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Sonnets to Orpheus

December 15, 2023

The Sonnets to Orpheus (German: Die Sonette an Orpheus)[1] are a cycle of 55 sonnets written in 1922 by the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926). It was first published the following year. Rilke, who is "widely recognized as one of the most lyrically intense German-language poets,"[2] wrote the cycle in a period of three weeks experiencing what he described a "savage creative storm."[3] Inspired by the news of the death of Wera Ouckama Knoop (1900–1919), a playmate of Rilke's daughter Ruth, he dedicated them as a memorial, or Grab-Mal (literally "grave-marker"), to her memory.[4]: 481 

Sonnets to Orpheus
Front cover of Rilke's 'Sonnets to Orpheus', 1923
AuthorRainer Maria Rilke
Original titleDie Sonette an Orpheus
LanguageGerman
GenrePoetry
PublisherInsel-Verlag
Publication date
1923 (1923)
Original text
Die Sonette an Orpheus at German Wikisource

At the same time in February 1922, Rilke had completed work on his deeply philosophical and mystical ten-poem collection entitled Duino Elegies which had taken ten years to complete. The Sonnets to Orpheus and the Duino Elegies are considered Rilke's masterpieces and the highest expressions of his talent.[2]

Writing and publication history edit

Château de Muzot and the "savage creative storm" edit

Through most of the 1910s, Rilke had suffered from a severe depression that had kept him from writing. He had begun his Duino Elegies in 1912, and completed parts of it in 1913 and 1915 before being rendered silent by a psychological crisis caused by the events of World War I and his brief conscription into the Austro-Hungarian army.[5] Only in 1920 was he motivated to focus toward completing the Elegies. However, for the next two years, his mode of life was unstable and did not permit him the time or mental state he needed for his writing.

 
Château de Muzot in Veyras, Switzerland, was where Rilke wrote Sonnets to Orpheus and completed the Duino Elegies in "a savage creative storm" during three weeks in February 1922.

In 1921, Rilke journeyed to Switzerland, hoping to immerse himself among French culture near Geneva and to find a place to live permanently.[4]: p.471  At the time, he was romantically involved with Baladine Klossowska. At the invitation of Werner Reinhart, Rilke moved into the Château de Muzot, a thirteenth-century manor that lacked gas and electricity, located near Veyras, Rhone Valley, Switzerland.[4]: p.474  Reinhart, a Swiss merchant and amateur clarinetist, used his wealth to act as a patron to many 20th Century writers and composers. He purchased Muzot to allow Rilke to live there rent-free and focus on his work.[4]: p.474  Rilke and Klossowska moved in in July 1921 and during the fall Rilke translated writings by Paul Valéry and Michelangelo into German.[4]: p.478 

With news of the death of his daughter's friend, Wera Knoop, Rilke was inspired to create and set to work on Sonnets to Orpheus.[4]: p.481  Within a few days, between 2 February and 5 February 1922, he had completed the first section of 26 sonnets. For the next few days, he focused on the Duino Elegies, completing them on the evening of 11 February. Immediately after, he returned to work on the Sonnets and completed the following section of 29 sonnets in less than two weeks. In letters to friends, Rilke referred to this three-week period as a "savage creative storm."[3] Rilke considered both collections to be "of the same birth."[3][6] Writing to his former lover, Lou Andreas-Salomé, on 11 February, he described this period as "...a boundless storm, a hurricane of the spirit, and whatever inside me is like thread and webbing, framework, it all cracked and bent. No thought of food."[4]: p.492 [7]

Throughout the Sonnets, Wera appears in frequent references to her, both direct where he addresses her by name and indirect as allusions to a "dancer" or the mythical Eurydice. Later, Rilke wrote to the young girl's mother stating that Wera's ghost was "commanding and impelling" him to write.[8][9]

Form and style edit

The sonnets edit

There are 55 sonnets in the sequence, divided into two sections: the first of 26 and the second of 29. The sonnets follow certain trends, but they include many different forms.

All of the sonnets are composed of two quatrains followed by two tercets.

The sonnet tradition is not as pronounced in German literature as it is, for example, in English and Italian literature. A possible model for Rilke might have been Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal. To fashion poems in entire cycles was quite common in contemporary practice, the works of Stefan George, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé being examples of this. Rilke does not at all stick to the formal standards of the German sonnet fashioned by August Schlegel. The rhyme schemes vary, and are generally ABAB CDCD or ABBA CDDC in the quartets, and EEF GGF, EFG EFG or EFG GFE in the triplets. The sonnets are also all metered, but their meters vary more greatly between poems; dactylic and trochaic are the most common feet, with line length varying greatly, sometimes even within a particular sonnet. Due to the frequent use of enjambment Rilke even breaks through the verse structure. Difficulties in understanding the text arise from pronouns lacking clear reference. So begins, for example, the third sonnet of the first part:

It is left to interpretation whether "his mind" refers to the God or the man.

