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Socialist Education Movement

November 30, 2023

The Socialist Education Movement (simplified Chinese: 社会主义教育运动; traditional Chinese: 社會主義教育運動; pinyin: Shèhuìzhǔyì Jiàoyù Yùndòng, abbreviated 社教运动 or 社教運動), also known as the Four Cleanups Movement (simplified Chinese: 四清运动; traditional Chinese: 四清運動; pinyin: Sìqīng Yùndòng) was a 1963–1965 movement launched by Mao Zedong in the People's Republic of China.[1] Mao sought to remove reactionary elements within the bureaucracy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), saying that "governance is also a process of socialist education."[2][3]

Goals edit

During the 1960s, Mao's view of class struggle focused on two distinct dimensions.[4] One level was class struggle within society to avoid revisionism, a process which required socialist education.[4] The second level was struggle within the Party itself to address bureaucratism and the fear that Party bureaucrats might become a new bourgeoisie.[4]

Thus, the goal of the socialist education movement was to "purify politics, purify economics, purify the organization, and purify thought" in opposition to revisionism.[1] Mao sought to make Communist Party cadres closer to the people and to increase revolutionary consciousness among younger people who had grown up after the founding of the People's Republic of China.[5]: 51 

Course edit

During the Socialist Education Movement, higher level cadres were sent around the country to investigate the relationships between local cadres and the people.[5]: 51  Urban young people were also encouraged to visit rural areas during breaks from school to learn about the conditions of rural people.[5]: 51 

The campaign had immediate difficulties.[5]: 51  Higher level cadres often did not want to be sent to the rural China.[5]: 51  In a technique described as "turning away the spearpoint," local cadres often sought to blame problems on former landlords or those who had been criticized during the 1957 Anti-Rightist Campaign.[5]: 51 

Aftermath edit

The Socialist Education Movement is regarded as the precursor of the Cultural Revolution.[6][7]Mao became frustrated with resistance to the Socialist Education Movement and the experience further developed his view that the relationship between cadres and the people needed to be improved.[5]: 51–52  When the Cultural Revolution began, rural regions had not yet completed the Socialist Education Movement, and the committees in charge of it converted into Cultural Revolution leading groups.[8]

Following the Socialist Education Movement, the relationship between Mao and Chinese President Liu Shaoqi, Chairman Mao's potential successor, deteriorated.[9]

Some Chinese sources state that the Socialist Education Movement resulted in 77,560 deaths, with 5,327,350 people being persecuted.[10][11]

A positive outcome of the campaign was that urban youth gained greater experience with the conditions of life in rural China.[5]: 51 

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022). Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 361. ISBN 9783030996871.
  2. ^ "People's Republic of China: III". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  3. ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick (1997). "The Origins of the Cultural Revolution". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192149978.001.0001. ISBN 9780192149978.
  4. ^ a b c Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
  6. ^ Baum, Richard (1969). "Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside: The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective". The China Quarterly. 38 (38): 92–119. doi:10.1017/S0305741000049158. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 652308. S2CID 154449798.
  7. ^ "People's Republic of China: III". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  8. ^ Walder, Andrew G. (2016-01-01). "Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State". The China Journal. 75: 109. doi:10.1086/683125. ISSN 1324-9347.
  9. ^ Su, Weimin (2015-07-23). "杨尚昆谈"四清"运动：毛泽东刘少奇之间的裂痕由此产生". The Paper. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  10. ^ Yang, Jisheng (2017-07-04). 天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史 (in Chinese). 天地图书.
  11. ^ Song, Yongyi (2006). "被掩藏的历史：刘少奇对"文革"的独特贡献" (in Chinese). Modern China Studies. Retrieved 2020-01-31.

