhifore people, Kuranko people, and Mandinka people

The Susu are a patrilineal society, predominantly Muslim, who favor endogamous cross-cousin marriages with polygynous households.[4] They have a caste system like all Manding-speaking peoples of West Africa. The artisans such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, jewelers, and leatherworkers are separate castes and believed to have descended from the medieval era of slavery.[4][6]

The Susu people are also referred to as Soosoo, Sossoé, Sosoe, Sosso, Soso, Sousou, Susso, Sussu, or Soussou.[7]Most of those denominations are European as the Susu people tend to call themselves "Sossoka"

Demographics and language edit

Main article: Susu language

Their language, called Sosoxui by native speakers, serves as a major trade language along the Guinean coast, particularly in its southwest, including the capital city of Conakry. It belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages.[8]

In the Susu language, "Guinea" means woman and this is the derivation for the country's name.[9]

Ethnonymy edit

The meaning of the name "Soso or Susu" apparently derived from "Susuwi," meaning "horse" or "horseman" in the Susu language. The terms "Sawsaws," "Souses," and "Sussias" are all English corruptions of "Susu," rarer variants of their name are also encountered such as Souzo, Sossé, Suzées, Socé, Caxi, Saxi, Saxe, and even as Sexi.[10][11][12]

History edit

 
An ethnic map of the Upper Guinea Coast in the 19th century, drawn by Élisée Reclus. The Susu people region is marked "sou-sou" in red.
Further information: Sosso Empire

The Susu are descendants of their Manding ancestors who lived in the mountainous Mali-Guinea border.[13] They are said to have originally been a section of the Soninke people that migrated out of Wagadou and were initially a clan of blacksmiths who displayed their clear intentions to object converting to Islam. In the twelfth century, when Ancient Ghana was in decline, they migrated south and established a capital city of Soso in the mountainous region of Koulikoro. The Susu were once ruled by Sumanguru Kanté, but after that, they were ruled by the thirteenth century Mali Empire. In the fifteenth century, they migrated west to the Fouta Djallon plateau of Guinea, as the Mali empire disintegrated.[14][15] The close familiarity with the Yalunka people suggest a hypothesis that they were once members of the same group in the Fouta Djallon, separated by Fula invaders, and that the Susu moved southward absorbing other people in the process.[16] The Susu people were traditionally animist [citation needed].

The Fula people dominated the region from the Fouta Djallon. The Fulani created an Islamic theocracy, thereafter began slave raids as a part of Jihad that impacted many West African ethnic groups including the Susu people.[17][18][19] In particular, states Ismail Rashid, the Jihad effort of Fulani elites starting in the 1720s theologically justified enslavement of the non-Islamic people and also led to successful conversion of previously animist peoples to Islam.[20] The political environment led the Susu people to convert to Islam in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, along with further westward and southward migration towards the plains of Guinea.[20][21][22]

The colonial-era Europeans arrived in the Guinea region of resident Susu people in the late eighteenth century for trade, but got politically involved during the era of Temne wars that attacked the Susu people along with other ethnic groups.[23] While Temne sought British support, the Susu sought the French. The region split, with Temne speaking Sierra Leone regions going with the British colonial empire, and Susu speaking Guinea regions becoming a part of the French colonial empire in the late nineteenth century during the Scramble for Africa.[24]

Society and culture edit

 
A Susu yeliba playing a three-string bolon in 1905.

The Susu live with their extended family. Polygyny is an accepted practice since Islamic law allows men to have as many as four wives. This is not always practiced because having multiple wives requires more means than most men have. The men provide for their families by working the rice fields, fishing, or engaging in trade. The women cook the food and take care of the children. They often engage in small commerce, usually of vegetables they have raised in their garden. Often women will have their room or hut next to their husband's lodging where they will stay with their children.