Symbolism and themes edit

 
Rilke and Klossowska at Chateau Muzot 1923

The content of the sonnets is, as is typical of Rilke, highly metaphorical. The work is based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. The character of Orpheus (whom Rilke refers to as the "god with the lyre"[10]) appears several times in the cycle, as do other mythical characters such as Daphne. Sources for this are primarily Ovid's Metamorphoses and to a lesser extent Virgil's Georgics. The principle of Ovidian transformations can also be found in and especially between the sonnets. During the first sonnet of Orphic singing, the speech of the forest and the animals is "transformed" into a girl in the second sonnet: And almost a girl it was who emerged / from this joyful unity of song and lyre... During the second sonnet, the focus shifts from the girl to the world: She slept the world... The cycle also contains biblical allusions, including a reference to Esau. Other themes involve animals, peoples of different cultures, and time and death.

While Rilke invokes the original poet Orpheus, a poetic self-reflection takes place at the same time. It frequently addresses the conditions of poetry, the nature of art: Song is being. For the god, a simple matter. / But when are we? (I,3) A solution to these problems can be found in the fifth sonnet of the first part, where Rilke exclaims: Once and forever it's Orpheus, whenever there's song (I,5). This means that the poem always possesses a divine quality, as the poet stands in direct succession to the son of the Muses.

Although Rilke claimed that the entire cycle was inspired by Wera, she appears as a character in only one of the poems. He insisted, however, that "Wera's own figure [...] nevertheless governs and moves the course of the whole".[11]

In May 1922, after deciding he could afford the cost of considerable necessary renovation, the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart bought Muzot so that Rilke could live there rent-free, and became Rilke's patron.[12] He completed the Duino Elegies while Reinhart's tenant.[13] During this time, Reinhart introduced Rilke to his protégée, the Australian violinist Alma Moodie.[14] Rilke was so impressed with her playing that he wrote in a letter: "What a sound, what richness, what determination. That and the Sonnets to Orpheus, those were two strings of the same voice. And she plays mostly Bach! Muzot has received its musical christening..."[14][15][16]

Criticism edit

From early on, there was criticism of Rilke's Sonnets. Thus, already in 1927 Robert Musil described Rilke as the poet who "did nothing but perfect the German poem for the first time", but he limited this judgement to the Duino Elegies as the pinnacle of artistic creation, and described Rilke's Sonnets to Orpheus as an "exceptional falling off that Rilke's work suffers".[17] What Wolfram Groddeck referred to in his afterword to the Reclam edition as a "dilemma of critical reading", was a result of the uncompromising text, which resists simple interpretation. At the same time the quality of lyrical expression undoubtedly constitutes a highlight of German poetic history. Thus, the criticism of the sonnets often fluctuates between the assumption of a sonic primacy over the semantic level and an unconditional affirmation of the cycle.[according to whom?]

Text examples edit

First sonnet edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The full title is listed as Die Sonette an Orpheus: Geschrieben als ein Grab-Mal für Wera Ouckama Knoop (translated as Sonnets to Orpheus: Written as a Monument for Wera Ouckama Knoop)
  2. ^ a b Biography: Rainer Maria Rilke 1875–1926 on the Poetry Foundation website. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Polikoff, Daniel Joseph. In the Image of Orpheus Rilke: a Soul History. (Wilmette, Illinois: Chiron Publications, 2011), 585-588.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Freedman, Ralph. Life of a Poet: Rainer Maria Rilke. (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1998).
  5. ^ Gass, William H. Reading Rilke: Reflections on the Problems of Translation. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), throughout.
  6. ^ Rilke to Witold Hulewicz (13 November 1925) in Rilke, Rainer Maria. Briefe aus Muzot: 1921 bis 1926 (Leipzig: Inser-Verlag, 1937), 335-338. "The Elegies and The Sonnets support each other reciprocally, and I see it as an endless blessing that I, with the same breath, was able to fill both sails: the small, rust-colored sail of the sonnets and the great white canvas of the Elegies."
  7. ^ Rilke to Lou Andreas-Salomé (11 February 1922) in Rilke, Rainer Maria and Andreas-Salomé, Lou. Briefwechsel (Insel, 1952), 464.
  8. ^ Sword, Helen. Engendering Inspiration: Visionary Strategies in Rilke, Lawrence, and H.D. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 68-70.
  9. ^ Rilke to Gertrud Ouckama Knoop (20 April 1923) in Rilke, Rainer Maria. Briefe aus Muzot: 1921 bis 1926 (Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1937).
  10. ^ Sonette an Orpheus, Erste Teil, XIX, v.8: "Gott mit der Leier"
  11. ^ Letter to Gertrud Ouckama Knoop, dated 20 April 1923; quoted in Snow, Edward, trans. and ed., Sonnets to Orpheus by Rainer Maria Rilke, bilingual edition, North Point Press, New York, 2004.
  12. ^ Freedman, R. (1998). Life of a Poet: Rainer Maria Rilke. Northwestern University Press. p. 505. ISBN 9780810115439. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  14. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 29 April 2003. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Rilke at Muzot (1923) | Photo and description". picture-poems.com. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  16. ^ "Rainer Maria Rilke: a brief biographical overview". picture-poems.com. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  17. ^ Musil, Robert ed. Pike, Burton and Luft, David S. Precision and Soul: Essays and Addresses. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990)