November 30, 2023
socialist, education, movement, simplified, chinese, 社会主义教育运动, traditional, chinese, 社會主義教育運動, pinyin, shèhuìzhǔyì, jiàoyù, yùndòng, abbreviated, 社教运动, 社教運動, also, known, four, cleanups, movement, simplified, chinese, 四清运动, traditional, chinese, 四清運動, pinyin, . The Socialist Education Movement simplified Chinese 社会主义教育运动 traditional Chinese 社會主義教育運動 pinyin Shehuizhǔyi Jiaoyu Yundong abbreviated 社教运动 or 社教運動 also known as the Four Cleanups Movement simplified Chinese 四清运动 traditional Chinese 四清運動 pinyin Siqing Yundong was a 1963 1965 movement launched by Mao Zedong in the People s Republic of China 1 Mao sought to remove reactionary elements within the bureaucracy of the Chinese Communist Party CCP saying that governance is also a process of socialist education 2 3 Goals editDuring the 1960s Mao s view of class struggle focused on two distinct dimensions 4 One level was class struggle within society to avoid revisionism a process which required socialist education 4 The second level was struggle within the Party itself to address bureaucratism and the fear that Party bureaucrats might become a new bourgeoisie 4 Thus the goal of the socialist education movement was to purify politics purify economics purify the organization and purify thought in opposition to revisionism 1 Mao sought to make Communist Party cadres closer to the people and to increase revolutionary consciousness among younger people who had grown up after the founding of the People s Republic of China 5 51 Course editDuring the Socialist Education Movement higher level cadres were sent around the country to investigate the relationships between local cadres and the people 5 51 Urban young people were also encouraged to visit rural areas during breaks from school to learn about the conditions of rural people 5 51 The campaign had immediate difficulties 5 51 Higher level cadres often did not want to be sent to the rural China 5 51 In a technique described as turning away the spearpoint local cadres often sought to blame problems on former landlords or those who had been criticized during the 1957 Anti Rightist Campaign 5 51 Aftermath editThe Socialist Education Movement is regarded as the precursor of the Cultural Revolution 6 7 Mao became frustrated with resistance to the Socialist Education Movement and the experience further developed his view that the relationship between cadres and the people needed to be improved 5 51 52 When the Cultural Revolution began rural regions had not yet completed the Socialist Education Movement and the committees in charge of it converted into Cultural Revolution leading groups 8 Following the Socialist Education Movement the relationship between Mao and Chinese President Liu Shaoqi Chairman Mao s potential successor deteriorated 9 Some Chinese sources state that the Socialist Education Movement resulted in 77 560 deaths with 5 327 350 people being persecuted 10 11 A positive outcome of the campaign was that urban youth gained greater experience with the conditions of life in rural China 5 51 See also editThought reform in the People s Republic of China 1951 1952 List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party List of massacres in China Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Taoyuan ExperienceReferences edit a b Xu Youwei Wang Y Yvon 2022 Everyday Lives in China s Cold War Military Industrial Complex Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front 1964 1988 Palgrave MacMillan p 361 ISBN 9783030996871 People s Republic of China III University of Maryland Retrieved 2021 01 08 MacFarquhar Roderick 1997 The Origins of the Cultural Revolution Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780192149978 001 0001 ISBN 9780192149978 a b c Cai Xiang 蔡翔 2016 Revolution and its narratives China s socialist literary and cultural imaginaries 1949 1966 Rebecca E Karl Xueping Zhong 钟雪萍 Durham Duke University Press p 358 ISBN 978 0 8223 7461 9 OCLC 932368688 a b c d e f g h Hammond Ken 2023 China s Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future New York NY 1804 Books ISBN 9781736850084 Baum Richard 1969 Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective The China Quarterly 38 38 92 119 doi 10 1017 S0305741000049158 ISSN 0305 7410 JSTOR 652308 S2CID 154449798 People s Republic of China III University of Maryland Retrieved 2020 02 17 Walder Andrew G 2016 01 01 Rebellion of the Cadres The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party State The China Journal 75 109 doi 10 1086 683125 ISSN 1324 9347 Su Weimin 2015 07 23 杨尚昆谈 四清 运动 毛泽东刘少奇之间的裂痕由此产生 The Paper Retrieved 2020 06 23 Yang Jisheng 2017 07 04 天地翻覆 中国文化大革命历史 in Chinese 天地图书 Song Yongyi 2006 被掩藏的历史 刘少奇对 文革 的独特贡献 in Chinese Modern China Studies Retrieved 2020 01 31 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Socialist Education Movement amp oldid 1182825809, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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