Over 99% of Susu are Muslim, and Islam dominates their religious culture and practices. Most Islamic holidays are observed, the most important being the celebration that follows Ramadan (a month of prayer and fasting). The Susu people, like other Manding-speaking peoples, have a caste system regionally referred to by terms such as Nyamakala, Naxamala and Galabbolalauba. According to David Conrad and Barbara Frank, the terms and social categories in this caste-based social stratification system of Susu people shows cases of borrowing from Arabic only, but the likelihood is that these terms are linked to Latin, Greek or Aramaic.[25]

The artisans among the Susu people, such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, and bards (Yeliba), jewelers, and leatherworkers, are separate castes. The Susu people believe that these castes have descended from the medieval era slaves.[4][6] The Susu castes are not limited to Guinea, but are found in other regions where Susu people live, such as in Sierra Leone where too they are linked to the historic slavery system that existed in the region, states Daniel Harmon.[26] The Susu castes in the regional Muslim communities were prevalent and recorded by sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[26]


The Susu people also utilize practices of the Bondo secret society which aims at gradually but firmly establishing attitudes related to adulthood in girls, discussions on fertility, morality and proper sexual comportment. The society also maintains an interest in the well-being of its members throughout their lives.[27][28][29][30]

The Susu are primarily farmers, with rice and millet being their two principal crops.[31] Mangoes, pineapples, and coconuts are also grown. The Susu are also known as skilled traders and blacksmiths.[31] The women make various kinds of palm oil from palm nuts. Ancient Susu houses were typically made of either mud or cement blocks, depending on the resources available.

Susu patronyms edit

Some common Susu surnames are:

  • Conté
  • Yansané
  • Fofana
  • Sylla or Sillah
  • Soumah
  • Bangoura
  • Yattara
  • Sankhon
  • Youla
  • Daffé
  • Cissé
  • Camara
  • Touré
  • Diarso
  • Diarisso

Notable Susu people edit

Political figures edit

Musicians edit

Sportspeople edit

Actors edit

Journalists edit

Writers edit

Other notable people edit

Musical groups edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Guinea - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report" (PDF). Statistics Sierra Leone. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  3. ^ (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Susu people, Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ Bankole Kamara Taylor (2014). Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History. New Africa Pres. p. 147. ISBN 978-9987-16-038-9.
  6. ^ a b Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. JSTOR 182616. S2CID 162509491.
  7. ^ "Soussou (Peuple d'Afrique)".
  8. ^ Susu: A language of Guinea, Ethnologue
  9. ^ Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  10. ^ George Brooks (2019). Landlords And Strangers: Ecology, Society, And Trade In Western Africa, 1000-1630. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4297-1923-3.
  11. ^ Sean Kelley (2016). The Voyage of the Slave Ship Hare: A Journey into Captivity from Sierra Leone to South Carolina. University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4696-2769-4.
  12. ^ David Henige (1994). History in Africa, Volume 21. African Studies Association. p. 21.
  13. ^ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
  14. ^ Ofosuwa Abiola (2018). History Dances: Chronicling the History of Traditional Mandinka Dance. Routledge, 2018. ISBN 978-0-4297-6784-5.
  15. ^ Eric Charry (2000). Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. University of Chicago Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-226-10161-3.
  16. ^ Harold D. Nelson (1975). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 62.
  17. ^ Ramon Sarro (2008). Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-7486-3666-2.
  18. ^ David Robinson (2010). Les sociétés musulmanes africaines: configurations et trajectoires historiques (in French). Karthala, Paris. pp. 105–111. ISBN 978-2-8111-0382-8.
  19. ^ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  20. ^ a b Ismail Rashid (2003). Sylviane A. Diouf (ed.). Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Ohio University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-8214-1517-7.
  21. ^ Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  22. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 922. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6.
  23. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 923. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6.
  24. ^ Alexander Keese (2015). Ethnicity and the Colonial State: Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective (1850–1960). BRILL Academic. pp. 15, 164–183, 300–301. ISBN 978-90-04-30735-3.
  25. ^ David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande. Indiana University Press. pp. 78–80, 73–82. ISBN 0-253-11264-8.
  26. ^ a b Daniel E. Harmon (2001). West Africa, 1880 to the Present: A Cultural Patchwork. Infobase. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7910-5748-3.
  27. ^ Pemunta, N. V., & Tabenyang, C.-J. (2017). Cultural power, ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone. Cogent Social Sciences, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1295549
  28. ^ "Africa101: Susu people". Africa101.
  29. ^ Bjälkande, Owolabi, et al. Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: Who Are the Decision Makers? African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de La Santé Reproductive, vol. 16, no. 4, Women’s Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC), 2012, pp. 119–31, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23485781.
  30. ^ (PDF). 28TooMany, Registered Charity: No. 1150379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  31. ^ a b Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.