Further reading edit

Neuman, Claude, The Sonnets to Orpheus, English and French rhymed and metered translations, trilingual German-English-French edition, Editions www.ressouvenances.fr, 2017

External links edit

  • Online German version: Die Sonette an Orpheus
  • Download of 1st and 2nd sonnet in German – (recitation by Irene Laett)
  • English translation by Robert Hunter:
  • German with English translation by Howard A. Landman: The Sonnets to Orpheus

December 15, 2023
sonnets, orpheus, german, sonette, orpheus, cycle, sonnets, written, 1922, bohemian, austrian, poet, rainer, maria, rilke, 1875, 1926, first, published, following, year, rilke, widely, recognized, most, lyrically, intense, german, language, poets, wrote, cycle. The Sonnets to Orpheus German Die Sonette an Orpheus 1 are a cycle of 55 sonnets written in 1922 by the Bohemian Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke 1875 1926 It was first published the following year Rilke who is widely recognized as one of the most lyrically intense German language poets 2 wrote the cycle in a period of three weeks experiencing what he described a savage creative storm 3 Inspired by the news of the death of Wera Ouckama Knoop 1900 1919 a playmate of Rilke s daughter Ruth he dedicated them as a memorial or Grab Mal literally grave marker to her memory 4 481 Sonnets to OrpheusFront cover of Rilke s Sonnets to Orpheus 1923AuthorRainer Maria RilkeOriginal titleDie Sonette an OrpheusLanguageGermanGenrePoetryPublisherInsel VerlagPublication date1923 1923 Original textDie Sonette an Orpheus at German WikisourceAt the same time in February 1922 Rilke had completed work on his deeply philosophical and mystical ten poem collection entitled Duino Elegies which had taken ten years to complete The Sonnets to Orpheus and the Duino Elegies are considered Rilke s masterpieces and the highest expressions of his talent 2 Contents 1 Writing and publication history 1 1 Chateau de Muzot and the savage creative storm 2 Form and style 2 1 The sonnets 2 2 Symbolism and themes 3 Criticism 4 Text examples 4 1 First sonnet 5 References 5 1 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External linksWriting and publication history editChateau de Muzot and the savage creative storm edit Through most of the 1910s Rilke had suffered from a severe depression that had kept him from writing He had begun his Duino Elegies in 1912 and completed parts of it in 1913 and 1915 before being rendered silent by a psychological crisis caused by the events of World War I and his brief conscription into the Austro Hungarian army 5 Only in 1920 was he motivated to focus toward completing the Elegies However for the next two years his mode of life was unstable and did not permit him the time or mental state he needed for his writing nbsp Chateau de Muzot in Veyras Switzerland was where Rilke wrote Sonnets to Orpheus and completed the Duino Elegies in a savage creative storm during three weeks in February 1922 In 1921 Rilke journeyed to Switzerland hoping to immerse himself among French culture near Geneva and to find a place to live permanently 4 p 471 At the time he was romantically involved with Baladine Klossowska At the invitation of Werner Reinhart Rilke moved into the Chateau de Muzot a thirteenth century manor that lacked gas and electricity located near Veyras Rhone Valley Switzerland 4 p 474 Reinhart a Swiss merchant and amateur clarinetist used his wealth to act as a patron to many 20th Century writers and composers He purchased Muzot to allow Rilke to live there rent free and focus on his work 4 p 474 Rilke and Klossowska moved in in July 1921 and during the fall Rilke translated writings by Paul Valery and Michelangelo into German 4 p 478 With news of the death of his daughter s friend Wera Knoop Rilke was inspired to create and set to work on Sonnets to Orpheus 4 p 481 Within a few days between 2 February and 5 February 1922 he had completed the first section of 26 sonnets For the next few days he focused on the Duino Elegies completing them on the evening of 11 February Immediately after he returned to work on the Sonnets and completed the following section of 29 sonnets in less than two weeks In letters to friends Rilke referred to this three week period as a savage creative storm 3 Rilke considered both collections to be of the same birth 3 6 Writing to his former lover Lou Andreas Salome on 11 February he described this period as a boundless storm a hurricane of the spirit and whatever inside me is like thread and webbing framework it all cracked and bent No thought of food 4 p 492 7 Throughout the Sonnets Wera appears in frequent references to her both direct where he addresses her by name and indirect