April 10, 2024
susu, people, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 2020,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Susu people news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Susu people are a Mande speaking ethnic group living primarily in Guinea and Northwestern Sierra Leone particularly in Kambia District 4 5 Influential in Guinea smaller communities of Susu people are also found in the neighboring Guinea Bissau and Senegal citation needed SusuSossoSusu men with traditional musical instruments in 1935Total populationc 2 98 millionRegions with significant populations Guinea2 730 114 21 2 1 Sierra Leone203 779 2 9 2 Senegal49 000 citation needed Guinea Bissau5 318 0 36 3 LanguagesSusu French English KrioReligionSunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsMande speaking peoples especially the Yalunka people Soninke people Mikhifore people Kuranko people and Mandinka peopleThe Susu are a patrilineal society predominantly Muslim who favor endogamous cross cousin marriages with polygynous households 4 They have a caste system like all Manding speaking peoples of West Africa The artisans such as smiths carpenters musicians jewelers and leatherworkers are separate castes and believed to have descended from the medieval era of slavery 4 6 The Susu people are also referred to as Soosoo Sossoe Sosoe Sosso Soso Sousou Susso Sussu or Soussou 7 Most of those denominations are European as the Susu people tend to call themselves Sossoka Contents 1 Demographics and language 2 Ethnonymy 3 History 4 Society and culture 4 1 Susu patronyms 5 Notable Susu people 5 1 Political figures 5 2 Musicians 5 3 Sportspeople 5 4 Actors 5 5 Journalists 5 6 Writers 5 7 Other notable people 5 8 Musical groups 6 ReferencesDemographics and language editMain article Susu language Their language called Sosoxui by native speakers serves as a major trade language along the Guinean coast particularly in its southwest including the capital city of Conakry It belongs to the Niger Congo family of languages 8 In the Susu language Guinea means woman and this is the derivation for the country s name 9 Ethnonymy editThe meaning of the name Soso or Susu apparently derived from Susuwi meaning horse or horseman in the Susu language The terms Sawsaws Souses and Sussias are all English corruptions of Susu rarer variants of their name are also encountered such as Souzo Sosse Suzees Soce Caxi Saxi Saxe and even as Sexi 10 11 12 History edit nbsp An ethnic map of the Upper Guinea Coast in the 19th century drawn by Elisee Reclus The Susu people region is marked sou sou in red Further information Sosso Empire The Susu are descendants of their Manding ancestors who lived in the mountainous Mali Guinea border 13 They are said to have originally been a section of the Soninke people that migrated out of Wagadou and were initially a clan of blacksmiths who displayed their clear intentions to object converting to Islam In the twelfth century when Ancient Ghana was in decline they migrated south and established a capital city of Soso in the mountainous region of Koulikoro The Susu were once ruled by Sumanguru Kante but after that they were ruled by the thirteenth century Mali Empire In the fifteenth century they migrated west to the Fouta Djallon plateau of Guinea as the Mali empire disintegrated 14 15 The close familiarity with the Yalunka people suggest a hypothesis that they were once members of the same group in the Fouta Djallon separated by Fula invaders and that the Susu moved southward absorbing other people in the process 16 The Susu people were traditionally animist citation needed The Fula people dominated the region from the Fouta Djallon The Fulani created an Islamic theocracy thereafter began slave raids as a part of Jihad that impacted many West African ethnic groups including the Susu people 17 18 19 In particular states Ismail Rashid the Jihad effort of Fulani elites starting in the 1720s theologically justified enslavement of the non Islamic people and also led to successful conversion of previously animist peoples to Islam 20 The political environment led the Susu people to convert to Islam in the seventeenth and eighteenth century along with further westward and southward migration towards the plains of Guinea 20 21 22 The colonial era Europeans arrived in the Guinea region of resident Susu people in the late eighteenth century for trade but got politically involved during the era of Temne wars that attacked the Susu people along with other ethnic groups 23 While Temne sought British support the Susu sought the French The region split with Temne speaking Sierra Leone regions going with the British colonial empire and Susu speaking Guinea regions becoming a part of the French colonial empire in the late nineteenth century during the Scramble for Africa 24 Society and culture edit nbsp A Susu yeliba playing a three string bolon in 1905 The Susu live with their extended family Polygyny is an accepted practice since Islamic law allows men to have as many as four wives This is not always practiced because having multiple wives requires more means than most men have The men provide for their families by working the rice fields fishing or engaging in trade The women cook the food and take care of the children They often engage in small commerce usually of vegetables they have raised in their garden Often women will have their room or hut next to their husband s lodging where they will stay with their children Over 99 of Susu are Muslim and Islam dominates their religious culture and practices Most Islamic holidays are observed the most important being the celebration that follows Ramadan a month of prayer and fasting The Susu people like other Manding speaking peoples have a caste system regionally referred to by terms such as Nyamakala Naxamala and Galabbolalauba According to David Conrad and Barbara Frank the terms and social categories in this caste based social stratification system of Susu people shows cases of borrowing from Arabic only but the likelihood is that these terms are linked to Latin Greek or Aramaic 25 The artisans among the Susu people such as smiths carpenters musicians and bards Yeliba jewelers and leatherworkers are separate castes The Susu people believe that these castes have descended from the medieval era slaves 4 6 The Susu castes are not limited to Guinea but are found in other regions where Susu people live such as in Sierra Leone where too they are linked to the historic slavery system that existed in the region states Daniel Harmon 26 The Susu castes in the regional Muslim communities were prevalent and recorded by sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 26 The Susu people also utilize practices of the Bondo secret society which aims at gradually but firmly establishing attitudes related to adulthood in girls discussions on fertility morality and proper sexual comportment The society also maintains an interest in the well being of its members throughout their lives 27 28 29 30 The Susu are primarily farmers with rice and millet being their two principal crops 31 Mangoes pineapples and coconuts are also grown The Susu are also known as skilled traders and blacksmiths 31 The women make various kinds of palm oil from palm nuts Ancient Susu houses were typically made of either mud or cement blocks depending on the resources available Susu patronyms edit Some common Susu surnames are Conte Yansane Fofana Sylla or Sillah Soumah Bangoura Yattara Sankhon Youla Daffe Cisse Camara Toure Diarso DiarissoNotable Susu people editPolitical figures edit Amara Bangoura Guinean diplomat Fode Bangoura Guinean politician and former Minister Secretary General to President Lansana Conte Karim Bangoura Guinean diplomat Mafory Bangoura was a radical activist for the independence of Guinea Mahawa Bangoura