as allusions to a dancer or the mythical Eurydice Later Rilke wrote to the young girl s mother stating that Wera s ghost was commanding and impelling him to write 8 9 Form and style editThe sonnets edit There are 55 sonnets in the sequence divided into two sections the first of 26 and the second of 29 The sonnets follow certain trends but they include many different forms All of the sonnets are composed of two quatrains followed by two tercets The sonnet tradition is not as pronounced in German literature as it is for example in English and Italian literature A possible model for Rilke might have been Charles Baudelaire s Les Fleurs du Mal To fashion poems in entire cycles was quite common in contemporary practice the works of Stefan George Arthur Rimbaud and Stephane Mallarme being examples of this Rilke does not at all stick to the formal standards of the German sonnet fashioned by August Schlegel The rhyme schemes vary and are generally ABAB CDCD or ABBA CDDC in the quartets and EEF GGF EFG EFG or EFG GFE in the triplets The sonnets are also all metered but their meters vary more greatly between poems dactylic and trochaic are the most common feet with line length varying greatly sometimes even within a particular sonnet Due to the frequent use of enjambment Rilke even breaks through the verse structure Difficulties in understanding the text arise from pronouns lacking clear reference So begins for example the third sonnet of the first part Ein Gott vermags Wie aber sag mir soll ein Mann ihm folgen durch die schmale Leier Sein Sinn ist Zwiespalt An der Kreuzung zweier Herzwege steht kein Tempel fur Apoll A God is able But tell me how shalla man follow him through the narrow lyre His mind is divided At the crossing of twoheart roads there is no temple for Apollo It is left to interpretation whether his mind refers to the God or the man Symbolism and themes edit nbsp Rilke and Klossowska at Chateau Muzot 1923The content of the sonnets is as is typical of Rilke highly metaphorical The work is based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice The character of Orpheus whom Rilke refers to as the god with the lyre 10 appears several times in the cycle as do other mythical characters such as Daphne Sources for this are primarily Ovid s Metamorphoses and to a lesser extent Virgil s Georgics The principle of Ovidian transformations can also be found in and especially between the sonnets During the first sonnet of Orphic singing the speech of the forest and the animals is transformed into a girl in the second sonnet And almost a girl it was who emerged from this joyful unity of song and lyre During the second sonnet the focus shifts from the girl to the world She slept the world The cycle also contains biblical allusions including a reference to Esau Other themes involve animals peoples of different cultures and time and death While Rilke invokes the original poet Orpheus a poetic self reflection takes place at the same time It frequently addresses the conditions of poetry the nature of art Song is being For the god a simple matter But when are we I 3 A solution to these problems can be found in the fifth sonnet of the first part where Rilke exclaims Once and forever it s Orpheus whenever there s song I 5 This means that the poem always possesses a divine quality as the poet stands in direct succession to the son of the Muses Although Rilke claimed that the entire cycle was inspired by Wera she appears as a character in only one of the poems He insisted however that Wera s own figure nevertheless governs and moves the course of the whole 11 In May 1922 after deciding he could afford the cost of considerable necessary renovation the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart bought Muzot so that Rilke could live there rent free and became Rilke s patron 12 He completed the Duino Elegies while Reinhart s tenant 13 During this time Reinhart introduced Rilke to his protegee the Australian violinist Alma Moodie 14 Rilke was so impressed with her playing that he wrote in a letter What a sound what richness what determination That and theSonnets to Orpheus those were two strings of the same voice And she plays mostly Bach Muzot has received its musical christening 14 15 16 Criticism editFrom early on there was criticism of Rilke s Sonnets Thus already in 1927 Robert Musil described Rilke as the poet who did nothing but perfect the German poem for the first time but he limited this judgement to the Duino Elegies as the pinnacle of artistic creation and described Rilke s Sonnets to Orpheus as an exceptional falling off that Rilke s work suffers 17 What Wolfram Groddeck referred to in his afterword to the Reclam edition as a dilemma of