Guinean diplomat Abdoul Kabele Camara Guinean politician Arafan Camara Guinean politician Makale Camara Guinean diplomat M Balia Camara Guinean independence activist Zeinab Camara Guinean politician Lansana Conte former President of Guinea from 1984 to 2008 Abdulai Conteh former Vice president of Sierra Leone Kandeh Baba Conteh Sierra Leonean politician Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya Sierra Leonean politician Ibrahima Kassory Fofana former Prime Minister of Guinea Mohamed Said Fofana former Prime Minister of Guinea Soumaoro Kante was a Thirteenth century king of the Sosso Empire Fode Soumah Guinean politician Facinet Toure Guinean politician and former soldier of the French colonial army Kerfalla Yansane current Ambassador of Guinea to the United States Osman Foday Yansaneh Sierra Leonean politician Mamady Youla former Prime minister of Guinea from 2015 to 2018 Kandeh Yumkella Sierra Leonean politicianMusicians edit Mohamed Bangoura Guinean drummer Momo Wandel Soumah Guinean musician Macire Sylla Guinean musicianSportspeople edit Abdoul Karim Bangoura Guinean footballer Alhassane Bangoura Guinean footballer Alkhaly Bangoura Guinean footballer Facinet Bangoura Guinean swimmer Ibrahima Bangoura Guinean footballer Ismael Bangoura Guinean footballer Ismael Karba Bangoura Guinean footballer Kile Bangoura Guinean footballer Lappe Bangoura Guinean football coach Mamadama Bangoura Guinean judoka Mamadouba Bangoura Guinean footballer Mohamed Bangoura Guinean footballer Momar Bangoura French footballer Ousmane Bangoura Guinean footballer Pierre Bangoura Guinean footballer Sambegou Bangoura Guinean footballer Yady Bangoura Guinean footballer Mohamed Bangura Sierra Leonean footballer Abdoul Camara Guinean footballer Abou Mangue Camara Guinean footballer Alseny Camara Guinean footballer Alseny Camara Guinean footballer Aguibou Camara Guinean footballer Dede Camara Guinean swimmer Ibrahima Sory Camara Guinean footballer Kemoko Camara Guinean footballer Mady Camara Guinean footballer Naby Camara Guinean footballer Souleymane Camara Senegalese footballer Abdoulaye Cisse Guinean footballer Abdu Conte Bissau Guinean footballer Ibrahima Sory Conte Guinean footballer Naby Diarso Guinean footballer Boubacar Fofana Guinean footballer Ibrahima Sory Sankhon Guinean footballer Cherif Souleymane Guinean footballer Issiaga Soumah Guinean footballer M mah Soumah Guinean judoka Morlaye Soumah Guinean footballer Naby Soumah Guinean footballer Ndeye Fatou Soumah Senegalese sprinter Seydouba Soumah Guinean footballer Soriba Soumah Guinean footballer Lamin Suma Sierra Leonean footballer Sheriff Suma Sierra Leonean footballer Abdoul Karim Sylla Guinean footballer Idrissa Sylla Guinean footballer Issiaga Sylla Guinean footballer Kanfory Sylla Guinean footballer Mohamed Lamine Sylla Guinean footballer Mohamed Ofei Sylla Guinean footballer Momo Sylla Guinean footballer Morcire Sylla Guinean footballer Morlaye Sylla Guinean footballer Sekou Oumar Sylla Guinean footballer Djibril Fandje Toure Guinean footballer Sylla M Mah Toure Guinean sprinter Momo Yansane Guinean footballer Ibrahima Yattara Guinean footballer Mohamed Yattara Guinean footballer Naby Yattara Guinean footballer Souleymane Youla Guinean footballer Naby KeitaGuinean FootballerActors edit Souleymane Sylla Guinean actorJournalists edit Harry Yansaneh Sierra Leonean journalistWriters edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it October 2023 Other notable people edit Tigui Camara Guinean entrepreneur Ousmane Conte Lansana Conte s sonMusical groups edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it October 2023 References edit Guinea The World Factbook www cia gov Retrieved 18 June 2021 Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report PDF Statistics Sierra Leone Retrieved 28 March 2020 Recenseamento Geral da Populacao e Habitacao 2009 Caracteristicas Socioculturais PDF Instituto Nacional de Estatistica Guine Bissau Archived from the original PDF on 5 November 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2020 a b c d Susu people Encyclopaedia Britannica Bankole Kamara Taylor 2014 Sierra Leone The Land Its People and History New Africa Pres p 147 ISBN 978 9987 16 038 9 a b Tal Tamari 1991 The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa The Journal of African History 32 2 Cambridge University Press 221 250 doi 10 1017 s0021853700025718 JSTOR 182616 S2CID 162509491 Soussou Peuple d Afrique Susu A language of Guinea Ethnologue Jamie Stokes 2009 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Infobase Publishing p 266 ISBN 978 1 4381 2676 0 George Brooks 2019 Landlords And Strangers Ecology Society And Trade In Western Africa 1000 1630 Routledge ISBN 978 0 4297 1923 3 Sean Kelley 2016 The Voyage of the Slave Ship Hare A Journey into Captivity from Sierra Leone to South Carolina University of North Carolina Press p 82 ISBN 978 1 4696 2769 4 David Henige 1994 History in Africa Volume 21 African Studies Association p 21 Diagram Group 2013 Encyclopedia of African Peoples Routledge p 194 ISBN 978 1 135 96334 7 Ofosuwa Abiola 2018 History Dances Chronicling the History of Traditional Mandinka Dance Routledge 2018 ISBN 978 0 4297 6784 5 Eric Charry 2000 Mande Music Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa University of Chicago Press p 19 ISBN 978 0 226 10161 3 Harold D Nelson 1975 Encyclopedia of African Peoples U S Government Printing Office p 62 Ramon Sarro 2008 Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast Iconoclasm Done and Undone Edinburgh University Press pp 27 29 ISBN 978 0 7486 3666 2 David Robinson 2010 Les societes musulmanes africaines configurations et trajectoires historiques in French Karthala Paris pp 105 111 ISBN 978 2 8111 0382 8 Jonathan M Bloom Sheila S Blair 2009 The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture Oxford University Press p 130 ISBN 978 0 19 530991 1 a b Ismail Rashid 2003 Sylviane A Diouf ed Fighting the Slave Trade West African Strategies Ohio University Press pp 133 135 ISBN 978 0 8214 1517 7 Jamie Stokes 2009 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Infobase Publishing pp 270 271 ISBN 978 1 4381 2676 0 Kevin Shillington 2013 Encyclopedia of African History 3 Volume Set Routledge p 922 ISBN 978 1 135 45669 6 Kevin Shillington 2013 Encyclopedia of African History 3 Volume Set Routledge p 923 ISBN 978 1 135 45669 6 Alexander Keese 2015 Ethnicity and the Colonial State Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective 1850 1960 BRILL Academic pp 15 164 183 300 301 ISBN 978 90 04 30735 3 David C Conrad Barbara E Frank 1995 Status and Identity in West Africa Nyamakalaw of Mande Indiana University Press pp 78 80 73 82 ISBN 0 253 11264 8 a b Daniel E Harmon 2001 West Africa 1880 to the Present A Cultural Patchwork Infobase p 101 ISBN 978 0 7910 5748 3 Pemunta N V amp Tabenyang C J 2017 Cultural power ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone Cogent Social Sciences 1 27 https doi org 10 1080 23311886 2017 1295549 Africa101 Susu people Africa101 Bjalkande Owolabi et al Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone Who Are the Decision Makers African Journal of Reproductive Health La Revue Africaine de La Sante Reproductive vol 16 no 4 Women s Health and Action Research Centre WHARC 2012 pp 119 31 http www jstor org stable 23485781 FMG in Sierra Leone PDF 28TooMany Registered Charity No 1150379 Archived from the original PDF on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 28 December 2021 a b Olson James Stuart Meur Charles 1996 The Peoples of Africa An Ethnohistorical Dictionary Greenwood Publishing Group p 534 ISBN 978 0 313 27918 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Susu people amp oldid 1217825822, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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