critical reading was a result of the uncompromising text which resists simple interpretation At the same time the quality of lyrical expression undoubtedly constitutes a highlight of German poetic history Thus the criticism of the sonnets often fluctuates between the assumption of a sonic primacy over the semantic level and an unconditional affirmation of the cycle according to whom Text examples editFirst sonnet edit Da stieg ein Baum O reine Ubersteigung O Orpheus singt O hoher Baum im Ohr Und alles schwieg Doch selbst in der Verschweigung ging neuer Anfang Wink und Wandlung vor Tiere aus Stille drangen aus dem klaren gelosten Wald von Lager und Genist und da ergab sich dass sie nicht aus List und nicht aus Angst in sich so leise waren sondern aus Horen Brullen Schrei Gerohr schien klein in ihren Herzen Und wo eben kaum eine Hutte war dies zu empfangen ein Unterschlupf aus dunkelstem Verlangen mit einem Zugang dessen Pfosten beben da schufst du ihnen Tempel im Gehor nbsp The work s title as well as many of the sonnets within pertain to the ancient Greek myth of Orpheus Here he is depicted with his lyre charming wild animals of the forest There rose a tree O pure transcendence O Orpheus sings O tall tree in the ear And all was silent Yet still in this silenceproceeded new beginning sign and transformation Creatures of stillness pressed out of the clearunravelled forest from lair and nest and it came to pass that not by cunningand not out of fear were they made so quiet but simply out of hearing Bellow scream roarseemed small in their hearts And just wherethere was scarcely a hut to receive this a shelter of darkest longingwith an entrance whose posts shook you built for them a temple in hearing References editNotes edit The full title is listed as Die Sonette an Orpheus Geschrieben als ein Grab Mal fur Wera Ouckama Knoop translated as Sonnets to Orpheus Written as a Monument for Wera Ouckama Knoop a b Biography Rainer Maria Rilke 1875 1926 on the Poetry Foundation website Retrieved 2 February 2013 a b c Polikoff Daniel Joseph In the Image of Orpheus Rilke a Soul History Wilmette Illinois Chiron Publications 2011 585 588 a b c d e f g Freedman Ralph Life of a Poet Rainer Maria Rilke Evanston Illinois Northwestern University Press 1998 Gass William H Reading Rilke Reflections on the Problems of Translation New York Alfred A Knopf 1999 throughout Rilke to Witold Hulewicz 13 November 1925 in Rilke Rainer Maria Briefe aus Muzot 1921 bis 1926 Leipzig Inser Verlag 1937 335 338 The Elegies and The Sonnets support each other reciprocally and I see it as an endless blessing that I with the same breath was able to fill both sails the small rust colored sail of the sonnets and the great white canvas of the Elegies Rilke to Lou Andreas Salome 11 February 1922 in Rilke Rainer Maria and Andreas Salome Lou Briefwechsel Insel 1952 464 Sword Helen Engendering Inspiration Visionary Strategies in Rilke Lawrence and H D Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press 1995 68 70 Rilke to Gertrud Ouckama Knoop 20 April 1923 in Rilke Rainer Maria Briefe aus Muzot 1921 bis 1926 Leipzig Insel Verlag 1937 Sonette an Orpheus Erste Teil XIX v 8 Gott mit der Leier Letter to Gertrud Ouckama Knoop dated 20 April 1923 quoted in Snow Edward trans and ed Sonnets to Orpheus by Rainer Maria Rilke bilingual edition North Point Press New York 2004 Freedman R 1998 Life of a Poet Rainer Maria Rilke Northwestern University Press p 505 ISBN 9780810115439 Retrieved 15 December 2014 Spherical Editions Catalogue Robert Hugill Elegy for Baritone and Orchestra Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 Retrieved 15 December 2014 a b R M Rilke Music as Metaphor Archived from the original on 29 April 2003 Retrieved 15 December 2014 Rilke at Muzot 1923 Photo and description picture poems com Retrieved 15 December 2014 Rainer Maria Rilke a brief biographical overview picture poems com Retrieved 15 December 2014 Musil Robert ed Pike Burton and Luft David S Precision and Soul Essays and Addresses Chicago The University of Chicago Press 1990 Further reading editNeuman Claude The Sonnets to Orpheus English and French rhymed and metered translations trilingual German English French edition Editions www ressouvenances fr 2017External links editOnline German version Die Sonette an Orpheus Download of 1st and 2nd sonnet in German recitation by Irene Laett English translation by Robert Hunter The Sonnets to Orpheus German with English translation by Howard A Landman The Sonnets to Orpheus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sonnets to Orpheus amp oldid 1169740807, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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